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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. VL, 1899.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
H Journal of Zooloo\^
IiX r(h\NECTf()X WITH IIIF. 'ITxTNG MTsEUM.
EDITED BY
The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. VI., 181)!).
(WITH srXTEKX PLATES.)
Issued at the Zoological Musei'm, Trino.
I'lnXTED BY HAZKLL, WATSOX, \ VINKV. I.n., LONDON AND AVLKSl'.L'UV.
1899.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
TAGES
See Introductory Notes to "A Review of the Oriiithnlogy of tlu' Galapagos Islands,
the Diaries of Messrs. Harris and Drowne, and General Remarks about
the Fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Walter RoTHSCHim and Ernst
Hahtf.rt 85-142
MAMMATJA.
Demhuihujiis mn.eimns. Walter lioTHSfHiLD. (Plate [.) .... 217
AVKS.
1. Kurtliei- Not(>< oil lluuiuiing- Birds. Ern.st IIaktkrt 72 — 7.5
2. Note on Casnarhm i'asiinrlua sdaleri. Walter IToTiisnin.n .... 7,5
3. On the Birds collected by Mr. Meek on Bossel Island in the Ixjuisiade .\rclii-
pelago. Ernst IIarteht 70 — 8-t
( vi )
4. A Eeviow of the Ornithology of th«> Galapagos Islamls, witli Not^s on the
Webster- Han-is Expedition. (Plates V., VI.) Wai.tkr Kothsciiii.d and
Ern'st Hartekt ; —
Part I. jntrddiictorv Notes ........ 8."i — 86
Part II. Diary of ChaHcs .Mill, r ir.mis .'^C—lOt
Part III. Notes from the Diary <>i .Mi I'. I'. Drcwn.- . lii4-l:1D
Part TV. List of the most important works and articles on the
Fauna of the (Jalapagos Isl.mds, refeired lo in the followiii<r
pages 13.")— 1:!6
Part V. General Hem.-irks about the l''auna of thi' tialapagos
Islands 136—142
Part Vf. 'I'he Birds of th.- (Jalap;, gos Islands .... 142—205
5, On the Birds collecte<l hv Mr. Meek on St. Aignan Islands in the Lonisiade
Archipelago. Kkn.st Haktert ........ 20G— 217
Ti. On .some Itarc Birds from New Guinea and the Sula Isl.ands. \\ ai.teu
RoTHSCmi.l). (Plates II. ami III.) 218-219
7. On some Species of the Genera (lydop.-^ilta and Ptilinopns (Plate IV.) . 219
8. The Genus Apteryx, with a (.'hapter on the Anatomy of the Kiwis by
F. Beddard (Plates IX.— XVI.). Walter Rotuschild . . . 301—402
9. Li.st of a collection of Birds made at Gambaga, in the Gold-Coast Hinterland,
by ('apt. W. (JitTard. Ernst IlARTEnT 403—422
10. On some birds from Gape York, North Queensland. Fknst IIautkrt . 423— 42S
11. Oi\ Mipomela ruhmciKulUda Tristr. Erkst Uartert 428
j;kitii,ia.
Note on Testiulu numeirei. Waliek ItoTiisciin.n ... . 359 — 300
( vii )
lvKl'Il)(»PTKi;.\.
fAOES
1. Ntiw Spucies ami Genera ut' the Families Di-e^mnuilihie, 'rin/i-i'lulue, Cniitii'lae,
EpipleniUhie, ami GeumelrkUw, from tlie Oid-W'urM Regions. W.
Wahrkx 1 _6C
i. .Some New Eastern Lepidoptera. W.vlter lioTiisciiiLD .... 07 — 71
3. A .Mouograpli of Chariixcs and the allied Prioiiopteroiis Genera (cunliuiiel
from V^ol v.). Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan . . . 220 —286
1. New Urejiiinididae, Tkijild'uhn:, and GeoiiietrkUie, from the Aethiopian Region.
\V. Wahrkx 287—312
5 New Drepanulidoe. Thijrididae, Ejjiplemidne, Uraniidae, and Geoiiielridctf, from
the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. W. Warren . . . 313 — 359
0 On .some New Lepidoptera from the Kast. Walter Rothschild and Karl
Jordan 129 — Hi
LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME VI.
Plate I. Dendrolugus ma.eimuis Roth.scb. (Trep Kang.iiuo from Xew Guinea, from
the type specimen. C'olouivd by hand.)
„ II. CliannosijDH atnilii Kothscli. and OreostrtUhus fidiginosus De Vis (Two
Birds from New Guinea. The VluiriitnsiinK from the type. Coloured
hy hand.)
,, III. Ifrita ccrronaUi Hothsch. and Pitta do/terli/i Rothsch. (Two Eastern Bii-ds.
From the tyjie.'^. Coloured by hand.)
„ IV. Heads of four Parrots and two Pigeons. (Mostly from the types.
Coloured by hand.)
,, V. Views from tlie Galapagos Islands. (Delineated fiom Pliotographs.)
„ VI. < Mithne-ligures of Beaks of the Genus Geospi.ji from the Galapago.s
Islands. (See ex[ilauatiiin opposite to plate.)
, VII. Pliite of C'iutni.ixii. (Photographed from nature. See explanation opposite
to |ilate.)
,. VIII. Plate of (jtuiraxen. (Coloured by hand. .See explanation opiw.site to
Plate VII.)
,. IX. A/d';ri/.c cciinlmlis. (Photogi-aphiil fmm life, in two positiou.s.)
,, X. Aj>teri/.c amslrulis iitaittclli. ( I'hotographeil from life.)
») -\'l. -l/ileri/.c uwfMt. (Photograplii'd frcnii life.)
). -Xll. A/ileri/x otveni occideulaliti. (Photographed fiom life.)
,. .Mil. A/d^i-i/.i: /laasti. (Plnitiigra|ilied frum life.)
,, XIV. Apliri/.r aiintmlis. (I>rawn by Keulemans.)
.W. Uil-glanil of A/Uer,/.,- haiisli. (;.;.)
„ W'\. Pelvis of Ai'liu-i/j: oireiii and .1. iii'ylmlis. (Nat. size.)
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. VI. APRIL, 1899. No. 1.
NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF THE FAMILIES
DBEPANULIDAE, THYBIDIDAE, UBANIIDAE,
EPIPLEMWAE, AND GEOMETRIDAE
FROM THE OLD-WORLD REGIONS.
By W. warren, M.A., F.B.S.
Family DREPANULIDAE.
1. Cobanilla erminea sp. uov.
Forew/'/iffs : brown-black, with darker trausver.se striae ; basal area pinkish
ochreous, varied with grey and silvery scales, bounded by a dark browu Hue or shade
from costa at one-third, sharply angled on the subcostal, and curved inward to near
base of inner margin ; from two-thirds of inner margin an obscure dark line runs
straight and oblique towards apex as far as vein 6, where it is most acutely angled,
and runs back to meet a browu costal streak at two-thirds : except for the two
browu streaks the custa is pale throughout ; marginal area less browu than central,
with transverse sooty specks ; discocellular dark, with slight silvery dots at
the angles.
Ilindwings : uniform browu, with a curved deeper browu cloud beyond the
discocellular; faint traces of darker specks towards apex; inner margin and the
course of the lower veins studded with silvery scales ; fringe of both wings
concolorous with wing, and slightly glistening.
Underside of forewiugs dull red, speckled and towards liindmargiu suffused
with blackish ; the outer oblique line distinct, lustrous-edged : of hiudwings bright
red, spotted with black along costa and hindmargin. Vertex, face, palpi, legs, and
abdomen beneath brilliant red ; shoulders nearly white ; thorax ochreous grey ;
abdomen like hiudwings.
Ex2Jause of wings : :i4 mm.
One 6 from St. Aignan, November 1«9T (A. S. Meek).
A second example from Kei Island, much worn, evidcutly belongs to the same
species, the uudersurface beiug precisely the same ; but above the whole of the
wings is reddish fawu-colour, with a few brown striae, and the basal area but
slightly paler. It is apparently a local form.
:i. Cobanilla fulgens sp. uov.
Forewings : olive-brown; the costa paler, pinkish, with a few black scales;
the costal edge ochraceous ; discocellular marked with dots of white scales; the
costa and outer half of wing lustrous jaearly, leaving ouly a triangular space
1
( 2 )
inclmlinj,' Ihe cell aud a patch at anal angle of the deep ground-coloui- ; fringe
Instrons red-brown.
Himhcings: deepening in tinf. towards hindinargin ; fringe as in forewings, but
preceded by a broad lustrous line ; discocellnlar as in forewings.
Underside of forewings reddish grey, the grey becoming darker towards hind-
margin ; a dark irrey obliiine outer line, and grey cell-spot ; hindwings redder
throughout, dajjpled with dull grey ; fringe of both wings bright red. Fiwe, fillet,
legs, and underside of abdomen crimson ; thorax and abdomen pinkish grey, the
latter along dorsum olive-brown like the wings.
E.xpanse of wings : 34 mm.
One c? from Mount Dnlit, Borneo (Hose).
Apex of forewings produced ; hindmargin excised to vein i, where there is a
blunt elbow.
o. Cobanilla triumbrata sp. nov.
Forewings: yellowish fulvous ; the costa broadly paler, more pinkish, and
speckled with blackish scales ; an oblique diffuse deeper fulvous shade from oue-
third of inner margin : a second at two-thirds, slightly sinuous, neither reaching the
costa ; a broad marginal deep fulvous fascia containing an obscure dentate sub-
marginal line, only distinct at anal angle, where it forms two blackish lilac-edged
spots on veins 1 and "2 ; fringe fulvous, marked with blackish beyond cell and above
anal angle, these blackish patches preceded by lilac-grey marginal lunnles or
streaks ; discocellular marked in white.
Ilindtvings : similar, the deeper shades less distinct, the whole central space
between them being filled up with fulvous.
Underside yellow, with transverse bright fulvous striae, and fulvous suffusion
at anal angle of both wings and apex of hindwing. Head, thorax, and abdomen
like wings ; top of face, palpi, and forelegs crimson.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ? from Penang, May 1897 (Curtis).
Along with this ? came a <?, with the same locality and date, which is
certainly Oreta verenica Swiuh., described from Singapore; though different in
appearance, size, and coloration, they may prove the same species.
The species described by me as Cobanilla hepaticata, from Sandakan, Nov.
ZooL. IV. p. 13, is undoubtedly identical with Swinhoe's Oreta verenica.
4. Cobanilla unilinea sp. nov.
Forewings : flull fulvous, with a lilac tinge ; the lower arm of the angnlated
discocellnlar marked with white scales ; a deeper fulvous diffuse shade from costa
just before middle, traversing the discocellular, and very obscurely curved to towards
base of inner margin ; a deejier fulvous slightly flexuous line, edged externally with
pale yellowish from just beyond middle of inner margin into apex ; fringe deep
fulvous.
Hindwings : with paler costal area ; deeper fulvous central and marginal
shades ; the submarginal area with a few black scales aud traces of two curved
rows of darker spots between the veins ; discocellular marked as in tbrewings.
Underside yellower ; the fulvous streaks aud suffusion brighter ; the oblique
line of forewing continued more broadly across middle of hindwing. Face and palpi
( 3 )
bright scarlet ; thorax and abdomen like wings ; the shoulders and base of patagia
pinkish white.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
One ? from Ron Island, July 18i»T (Doherty).
The apex of forewings bluntly ronnded and but slightly produced, the hind-
margin only faintly indented below it, then curved.
5. Cyclura confiisata sp. nov.
Forewings : greyish liver-colour, tinged with glossy lilac ; the costal area
paler ; the whole wing crossed by numerous irregularly waved blackish lines,
arranged in pairs and forming indistinct fasciae ; tawny patches beyond and below
the end of cell, and above anal angle ; fringe brown-black.
lUndwings: similar; the whole of the marginal apical area tawny, with the
black lines thickened.
Underside ferruginous, mixed with blackish grey; a thick postmediau blackish
shade on both wings. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ? from Laiwui, Obi, September 1807 (Doherty).
The neuration is unusual and considerably different from that of the tj-pical
species ; vein 6 is shortly stalked with 7 ; 8, 9, 10 are stalked, anastomosing
shortly with 11 near origin, and 8 anastomosing shortly with 7 near apex.
(3. Cyclura inconspicua sp. nov.
Forewings : dull lilac-grey, speckled with fuscous and black ; a slight brownish
suffusion near base, and a brownish median shade, swelling out at end of cell and
embracing the white cell-spot, then obliijue and narrowed to inner margin before
middle ; a line of brown submarginal spots, that at anal angle conspicuous ; fringe
rather darker.
Uindwinys : the same, with only a faint brown cloud in centre ; inner margin
spotted with black.
Underside pale ochreous grey ; the forewings with an oblicjnc black streak
from three-fourths of inner margin towards apex, before which it becomes obsolete,
and is followed by many coarse black sjiots ; hindwings with a dark blotch at costa
only. Face brown ; thorax like wings ; abdomen paler.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ? from St. Aiguan, November lt>97 (Meek).
Differs from the tyjje of the genus in neuration ; In and 11 are long-stalked ;
6 short-stalked with 7 and .s ; 9 absent (? coincident with 10).
7. Oreta obtusa Wlk.
The type of this species in the British Museum is without antennae ; but the
oblique line on the forewings is straight, not curved as in catama Moore, and the
underside of forewings is almost wholly brownish red ; in vatama, on the contrary,
the yellow and red tints of the upperside are even more strongly contrasted below
than above ; the autennal serrations in tatama are distinctly separate ; in obtus'i
coalescent ; so the two species must be kept apart. Oreta obliquilinca Hmjjsn.
are merely smaller and less distinctly marked specimens oi obtusa Wlk., with which
they agree on the underside.
(4)
i^. Phalacra albilinea sj). uov.
Foreiciiigs : pale wood-colonr, finely black-speckled ; the lines indistinct ; a
double dark line near base, angled in midwing ; at about two-fifths and three-fifths
of costa arise two grey irregularly dentate-creuulate lines, vertical in direction to
the median vein, then oblique and approximating, to inner margin at one-third ; the
space between them pale yellowish ochreons ; the space immediately jireceding and
following, as well as a subcostal streak, brownish ochreons ; at five-sixths of costa
a double lunulate line vertical to vein 4, then sharjily oblinue to inner margin at
two-fifths, clear white, with fine black edges joined by black dashes at the veins ;
a strongly dentate snbmargiual line, the teeth outwardly marked in black ; an
oblique grey cloud below apex from hiudmargiu to outer line : marginal line fine,
grey ; fringe concolorous, with grey mottling ; two black dots on the discocellular.
nindivings : paler ; the pale central fascia as in forewings, but equally wide
throughout, preceded by a subbasal brownish ochreons band, internally dark-edged,
and followed by a brownish lunulate line ; outer line black, straight, slightly
lunulate below costa, and preceded by a brownish lunulate line ; snbmarginal and
marginal areas as in forewings ; two black dots on discocellular.
Underside whitish ochreous, dusted with grey ; the cell-dots black ; traces of
three external grey lines, parallel to hindmargin. Face brown ; palpi black ;
vertex and fillet whitish ochreous ; thorax and abdomen brownish ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One t? from the Khasias, February 1897.
Family THYRIDIDAE.
9. Banisia albisig'nata sp. nov.
Forewings : very pale ochreous, faintly striated witli darker ; the costal edge
marked with five or six black dashes, indicating the origin of transverse fasciae,
traces of which are barely discernible near costa and along inner margin, especially
one just beyond middle of the latter ; an obscure dark spot at bottom of the
discocellular ; a diffuse greyish cloud below and beyond cell ; a large roundish
whitish space at apex, ending in a point at end of vein 5, internally dark-margined,
containing two dark spots and some scattered blackish scales ; fringe concolorous.
Iliudu-ings : white ; with a slightly darker fascia near base edged by two
blackish lines ; and a more diffuse and broad central band fornied of black inter-
lacing striae, partly tinged with ochraceons, but without any defined edging :
marginal area rather bright ochraceons, inwardly edged by a fine darker, nearly
straight line, witli a paler tooth-shaped mark from apex ; fringe ochraceons, white
at anal angle.
Underside much brighter-coloured; the ajiical white blotch black-edged, and
with a black cloud below it ; the costa whitish ; hindwings with the dark markings
almost obsolete. Face and palpi ochraceons ; thorax like forewings ; abdomen
whitish, slightly tinged with ochreous down the back.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
One ? from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, July 1S97 (Dr. Roth).
This species belongs to the group including atripunctalis Wlk., trifascialis
Moore, tritroplm Swinh., and intcmlbicans Warr., distinguished by the com-
paratively shorter and broader wings and obsoleteness of the usual transverse
markings.
f 5)
M Banisia piperata sp. nov.
Fore/rin(/s : pale yellowish, crossed by five or six parallel, partially conflnent
oranjre bands, -with somewhat angular edges ; the pale bands of yellow groiind-colonr
between tbem formed of series of globnlar spots ; costal region finely dnsted with
black ; marginal area with innumerable very minnte black points and scratches,
some of which extend into the base of the orange fringe.
Ilindwings : the same.
Underside very similar, but more distinctly marked ; the costal edge more
strongly marked with blackish dashes than on npperside. Head, thorax, and
abdomen yellow spotted with orange.
Expanse of wings : 16 mm.
One ? from Ron Island, July IsOT (Doherty).
11. Banisia recti viata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale rufous brown, the veins darker ; finely reticulated with darker
and with the lines deeper brown ; costa at base browner ; a curved line at one-fifth ;
a straight thick brown lino from before middle of costa to before middle of inner
margin ; a little beyond it two fine brown lines start from the costa, the first
irregularly waved and partly double to two-thirds of inner margin, the second
running obliquely outwards to below vein 4, and then forked to before and above
anal angle; a curved brown line from before apex to the end of vein 4 ; fringe
concolorons, with slightly darker basal line.
Hindiviiujs : with a straight dark line near base, another near middle, donble
below the median, and there forming an irregular aunulns ; a straight tliick line
from middle of costa towards anal angle continuing" the straight line of forewings ;
two fine curved lines beyond, becoming snbmarginal and throwing oft' spurs to
bindmargin.
Underside the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One ? from Ansus, Jobi Island, April, May 1S07 (Doherty).
13. Hypolamprus cossoides sp. nov.
Forewings : fulvous yellow, suffused towards base along costa and inner margin
with vinous brown, and marked with irregular transverse striae of the same colour ;
a linear cell-spot vinous ; slight marginal spots between the veins ; fringe con-
colorons.
Hind wings : similar.
Underside paler, with the markings fainter ; traces of a vinous curved ante-
median streak on both wings. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish, mixed with
vinous scales ; the shoulders altogether vinons.
Expanse of wings : 54 mm.
One c?_from St. Aignan, November 1897 (Meek).
Forewings with costal insinuate in middle, convex before apex, which is
shortly falcate ; bindmargin sinuous ; hindwings broad ; the apex bluntly rect-
angular ; hindmargin well rounded.
As it agrees with IL/poIamprus in the neuration, I have placed it in that
genus ; but it will probably rcijuire a new one.
( 6 )
13. Hypolamprus submarmorata sp. nov.
Interiuediate l)etween //. leopardata Warr., from Cedar Bay, Queensland, and
//. unicolor Warr., from Amboina ; of the same size as the former, the forewings
with tlie markings much less distinct ; in the hindwings the dark central band
forms between veins ij and <i a quadrate deep lirown spot, and the pale fasciae on
each side form two s(jnare white spots with a dark central line.
Underside without the subcostal and cellular coppery patch ; the whole of
both wings thickly and regnlarly studded with small black points and striae.
Four ? ? from St. Aignan, October 1897 (Meek).
Isothauma gen. nov.
Like Siculodes and Bhodoneura in shape and markings, but differing in the
structure of the cell ; in the above-mentioned genera the upper half of the dis-
cocellnlar is vertical and the lower oblique ; in Isothauma the reverse is the case,
the upj)er half being oblique and the lower vertical ; this is especially noticeable in
the hindwings, where tlio cell is very broad. Cell-spots formed by tufts of raised
scales.
Type : Isothauma opalinula Mab. (Siculodes), from Madagascar.
Neothyris gen. nov.
Foreivings: elongate; costa shouldered at base, abruptly convex before apex,
straight or even inflected between ; apex minutely subfalcate ; hindmargin curved,
much more oblique in the lower half ; inner margin truncate at liase.
Hindwings : longer than broad ; apex prominent, bluntly rounded ; hindmargin
rounded.
Antennae of c? slightly thickened towards base, pubescent or shortly ciliated,
of ? filiform, simple ; basal joint surrounded by an involucre of scales, more con-
spicuous in S; forehead with a slight projecting tuft of scales below ; palpi stout,
porrect, the basal joint as large as the second, distinct and hairy, the third mnch
smaller and smoother ; tongue and frenulum present. Hindtibiae with four long
slender spurs ; all the femora fringed beneath with hairs,
Neuration: cell less than half of wing ; discocellular vertical ; first median at
five-sixths, second, third, and lower radial all close together from round lower angle
of cell : upjier radial and vein 7 from upper angle, the latter cnrved upwards at
origin ; 8, 9 very long-stalked ; 10 and 11 free. Hindwings with the two snbcostals
short-stalked, the upper anastomosing for some distance with the costal ; medians
as in forewings.
Type : Neothyris aspirans sp. nov.
14. Neothyris aspirans sp. nov.
Forewings: fulvous, suffused with deep brown, and .with blackish brown
transverse striae between the veins, forming an incomplete reticulation ; costa with
dark oblique striae ; a wavy slightly curved blackish line from one-fifth of costa to
one-third of inner margin, less distinct above ; an ill-defined oblique dark wavy line
from inner margin just beyond, to beneath costa beyond the cell-spot, the included
space generally dark brown : an ill-defined brown cloud beginning narrow at the
costa at three-fourths and broadening to anal angle, the space before and beyond it
f 7 )
brig-liter fulvous ; fringe with the basal half deep brown-hlack, teniiiiial half white,
cheijuered with brown boj-oiul the veins ; cell-spot obloni;', formed of dark scales,
preceded in cell of c? onl)' by a roundish hyaline spot.
Hindwings : with basal fourth palo fulvous, a central curved brown band,
broader towards costa, separated by a curved fulvous fascia from the wholly darker
marginal third.
The tints in the c? are throup'hout darker than in the ? ; the central costal
and subcostal areas are streaked witii grey scales in the S, the cell-spot being
likewise ringed with grey.
Underside pale fawn-grey, speckled with darker, with a broad grey-brown
marginal band ; both wings with longitudinal rows of dark dots between the veins;
the cell- spots large and black ; large black blotches also below the origin of first
median nervule, united to cell-spots by red-brown scales, thus forming a short
oblique central streak ; inner marginal area of both wings below submarginal fold
without markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous : undersnrface of antenual
involucre, and of first joiot of palpi, and the pi'ctus whitish; legs brown, the tarsi
cheiiuered with whitish.
Expanse of wings : 5G mm.
A pair from Woodlark Island, March 1807 (A. S. Meek).
Also a ? from St. Aignan, September 1807, from the same collector.
15. Pharambara subscripta sp. nov.
Forewinc/s: dnll greyish brown, covered with small darker striae, forming
indistinct reticulations ; the fasciae darker, more clearly marked on costa and inner
margin, at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths respectively ; the last strongly
angled outwards towards middle of wing, in the direction of a small oval dark
blotch before the hindmargin ; four small dark costal blotches before apex ; fringe
concolorous.
IIii}ilicings : without distinct fasciae ; the basal third paler, followed by a broad
darker shade, not reaching hindmargin except at anal angle.
Underside with ground-colour pale, and all the striae and markings by contrast
darker and more distinct ; a row of black and lustrous metallic scales along the
median vein, and another along vein 0 at base of the triangular projection of
the third fascia, which is also marked with ferruginous scales. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
One ? from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, June 1897 (Dr. Roth).
Here also belongs the example which, in Nov. Zool. Vol. V. p. 224, I wrongly
referred to thiastoralis Wlk., from South America.
Proterozeuxis gen. nov.
Forewiiiys : elongate ; the costa insinuate in middle, strongly depressed at
apex ; hindmargin sinuate, strongly bowed below middle : inner margin faintly
sinuate.
llinilwinys : small, triangular, the hindmargin sinuate, bulged at middle ; apex
subacute ; anal angle subtruncate.
Abdomen (cJ) elongated, the anal segments with expansile tuft. Antennae {6)
shortly but distinctly pectinated, the pectinations thickened towards extremity and
( 8 )
pnbescent ; palpi nptnrned obliquel)' in front of face ; third joint half as long as
second. Freiuilnm present ; tongne ill-developed.
Nenration like that of Tli/polampim, bnt instead of S and H, T and 8 are stalked.
Cell and main veins of forewiugs beneath clothed with broad shining argyrescent
scales.
Type : Proterozeuxis splendida sp. nov.
Distingnished from the other genera by the pectination of the antennae in the S
and the stalking of veins 7 and 8 of the forewings.
10. Proterozeuxis splendida sp. nov.
Foi'ewings : pale bright ochreous, with the striae lines and veins bright
ferrnginons, the costa shaded with darker : a slightly bent line at one-third of costa
to middle of inner margin ; a second from middle of costa, ontcnrved at end of cell,
to inner margin before anal angle ; third line from costa at two-thirds, contorted to
toncli second line beyond cell, to hiudmargin above anal angle, before which it is
forked : fonrtli line snbapical, forked on costa, to end of vein 5 ; marginal line and
fringe deep ferrnginons ; spaces between the lines witji fainter rnsty reticulations.
Hindivhu/s : similar.
Underside the same, only paler. Head, thorax, and abdomen oelireous mi.xed
with dnil ferrnginons.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
One <J from Natal (A. J. Spillev).
IT. Siculodes naevina ab. carneata nov.
Differing from the typical form ot naevhia Moore, from Darjiling, — which is also
found in Borneo, the Philippines, and the Arn Islands, — in having the costal and
hindmarginal areas of forewings strongly suffused with flesh-colonr ; the hludwings
slightly so ; the fringes of both wings flesh-colour. Underside of both wings, except
the disc of forewings, the same colour.
One tJ from the Khasias.
Thus also the Khasia Hill form, which I have called tiihcrosnlis, differs from
typical Sicidoilf.s aryentalis VVlk., both from India and from the different islands
from which it has been recorded.
18. Striglina asinina sp. nov.
Foreivings : dull dark smoky brown, crossed by numerous curved and waved
lines of darker striae ; a darker blotch on discocellular and another l)elow it, forming
part of the lower half of a median fascia ; costa bright ochraceous between the dark
lines ; fringe darker, sometimes tipi)ed with ochraceous.
Jlindtcinr/s : similar.
Underside ferruginous, with the striae and the two blotches blackish and
distinct; hindmargin of both wings, especially the hindwings, and the fringes black.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; palpi paler ; foretarsi internally white,
externally black, with the tips of all the joints white.
Expanse of wings : 27 mm.
Six cJ<J, two ? ? , fromSula Mangoli, October— November 1897 (Doherty), and
one ^ from Dorci, June lb'.)7 (Doiierty). In this last the underside is greyish
ochreous instead of ferruginous, and the black margiiuil area much larger.
( 9 )
!'■». Striglina mediosecta AVarr., Nov. Zool. Vol. V. p. 424.
The type described from Kei Island, a ^, was the only one sent. I have since
seen another <? from Ron Island, accompanied bj' two ¥ ? . These are slightly
larger than the cJc?, and ditl'er especially in being rufous instead of brown, closely
approaching in appearance the alierration r'llpina of S. deramta Warr.
Family URANIIDAE.
21). Stesichora unipuncta sp. nov.
Intermediate between <S'. nivea Warr. from the Kei Islands, which is spotless,
except for three or four costal dots on the forewings, and titdidii Kirsch, from New
Gninea, in which the hindwings have three marginal spots. The present species has
a single large spot in the tail of the hindwings. The forewiugs have three or funr
dots on costa towards base and two larger ones near ajiex.
Expanse of wings : 48 — 52 mm.
Two $S from St. Aignan, August — November 1897 (Meek).
This form also occurs on Goodenough Island.
In view of the sliglit, though constant, dift'erences in these local forms, it seems
advisable to consider all three as subspecies of AValker's -S'. pxelhiria, from Amboina
and the neighbouring islands, which has always five spots on the hindmargin of
hindwings. In all the forms the c? has a well-marked fovea in the forewings.
Family EPIPLEMIDAE.
21. Dirades pendula sp. nov.
Forewings : grey, tinged with fawn-colour ; the costa with fine black scales ;
first line blackish, indistinct, outwards curved, from one-third of costa to middle of
inner margin, where it forms a small black spot ; second line from five-sixths of
costa, strongly curved, black, edged externally with jale, incurved above vein 4,
then vertical to inner margin before anal angle ; between veins 4 and 5 the black
inner edge swells out into a round spot with black nucleus, and forms another black
spot at inner margin ; a row of fine black submarginal dashes : fringe concolorous.
Hindwings : with the outer line yellowish, bluntly angled in the middle, and
edged inwardly with black scales below costa and before the inner marginal fold ;
some black and fulvons marks along the median vein, and some blackish ill-shaped
Innnles along margin between veins 3 and 7, which are slightly produced.
Underside pale grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; face and palpi brown.
Expanse of wings : 10 mm.
One S from Bali, low country, Jlarch — April 1890 (Doherty).
22. Epiplema atrifasciata sp. nov.
Forewings : dark grey ; the costa black-speckled ; first line from one-fourth of
costa to one-fourth of inner margin, very indistinct and interrupted, angled outwards
in cell, and shortly followed there by the blackish cell-spot, which is followed by a
short dash of pale scales ; outer line velvety black and broad, from two-thirds of
costa to four-fifths of inner margin, bluntly angled below the middle, then parallel
to hindmargin and fine, but preceded near inner margin by black scales running
( 10 )
parallel to it ; some black scales above anal augle, and a short dark curved mark
before the hindmargiu beyond the cell ; fringe iron-grey.
Hindivinqs : with a narrow sinuoas white postmedian line, which forms a
slight blnnt projection in middle, preceded by a broad blackish fascia ; a double dark
dash on the discoccllular, forming on the median an acute angle with a broader white
dash ; basal area crossed by several broken curved blackish lines ; a blackish snl)-
maroinal shade ; a sinuous blackish marginal streak from upper tooth to below
lower tooth, crossed by two white dashes ; a pale slightly ochreous spot on costa
beyond outer line, which there is less strongly marked.
Underside of forewings uniform dull grey ; of hindwings pale grey with dark
speckling between the veins. Face and paljji black ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen
"rev ; the shoulders and patagia paler. Antennae with short broad serrations.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One 6 from the Khasia Hills, December IS9(3.
Forewings with apex blnntly rounded, and a slight curved indentation ojiposite
the cell ; inner margin sinuous ; anal angle almost lobed ; hindwings witli teeth at
veins 4 and 7, and the costa sinuous.
23. Epiplema barbara sp. nov.
Forewings: pale sandy ochreous, dusted and striated with brown : tlie costa
minutely dotted with black : first line obsolete ; second brown, from costa just
lieyond middle, sinuate outwards to vein 4 and there angled, then oblique inwards,
and reaching the inner margin at two-thirds as a vertical brown spot : a small
brown curved mark before hindmargin beyond cell, and a ditfuse brown cloud at
anal angle ; fringe concolorous, with some brown scales along the base.
llinilirings : with an obliijne brown streak on discocellnlar ; a double pale
brown postmedian line, angled before the lower tooth, then bisinuato to anal angle :
the inner arm is marked by a black-brown blotch on costa, a smaller one on vein 7,
and a brown shade in the sinus below the median vein ; externally it is followed by
another brownish line, and the space beyond its angle is filled in with pale grey and
brownish scales ; a dark brown curved line from tooth to tooth ; a pale ochreons
dash above a brown spot at the lower tooth ; some brown striae towards apex.
Underside of forewings dull grey, of hindwings pale ochreous with a few brown
striae. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; face and palpi dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 23 mm.
One 6 from Kampala, Uganda, January 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
24. Epiplema bicolor sp. nov.
Forewings : grey, with a faint pink tinge, sparsely black-speckled ; first line at
one-third, angled in midwing and denoted by oblique interrupted marks, those
towards costa blackish, the three lower ones rufous ; outer line at two-thirds,
starting as a broad oblique costal blotch, blackish on costa, rnfous below, angled on
vein 5, then incurved parallel to hindmargin, and rejircsented by a row of red-brown
spots between the veins, which are doubled above inner margin ; an obscure sub-
marginal row of small dark dots ; a chocolate marginal line from below apex,
thinning out towards anal angle : fringe rnfous, with paler basal line ; costa marked
with black strigulae, and two or three black spots before apex.
( 11 )
Ilindwings : rnfons grey, tinged with violet-brown along costa and at apex ; a
red-brown postmedian line, parallel to hindmargin, marked with dark dots at the
veins ; a more indistinct line towards base, and traces of two others between ; a
violet-brown undulating shade along margin from npper tooth towards anal angle ;
fringe violet-brown.
Underside of forewings dark grey, dotted with blackish, along costa pale grey ;
of hindwings pale grey, with a broad smoky-black snbmarginal fascia. Face and
palpi dark chocolate-brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen whitish grey.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
One c? from Ron Island, .Inly 1897 (W. Uoherty).
Forewings with hindmargin slightly toothed at vein 4, concave above, convex
below ; hindwings prominently toothed at veins 4 and 7.
A very distinct species.
25. Epiplema diversipennis sp. nov.
Forewings : bluish white, speckled with smoky grey-brown ; the costa at base,
a broadish curved fascia beyond middle, and a marginal fascia suffused witli the
same colour ; fringe concolorous.
Iliiidiciiigs : with the base whitish and the apex white ; a postmedian pale line
forming a lieak externally on vein 4, preceded by a thick blackish shade, which
above vein 4 becomes smoky brown, and followed by a smoky brown shade above
vein 4 and a purplish grey one below it ; traces of a fine double dark antemediau
line, and another nearer base ; the space below vein 4 marked with yellow scales ;
an irregularly waved blackish submarginal line from upper tooth to near anal angle,
followed by a brown shade ; fringe brown, white at apex.
Underside of forewings smoky brown ; of hindwings smoky grey. Head and
palpi blackish ; thorax whitish ; abdomen grey.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ? from Ansus, Jobi Island, April — May 1897 (Doherty).
26. Epiplema illineata, nom. nov.
Epiplerna iUiturata Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 9.
The name UlitKrota must be altered, as I had already used it for an aberration
oi Epiplema angidata. Cf. Nov. Zool. III. p. 275.
27. Monobolodes pallens sp. nov.
Foreioings : pale grey, thickly speckled with dark grey ; the lines nearly as in
the following species, but less diffuse, ferruginous, with darker scales at the veins ;
fringe iron-grey, with ferruginous line at base.
Ilindwings : similar, the line appearing less curved.
Underside uniform ]>ale grey, with sliglit darker dusting. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous with wings ; face and ])alpi grey-brown.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
One ? from Woodlark Island, March 1897 (A. S. Meek).
In both wings the outer line is nearer the hindmargin than in ^f. recti/ascia ;
otherwise the markings are almost identical : but they appear to be good and
distinct island forms.
( 12 )
2(<. Monobolodes rectifascia sj). nov.
Forewings : dark purplish slate-colour, in certain lights appearing lilnish or
leaden-colonrod ; thickly and confnspdlv' striiited tlironsrhont wit1i darker ; tlio two
lines darker, brownish j>nrple ; the first very indistinct, apparently strongly cnrvod
outwards in middle, as in J/, subfalcata, from one-fourth of costa to one-third of
inner margin, where alone it is plain ; second, broader and diffuse, nearly straight,
from two-thirds of costa to^^three-fourths of inner margin, before whicli it is faintly
indented : fringe darker, slightly metallic, prcccilcd by a lino fcrrnginons line, which
extends round the apex along the costa ; a faint submarginal shade.
Ilindivings : somewhat paler, with only the outer line, which is curved, more
concise, pnrjdish brown mixed with ferruginous.
Underside uniform dull greyish slate-colour. Head, thorax, and abdomen all
concolorons ; face and palpi slightly deeper.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
Three ? ? from Suer, Mefor, May and June l.>0: (W. Doherty).
Differs from the type sjiecies ^^. sudifdJcutd AVarr. from Queensland in tlio outer
line being nearly straight, not strongly bulged lielow the middle.
20. Paradirades farinosa sp. nov.
ForPAcings : pale grey, thickly powdered with darker slightly ochreous strigae ;
the costa somewhat darker-marked, but without any distinct dark spots ; no distinct
markings ; a dull diti'use dark spot on discocellnlar, and an irregular dark blotch
before middle of hindmargin, through which can [sometimes be traced a line
submarginal line ; fringe concolorons, with rather darker basal line.
Ilii)dicings : sometimes with faint traces of an antemedian and postmedian
darker line ; the striae generally denser before hindmargin.
Face and palpi deep chocolate-brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Underside wholly dull grey.
Expanse of wings : 16 mm.
One ?, four S d , from St. Aignan, September — November 1897 (Meek).
Distinguished at once by the absence of all defined markings.
Family GEOMETRIDAE.
Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE.
3(J. Noreia venusta sp. nov.
Forewingi^ : leaden grey ; the costal edge, the cell-spot, the fringe, and the
three transverse lines deep rosy ; first line obscnre, at one-third ; postmedian line
at two-thirds, incurved to submedian fold below the cell-spot, then vertical ; sub-
marginal line parallel throughout to hindmargin; ])oth formed of sagittate markings
between the veins.
Ilindivings : the same.
Underside with the cell-spots blackish, and the lines dark grey: fringe reddish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; face and palpi brown-black.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
One d from Mount Dulit, Borneo, February — March 1894 (Hose).
( 13 )
Differing from other species of the trenus ia the more rounded apex of forewiugs
and in the character of the marliings ; but the ueuratiou is identical. The hind-
wings beneath have no tnfts of hair.
31. Noreia vinacea »p. no v.
Foreicuigs : deep dove-colonr, shot with vinous, especially towards the hind-
margin, and with very fine black dusting ; first line slender, from one-third of costa,
oblique outwards to near middle of inner margin ; cell-spot linear, black, distinct ;
outer line bright vinous edged with pale from beyond middle of inner margin
towards apex, rectangularly bent on vein 5 and retracted to costa, the costal arm
dark grey; fringe vinous beyond a very concise tine dark basal line.
Ilindwinys : similar, but the vinous line central, the costal area dove-grey ;
no cell-spot.
Underside dark dove-grey, deeper towards hindmargins ; the cell-spots and
a sinuous line at two-thirds blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen shining grey ;
face and palpi black-brown.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
One ? from Ansns, Jobi Island, April — May 1897 (Doherty).
32. Physetostege (?) punctilinea sp. nov.
Forewings : reddish brown, the lines slightly darker, and marked by black
vein-dots ; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, curved ;
second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, angled on veins
0 and 4 ; a very indistinct submarginal line; fringe reddish, with minute dark dots
at the base ; cell-spot dark.
Hindwings : the same, without first line.
Underside duller, less reddish, with the markings very obscure : the ground-
colour becoming darker towards hiudmargin, the fringe paler and reddish. Head,
thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face and palpi dark red-browu ; basal joint of
palpi sjjarply white.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One ? from Sumba (Everett).
Referred to FInjsetostcge provisionally in the absence of the i ; the hindmargin
of both wings is curved.
33. Taxeotis coUineata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale greyish fawn-colour, with sparse black dusting ; basal and
marginal areas usually slightly darker and m(n'e thickl}' dusted than central ; costal
edge ochraceous ; first Hue dark ferruginous from before one-third of costa to before
one-third of inner margin, dentate outwards on subcostal, median, and submedian
veins, concave between ; outer line deep fcrrunrinons, from costa at three-fourths,
curved outwards to below vein 7, there acutely angled and obli(|nely sinuous inwards
to two-thirds of inner margin, followed from angle to inner margin by a blackish
externally dentate line, the space between the two lines 3-ellowish ; a row of round
black marginal dots ; cell-spot minute ; fringe concolorous.
Ilimlicings : with the outer line continued at two-thirds ; cell-spot small.
Underside of forewings grey-tinged, of hindwings whitish, both thickly
( H )
peppered with black ; a sinuous postmedian line on Loth wings, thickened on veins ;
cell-spots and marginal spots black. Face and palj)i dark I'errnginons ; basal joint
of palpi ochreous ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; abdomen beneath and
legs whitish, like hiiidwings.
Exjiause of wings : 34 mm.
One c? from Bnrdekin River, County Davenport, Queensland.
Subfamily ORTHOSTIXINAE.
34. Bytharia lucida sp. nov.
Foreidngs : deep yellow, with the costa and hindmargin black-brown, more
broadly at the apex ; the inner edge of the marginal border crennlatc ; the costal
border slightly lustrous ; along the curved edge of the marginal border is a
lustrous lunate-edged fascia : fringe black-brown.
JlindwiM/s : with marginal border narrower, its edge crenulate, ami with a
lustrous fascia.
Underside like upper, but with no lustrous scaling. Abdomen, legs, face, and
thorax yellow; i)alpi, vertex, and antennae broii/,e-brown.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
Two S6, one ?, from New Hanover, February and March 1*07 (Webster).
35. Eumelea apicata (?) sp. nov.
Forewings : yellow, mottled with ferruginous striae ; those along the costa
purple; indistinct fulvous shades from inner margin at one-fourth and one-half,
becoming obsolete above the median vein ; apical third occujiied by a large purplish
chocolate blotch, scarcely reaching lower than vein 3, and enclosing a small yellow
space at apex ; fringe of the same colour as the blotch, with lunnles of the same
at base.
llindwings : with a central straight slightly crenulated fulvous line, and
before the apex four spots of purplish scales in a line to above middle of hind-
margin ; fringe jjurple, with a continuous purple basal line.
Underside the same, but all the striae as well as the lines and blotch purple.
Head, tliorax, and abdomen yellow, with a few purplish scales.
Expanse of wings : 60 mm.
One ? from Kapaur, Dutch New Guinea, low country, December 1896
(Doherty).
Certainly related to E. genuina Kirsch {= craspedias Meyr.), and possibly an
abnormal example of the ? of that species ; the types in both cases were 6 6.
I may here draw attention to the fact that in Kirsch's figure the central line of the
forewings is drawn too strongly ; it is rarely expressed above the median ; Kirscli
called it " se/ir terschwommener
This species is evidently identical with an insect described by Pagenstecher,
Jahrb. JS'ass. Ver. Is80. p. 155, from New Guinea, as a further development of
the form genuina Kirsch, which he as well as Snellen sinks along with all the
other so-called species as synonyms of romlia Cram. Unfortunately he does not
give the sex.
( 15 )
36. Eumelea aurigenaria sp. nov.
d. Forewings : olive-yellow, with dense rosy striae, and with the three lines
rosy ; first and second curved, at one-third and one-half, approximating below ;
snbmarginal shade broad, diiFase, to before anal angle, and becoming obsolescent
towards costa ; a distinct oval ocellus on discocellnlar ; fringe yellow, with a deep
rosy line at base, and a rosy line at middle.
Hindwings : the same, without first line ; the shade very broad at apex ; ocellus
present.
Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, speckled with rosy ;
shoulders and collar all rosj'.
¥ . Forewings : yellow, with rusty striae, those along the costa only being
purplish ; the lines rusty purple ; first at one-fourth, interrupted ; second a little
beyond the middle, subcrenulate ; the distance between these two lines therefore
much greater than in the c?, the ocellus being exactly half-way between them,
whereas in the i it is nearer to the central line ; submargiual shade much narrower,
projecting prominently outwards beyond cell ; marginal line of dark brown-red
shallow lunules; fringe as in $.
Ilindtcings : with the central line distinctly crenulate ; the snbmarginal
indistinct.
Underside with the striae and all markings rosy.
Exjiause of wings : 52 mm.
One cj, one ?, from Lombok, June 1896 (Everett).
For some time past there has been in the Tring Museum a number of examples
of this form, from Queensland, marked aurigeiuiria. As I have quite ftiiied to find
any trace of such a published species, I am inclined to think it may have been an
error for aureliata, of which it might be considered a form. It differs, however,
from typical aureliata in the uniformly smaller size, the absence of the marginal
blotches in the ¥ , in the yellower fringe, and in the presence of a distinct ocellus
in both wings. Moreover, it occurs, besides Australia, in Borneo (Kina Balu), Nias,
Oinainisa (Timor), Perak (Gunong Ijau), and Lombok, and is therefore almost as
widespread as aureliata itself, of whicli it cannot be reckoned a subspecies or local
form.
37. Eumelea rosalia Cram., Pap. Ex. IV. p. 152. PI. 36ii. Fig. F.
1 have lately seen three S S from Tawaya, Palos Bay, taken by Doherty, which
answer precisely to Cramer's figure, which need not therefore be any longer looked
upon as inexact. Pagenstecher also mentions {Jahrh. Nass. Ver. XXXIX. lisSO.
p. 155) some specimens from the Kei Islands as identical with the typical
Amboiua form.
38. Ozola basisparsata AVlk.
Forewings : fawn-coloiu', with a decided pink flush ; thickly sprinkled with
darker atoms ; first line very obscure, angled in cell and formed of spots between
the veins ; second at two-thirds, curved l)elow costa, then iierfectly straight and
slender to four-fifths of inner margin ; beyond its upper half a curved line of small
spots is faintly visible ; submargiual line formed of spots, the tour uppermost ones
largest, the fourth reaching the margin : a row of minute marginal dots ; fringe
rufous, brown-tinged along the excision and above anal angle ; cell-spot small.
( 16 )
Hindwiiitjs : whitish at base, speckled with black scales : cell-spot blackish ;
au almost straight slender Hue at two-thirds ; a submarginal Hue of black dashes
on the veins.
Underside whitish, thickly sjieckjed with red-brown ; the outer line red-brown,
with a reddish subcostal streak from it to tlie unter Hue of spots. Head, thorax,
aud abdomen coucolorous with wings ; i>!iliii and forelegs rosj'-tinged.
Expanse of wngs : \i2 mm.
One S from Penang, November 1896 (Cnrtis).
Allied to O. extersaria Wlk. ; the hindwing rcctangnlarly prodnccd at vein 6 ;
forewiugs with apex falcate ; hindmargin angnlated at vein 4, concave above and
below.
31). Ozola incompleta sp. uov.
Forewings : whitish, with coarse fnscons atoms ; first line represented by a
fuscous costal spot at one-third, not reaching below the median vein ; cell-spot
black, with the fnscons atoms denser above and below it ; outer line from costa at
two-thirds, concave basewards to vein 2, where it is joined by a second more
strongly concave line from the costa, then retracted towards anal angle ; space
between these two lines more or less filled np with fuscous ; a triangular blotch of
fuscous striae on hindmargin beyond cell, joined by a fuscous line from costa, and
a smaller blotch at anal angle ; fringe fnscons, except from veins 2 to 4, where
it is whitish ; a marginal row of small black dots.
Hiiuhcings : with a fnscons ajiical blotch, and a fnscous outer line, blnntly
angled beyond cell ; cell-spot blackish ; fringe fuscous round the apical blotch,
beyond it whitish.
Underside exactly similar. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wiugs : 2T mm.
One c? from S. Flores, November 1896, dry season (Everett).
Forewings long and narrow, costa strongly dejiressed before apex, which is
I)roduced but not falcate, the hindmargin being oblique from apex to vein 4, then
slightly indented, and still more obliqne to anal angle ; hindwings with both angles
rounded, aud the hindmargin bluntly prominent at vein 6.
4(1. Ozola indefensa sp. uov.
Forewings : pinkish ochreous, with coarse fuscous and ferruginous atoms, the
lines tine, and sometimes obsolete ; the first basal curved, the second strongly
bulged outwards in its upper two-thirds, the curve being crossed withiu by a
straight oblique line, whicli with the other forms a small blotch on the inner
margin ; a lirown subajncal blotch, and a smaller blotch at the aual angle ; a
submarginal line near margin from costa before apex touching the edge of the
subapical and anal blotches ; fringe dark fnscous from apex to elbow beyond t he
dark blotch, and again beyond that at the anal angle.
Ilindicingx : with two brown lines which are joined on the costa, and recede
from each other towards the inner margin ; apex washed with fuscous ; fringes
dark half-way from apex ; in both wings a row of minute black dots at base
of fringes.
Underside the same, with the markings browner.
( 17)
Expanse of wings : c? ? , 24 mm.
Two c? d from Dorei, July 1897 (Dohevtv) ; ulso from Claremoiit Island,
in B.M.
Subfamily : PSEUDOTERPNINAE.
41. Actenochroma unicolor sp. no v.
Forewiwjs : olive-drab, speckled with black, the speckles thickest along tbe
costa and beyond the outer line, where they are partially confluent ; the lines black,
thickened towards costa ; first from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner margin,
slightly angled basewards on median and snbmedian veins ; second from three-
fonrths of costa to inner margin shortly before anal angle, thick and concave
outwards to vein 4, then obli(|Ue inwards, lunulate anil dentate outwards on the
veins ; an interrnpted black marginal line ; cell-sjiot black, slightly angled ; fringe
concolorous, chequered with black beyond veins.
llindwinfis : without first line, and the second line lunulate and dentate
throughout.
Underside pale stone-colour, with a fiiint pink tinge ; cell-spots black, that
in the forewings large ; costa of forewings spotted with black ; a smoky black
submarginal fascia beyond second line, tbe area beyond it smoky grey in forewings,
and hardly darker than ground-colour in the hindwings. Face black ; palpi,
verte.\', thorax, and alidomen concolorous, the abdomen speckled with black.
E.xpanse of wings : 40 mm.
One 6 from Mount Dulit, Borneo (Hose).
42. Hypocliroma multicolor sji. nov.
Forcuiiiy.-< : jiale green, slightly dusted with dark scales ; the costa with fine
dark dots ; lines darker, olive-green, passing into blackish towards costa ; first at
about one-third, curved outwards above and below median ; second at two-thirds,
hardly waved to vein 6, then incurved, dentate, and lunulate ; the first line is
preceded and the second followed by a faintly paler shade ; submarginal Hue
dentate, whitish green, preceded by a cloudy fascia of blackish scales, mixed
towards costa with reddish, and followed by a blackish blotch beyond cell and
an elongated cloud above anal angle, also mixed with reddish ; marginal sjiots
irregular, lunulate ; fringe pale green, with dark mottling beyond veins ; cell-
spot black.
Ilindicings : with thick blackish dusting near base; the tufts green; post-
median line regularly dentate, followed by slightly raised pale luuules ; patches
of blackish and reddish scales before and beyond the submarginal line, which
is slightly raised.
Underside of both wings bright yellow ; the forewings below the median
dull rosy, passing into whitish on inner margin ; cell-S2)0t of forewings large,
purple ; marginal third of both wings deep purple, separated from the yellow
basal areas by a small white space ; in the forewings traversed by a submarginal
row of white intraneural spots, the apex and a small patch at middle of hiud-
margiu, like the fringes, whitish yellow ; in the hindwings with a ])atch at anal
angle and a larger one below middle wliitish yellow. Pace, palpi, and antennae
2
( 18 )
rnfous ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen coucolorons with wings ; legs and underside
of abdomen ochreous ; the forelegs rnfons.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One (? from !St. Aignan, August— November 1897 (A. S. Meek).
43. Hypochroma pui'piirifera s]i. nov.
Foreicings : a mixture of wliitisli, dull green, and dull reddish scales, the
whitish predomiuiiting: the costal area more greenish, and the hiudmargiiial greenish
mixed with red : the marginal third with transverse black striae ; the lines blackish,
fairly distinct : first at one-third, nearly vertical, but forming three slight curves;
secon<l at twu-thirds, irregularly ileiitate, and incurved below vein 4 : sidimargiual
line distinct, whitish, strongly dentate, edged on both sides by pinkish and black
scales ; a row of marginal black spots between veins ; fringe whitish, mottled witli
black at the ends of veins ; ccll-sjiot linear, dark.
Ilinduinys : more reddisli-tinged throughout ; basal area with the usual
tnt'ts ; outer Hue at two-thirds, regularly lunulate-dentatc, edged by wliite lunules
of slightly raised scales ; submargiual liue whitish, waved ; black striae and s])ots
congregated along veins ; basal two-thirds of abdominal margin as well as the
fringe goldeu yellow.
Underside of forewings : costal base golden; below nu'dian vein and centre
of cell dull ])urple : cell-spot large, velvety black, followed by a subqnadrate white
blotch ; a broad black marginal fascia ; the ai)ex and fringe white ; hindwings
with basal two-thirds goldeu ; cell-spot smaller, followed by a smaller white
blotch ; marginal border complete. Palpi ochreous, the tips of tlie joints pale
brown ; face brownish yellow ; vertex and collar ochreous, with a few dark scales ;
thorax like wngs ; abdomen smooth, pinkish ochreous, much sjieckled witli black:
with a yellow lateral stripe.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
One ? from Tugela, 8olomon Islands (AVoodford).
Nearest allied to mbonmta W'arr. and aurantiacea Lucas, and above wonder-
fully like muscosaria Guen.
In forewings veiu 11 anastomoses with ]■,', and 10 with 11 ; <> and 7 of
hindwings separate.
44. Hypochroma viridicoma sp. nov.
Foreicings : {)ale green, darker at base and along costa, sprinkled in places with
black scales ; costa marked with dense short black striae ; inner line from about
one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, marked by a darker green shade
mixed with black and a few jiiuk scales ; cell-spot leddish ; outer line from a dark
spot at two-thirds of costa, oblique outwards to vein C, vertical to vein 4, then
strongly oblique inwards to middle of inner margin, fine and slightly dentate, dark
green, immediately succeeded by a jiale space ; submargijial lin(? irregularly dintate,
pale green, i)receded by a red-brown blotch on costa and by patches of mi.xed
pinkish and blackish scales beyond cell and above inner margin, and followed by
red-brown patches at the same places ; dark lunulate spots along hiudmargin
between the veins ; fringe pinkish, mottled with darker.
Uinduiitijs : witii basal half a mixture of black and dull pink scales, with large
( 19 )
pale gi'eeu confluent tnfts of long erect hairs in cell and on submedian fold ; rest oi
the wing as in ibrewings, with the reddish patches i)aler.
Uuderside of both wings yellow, with a broad purplish border with sinuate
inner edge, leaving on forewings the a])ex only whitish, and on hindwings three
small white patches, above vein (3, at the end of vein 4, and above anal angle ;
preceded on hindwings by a narrow whitish space, and on forewings by an oblong
white patch above median ; cell-spots purple-black, much larger on forewings than
on hindwings. Palpi ochreous, darker above ; face ochreous below, reddish
above, with a jiair of ochreous yellow dots on each side ; vertex greenish, with an
ochreous spot in centre ; thorax and patagia green tipped with reddish ; abdomen
yellowish ochreous above and below, the basal segments with pinkish scales.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One (J from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Distinguished by the large green tufts of the hindwings and by the very slightly
crennlated hindmargins. In the forewings 11 anastomoses with 12, and lO with 11;
in hindwings C and 7 are separate.
4.J. Pingasa atriscripta sp. nov.
Foretciiujs : pale greenish ochreous, the costa freckled with blackish ; the lines
concisely black ; first from costa at one-third to inner margin at one-fourth, bluntly
angled outwards above median, more strongly below, and with sliglit angles inwards
below costa and on submedian ; on the costa it forms a black spot, and above the
inner margin is edged with reddish scales ; at the extreme base of inner margin are
a few reddish grey scales ; second line at two-thirds, curved, slightly indented on
vein o, and with minute teeth outwards on the veins, followed by a fascia of grey
and blackish scales mixed with reddish beyond cell and at anal angle, the acutely
dentate edge of which forms the submarginal line ; a row of round black marginal
spots between the veins ; discocellular marked by two obliipiely placed black spots ;
fringe concoloi'ons, grey towards anal angle.
Iliiuhciiujs : the same, without first line.
Underside white, with broad marginal fascia, which on the forewings leaves a
white patch at apex and below middle, and on the hindwings is irregularly edged
with white all round ; a black oblong cell-spot on forewiug,a small one on hiudwing ;
the disc and costa of forewings are slightly tinged with pinkish fuscous. Head,
thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face with a broad central velvety
black bar ; tnfts of abdomen edged with reddish grey.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
One 6 from Goodeuough Island, December Is'JO (Meek).
46. Terpna tenuilinea sp. nov.
Forcicings: dull olive-green, thickly dusted with darker atoms and striae, and
in places with whitish scales ; costa ochreous, with tine dark striae ; basal area
narrow, pale green without any dusting, with a rufous mark close to base and edged
by a very fine nearly vertical blackish line with rufous on its outer margin ; outer
line at two-thirds, distinctly angled outwards on vein 4, above which it is concave,
then oblique inwards, lunulate and dentate, to two-thirds of inner margin, finely
black with a rufous internal edging ; a linear cell-mark, black and rufous, followed
(20)
by a jiatch of olive scales ; submargiiial line creunlate, white, most distinct towards
costa, aud interrnpted below, jjroccded throughout by a broadisli rafous fascia, aud
followed from veins 5 to 7 by a subijuadrate whitish patch oa hiudmargin ; marginal
line blackish, thickened between the veins ; fringe olive-rufons, chequered with
darker at tlie ends of the veins and whitish beyond the white patch.
Hindtcinffn ; similar, without basal line ; submargiiial line shown by white
dashes at the tips of the teeth.
Underside white, with a broad lirowu-black marginal i'ascia passing into
reddish towards hiudmargin, leaving the snba])ical spot white ; cell-s])ot black-
browu edged with reddish ; a pink streak above the snbmedian fold ; hindwings
with no cell-spot, the fascia much darker and submarginal. Face rufous, with
mixed whitish and darker scales ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish ochreous,
dusted with rufous aud fuscous scales : the tufts of abdomen slightly lustrous.
Expanse of wings : 4s mm.
One ? from Tambora, June 181J0 (Dohcrty).
Subfamily GEOMETRINAE.
4T. Agathia exqiiisita sp. nov.
Fore/ciiMj.s : pale pea-green, speckled with purplish fuscous; costa grey with
darker dots, tinged with purplish towards base aud ajiex ; a dark purplish jiatch at
base of inner margin, not reaching above middle ; first line grey, from one-fourth
of costa to near middle of inner margin, where it joins the second ; its edges
irregularly creunlate ; second line developed into a broad gre3--sliade from three-
fourths of costa to before anal augle, its outer edge regularly dentate aud sinuous, its
inner edge vnth a biaugulated sinus beyond cell ; above the middle this shade is
tinged with purple-grey, especially on its inner edge, and externally runs out above
vein 7 to apex ; the lower part contains a small green spot on the subnicdian fold ;
a large purplish submarginal spot above vein u, and two smaller ones straiglit above
it ; fringe delicate pale grey, with a darker basal Hue, aud flecked with darker at
apex and ends of veins 3 and 4.
Ilindioings : with the base narrowly grey ; outer two-thirds a mixture of
various shades of pearly grey aud fawn-colour, edged inwardly by a inirplish line,
toothed in the middle, and containing traces of a pale grey dentate line, preceded
and followed by purplish grey shades ; the outer edge of the grey area is dentate, and
cuts off irregular patches of greeu along hindraargin ; marginal line purplish below
vein G ; fringe as in forewings.
Underside delicate pale green, with a purplisji Ijlack curved iwstmediau shade
on both wings, followed in the hindwings by a second more diffuse and cloudy
shade ; costa of forewings whitish, with a purplish blotch before apex ; fringe of
forewings pale green, of hindwings greyer green, with dark spots at end of veins 3
and 4. Face aud palpi ochreous aud jjurple ; fillet and autenual shaft purplish ;
thorax aud patagia green flecked with purple scales ; abdomen ochreous grey, with
green si)ots on each segment.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ? from Laiwui, Obi, September 1^97 (Doherty).
Allied to A. obsoleta Warr. from Java, but quite different on the uuderside.
( 21 )
Antharmostes son. nov.
Foiririii/jx : with costa sliglitly rnrvcil ; ajiex subacute ; himlniarniii uliliijucly
CIll'VOll.
JJiii<liriii</s : kite-shaped, with a distinct tooth at veiu 4; sinuous above, straight
below.
Palpi thick, porrect, the terminal joint- minute. Antennae of J witli short
stiflf branches, as in Hrmistohi '\^'arr. ; frenulum and tongue present ; legs short ;
hindtibiae thickened, with a groove and pencil of hairs, and four stout spurs.
Keunition : forewings, cell not half the length of wing ; discocellular with
upper third vertical, then concave and oblique : first median at tliree-fifths, second
close before third ; lower radial from the bend of the discocellular ; u])per stalked
witli 7, 8, 9, 10 ; 11 free. Hindwings, with 3, 4, and 0, 7 stalked ; costal shortly
approximated to subcostal near base.
Typo : Antharmostrs mcsoh'urii sj). nov.
Wings without markings ; dark green.
48. Antharmostes mesoleuca sp. nov.
Foreioings : dark green ; costa pale with fuscous dots ; a faintly dark(>r cell-
spot ; marginal line red-brown, interrupted at the veins ; preceded between veins 3
and 4 by a white, red-edged lunule ; tliickened between 2 and 3, and preceded by a
shallow whitish lunule between 1 and '1 ; fringe rufous.
llimhdnqs : similar ; the white lunnlc running into tlie tooth at middle :
some whitish scales at apex before marginal line.
Underside glossy whitish green, with a very faint reddish tinge towards base
of forewings ; fringe rufous. Face and jialjii above black-brown, palpi beneath
ochreous ; vertex and thorax faded, apjiarently green ; abdomen ochreous, dusted
towards base with reddish fuscous scales.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
One S from Warri, Niger ('oast Protectorate, October 1807 (Or. Itdtli).
49. Chlorochroma (?) marginata sp. nov.
Forewini/A : bright apple-green, without markings ; costa ochreous white ;
fi'ingo silvery white, preceded by a d(^ep brown-red uninterrupted marginal line,
which is edged inwardly with rufous between the veins, and is continued for a
short distance along the costa, strongly lustrous throughout.
Ilindirinys : the same ; the discocellular in both wings appears darker green.
Underside glossy whitish green ; costal edge of forewings ochreous. Face,
palpi, vertex, and antennae ochreous white ; thorax green ; abdomen ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One ? from Little Kei, June 1897 (H. Kiihn).
The right position of this insect is doubtful ; the antennae are thickened
basewards and subserrate ; the palpi longer ami thinner than usual ; the hindtibia
(?) has a single long spur just above tlie terminal pair. In the forewings veins
3 and 4 are stalked, vein 2 rising shortly before end of cell ; 7,8,9, 10 stalked;
11 free. Perhaps related to leticoincrala Wlk.
(22)
Chlorodrepaua gen. nov.
Forewings : with costa strongly arched, apex acutely iinulm-ed, falcate; liiiid-
margin sinuate, hardly o]dir|ne, with a very faint bend at vein 4 ; anal angle
rectangular.
Himlwings : with apex curved, hindmargin nearly straight from vriii d tn anal
angle, just bent at vein 4 ; anal angle lobed.
Antennae (?) simple, quite short ; palpi thin and straiglit, not reaching front
of face ; tongue and frenulum invisible.
Kciirution : forewings, cell not half as long as wing; discoci'llular angalatcd,
the lower two-thirds oblique ; first median at two-third.'*, second and third short-
stalked; lower radial from the .angulation of discocellular : upper radial sliort-stalkod
with 10, 7, S, !i ; 11 free, bent close to costal, but not anastomosing with it.
Hindwings, with 3, 4, and 0, 7 stalked.
Type : Chlorodrepana rothi sj). nov.
•">". Chlorodrepana rothi sp. nov.
Forewings: witli basal two-thirds deep green; costa broadly stone-colour,
dusted with black atoms ; marginal third, except an elongated green patch between
costal streak and vein 6, stone-colour densely dusted with fuscous scales, and witli
a small dark blotch between veins 3 and 4 ; the colours are separated by a pale
line from co.sta at two-thirds, oblique outwards to vein 'i, vertically curved to vein 4,
then curved inwards to inner margin at two-thirds ; a marginal row of blackish
lunules between the veins ; fringe fuscous with a pale base.
Ilindtvings : with only the basal half green ; costa broadly rosy ; inner margin
narrowly rosy with fuscous speckles ; marginal area darker than in forewings,
towards costa mixed with rosy, and with an oval black spot on each side of
vein 3.
Underside fulvous ; the marginal row of black lunules preceded by a scries
of broad white Innules, then a broad fuscous fascia with lunulate edges, next an
ochreons fascia, also with lunulate edges, broadening to anal angle, preceded by
another fuscous fascia, which is diffuse inwards. Face and palpi brown-black ;
vertex and shoulders stone-colour ; thorax green ; abdomen greyisli ochreous,
tinged along the back with ros}-.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ? from Warri, end of April 1897.
Sent by Dr. Ruth, in whose honour I have named the species.
ol. Comostolodes subhyalina nom. nov.
Eucldoris inductaria Ilnipsn., Fauna Brit. Ind., Mothx, 111. p. 499 (^nec Guen.).
The examples wliich have for some time been standing in the British Museum
Collection as inductaria Guen. expand 30 mm.; but (Juenee gives the size of Ids
insect, the type of which came from Borneo, as 20 mm. These can hardly be
identical. And again, though he acknowledged that his single specimen was in bad
condition, Gueuee did not call it semihyaline, but green with a yellow tinge. On
the other hand, Ilamjjson's description of his smaragdux, from the Xilgiris, agrees
both in size (Is mm.) and colour (yellow-green) almost exactly with Gnenee's own
(23 )
acconnfc of intluctnria. If therefore this small Sonth Indian species be taken as
identical with Gnenee's trne inductarin, I propose the new name aiih/D/filimi for flu'
very much larger North Indian form, which has hitherto passed for indiirhiria.
S2. Eucrostes rubristicta sp. nov.
Forew'mgs : delicate green, tlie veins all darker ; a red, deeper-centri'd ccll-s])ot ;
first line represented merel}' b}- a red spot on snbmedian vein at one-third ; onter
line from four-fifths of costa, below which it is curved, thence straight and obliipie,
to two-thirds of inner margin, marked on its inner edge by three red sjiots, one cm
vein 6, a second, larger, between veins 3 and 4, and tlie tliinl on the snlmiedlan ;
fringe white.
Hindirings : similar, bnt without the red dot near base, and witli tin' onter line
curved.
Underside whitish green, glossy ; costa of fore wings broadly fuscous near l)ase.
Head and thorax green ; face damaged ; abdomen wanting.
Exi)anse of wings : 10 mm.
One S from Kami)ala, Uganda, end of January 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
S3. Euxena crypsichroma Warr., Nov. Zool. III. p. 300 (c?).
The type described was a J from Mount Mulu, North Borneo. Of a pair since
received from Mount Dulit, the S agrees well with the type; but as the ? ditYers
considerably, it will be well to descrilie it. ftround-colonr dull green ; lines as
in the S\ cell-spots much larger, pear-shaped, deep brown-black, the narrow I'ud
towards costa ; a crenulate dark line before the fringes. Underside not fulvous,
but dull olive-fuscous ; the lines darker, diffuse ; the central line of forewings
edged with paler lunules, the submarginal line formed of distinct whitish spots :
both pale lines much broader on the hindwings. The 3'ellower green ground-colour
of the cJ appears to lie due to the bright fulvous underside showing througli.
04. Gelasma cyntliia sp. nov.
Fori'iriiui-i : dull electric blue, lustrous in certain lights : costal edge yellow ;
the lines olive-green, subdentate ; first from one-third of inner margin, where it is
subdentate, becoming obsolete in hindwing ; second from two-thirds of inner margin,
oblique outwards, dentate externally, diffuse iuternall}-, becoming obsolete at vein G ;
the teeth marked with white dashes on veins ; cell-sjiot annular, olive-green ;
marginal line blue-black ; fringe yellowish white, chequered with dark at the enils
of veins.
Ilind/rim/s : the same, but without first lino ; the postmedian reaching both
margins.
Underside dull bronzy yellow; fringe yellow: a jmrple bkitch at apex of hind-
wings and anal angle of both wings. Face and top of ])alpi black ; palpi lieneath
and third joint ochreons ; thorax like wings ; alxlomen discoloured. ]irobably
the same.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One (? from St. Anna (Woodford).
Tielated to (i. elcctrica Warr. from Ron Island,
(24)
r)5. Gelasma siiblustris sp. nov.
Forewings : dull olive-green, with a strong bluish sheeu ; costa yellow ; the
lines dull pearl-white ; first from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin,
faintly curved; second from below two-thirds of costa to three-fonrths of inner
margin, regularly crenulate ; cell-spot also dull whitish, with darker green edge;
fringe glossy grey, with no marginal line.
Ilindtcings : the same, without basal line.
Underside paler, blue-grey ; fringe grey ; costa of forewings yellow. Face and
palpi brown-black ; verte.x and shaft of antennae white, the pectinations forrngiuous ;
thorax and collar olive-green ; abdomen ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 37 mm.
One c? from Kon Island, July 1897 (Doherty).
Altliongh from tlie same locality as Gelasma (CZ/ri/soc/iloromc) electriea,
described in Xov. Zool. III. p. 363, I cannot think that it is an aberration of tliat
remarkable species. They both differ from f'knjsochloroma in having four spurs
to the hindtibiae in the cJ.
5(i. Gelasma unicolor sp. nov.
Forewings : uniform jjale olive-green, witli a slight iridescent sheen in certain
lights ; traces of deeper green lines at one-third and two-thirds, the latter lunnlate,
and more strongly marked on the veins ; fringe paler green.
Hiiu/wings : the same ; both lines angled in the middle.
Underside paler, glossy, without markings. Head, thorax, nnd abdomen
concolorous ; vertex and antennae white.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One ? from S. Floras, November 1896, dry season (Everett).
.57. Hemistola simplex s]). nov.
Forewings : pale green ; the costa narrowly yellowisli, and marked with slight
pnrple-grey s])ecks ; no lines or cell-sj)ot expressed ; the outer line indicated by a
red spot on inner margin at two-thirds ; marginal line bright red, interrupted by
pale spots at the vein-ends, which are followed by red dashes in the concolorous
fringe ; the marginal line is continued round the ajjex for a short distance along costa.
Hindwings : the same.
Underside whitish green. Face and palpi pale brownish ; vertex white, tliorax
and abdomen pale green, the latter with an iiitorrujitcd red dorsal stripe.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
One c? from the Xorth Mountains, Formosa, July 1896, 1500—3000 feet
(Jonas).
58. Hydata (?) dubia sji. nov.
Forewings : dull mealy green, with the liindmargin and fringe paler, yellowish-
tinged, an obscure jiale space beyond cell curving to inner margin.
Hindwings : deeper green.
Underside dull greyish green ; central space of forewings paler. Head, thorax,
and abdomen greenish ; vertex white, jialjii ochreous with lilack apex.
Exjianse of wings : 19 mm.
( 25 )
One ? fmm Warri, Xiji-pr Coast. Protectorate, July 1807 (Dr. Rotli).
Having seen oul}- cue, and that a by no means jierfect, example of this species,
J liave referred it provisionally to the American genns Ih/dtita, to some of the species
of wliich it bears a certain resemblanee ; bnt it cannot remain there. Tlie liindwings
have a rather strongly marked elbow in the hindraargin at the end of vein (i ; the
palpi are long, horizontally porrcct, of uniform width throughout, and blunt at apex ;
the short antennae (?) have the sliaft broad, loosely lamellate, rough above, and
witji two rows of short claw-shaped pubescent pectinations.
no. lodis viridaurea sp. nov.
ForeicirK/s : pale translucent blne-grceu, sjieckled wilh ])ale olive; the costa
finely ochreous ; lines thick, dull pale olive, very faint; first line curved, at one-
fourth ; second at two-tliirds, diffuse, externally dentate, and projecting on veins
3 and 4, then incurved to two-thirds of inner margin ; marginal area dusted with
similarly coloured atoms; the discocellular also olive; fringe concolorous, with
faint olive dots at the base.
Ilindwinijs : without first line.
Underside glossy blue-green ; the costa pale ochreous. Face and palpi i)ale
brown ; thorax and abdomen ochreons.
Expanse of wings : 23 mm.
One ? from Ron Island, July 1807 (W. Doherty).
A very delicate species.
Leucodesmia gen. nov.
Foreii:inf;s : broad ; the costa sliglitly curved : the hindmargin obliijuoly curved.
Ilituhrings : with hindmargin and ajjcx rounded, the anal angle prominent.
Antennae of c? pectinated, the apical third simple ; of ? filiform ; paljii
porrect upwards ; tongue present, frenulum absent ; the hindwing rather prominently
shouldered at base. Hindtibiae short, thick, with two pairs of closely approximate
sjjurs.
Netirntioii : forewings, cell not half the length of wing, very broad ; dis-
cocellnlar twice concave ; first median at two-thirds, second and third from end
of cell ; lower radial from between the concavities of discocellular, upper from
top end of cell; veins 7, 8, 0, 10 stalked; 11 free. Hind wings with discocellular
oblique and straight, the radial from above its centre ; veins 6, 7, and 3, 4 stalked.
Type : Leucodesmia di.yjansa Wlk. {Comibaemt). Chloraryip-a Wlk., conclnjUaa
Meyr., and minutata Drnce also belong here. I have hitherto referred them to
Comostolodes, from which, however, they differ in the absence of a frenulum, and in
vein 6 of forewings not beinsr stalked with 7.
GO. Leucoglyphica (?) fasciata sp. nov.
Foreirings : pearly grey, dusted with olive-green atoms ; the markings olive-
green ; these consist of a basal patch, a central fascia with dentate edges, broadest
ou costa, where it is paler at centre and contains the dark green cell-spot, a
( 26 )
postmodian fascia witli the outer edge sinnate, followed liy n thick snbmarginal
parallel line.
Ilimhviiig.-i : the same ; fringes gone.
Underside whitish. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with gronnd-
colonr.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One ? from Warri, Nieer Coast Protectorate, April 1807 (Dr. Koth).
Thongh ajiparcutly a ?, judging from tlie aklomcii and long-jointed palpi, this
insect has well-i)ectinated antennae. In the forcwings veins 6, 7, 8, 0, 10, 11 are
stalked together, II anastomosing strongly with VZ.
I refer it to Leitcoghjphicu provisionally.
CI. Metallochlora proximata sji. nov.
Vorettiiiga : delicate green ; the costa broa<lly ycllnwisli oehreons ; from below
middle of costa a deeper green slightly waved broad shade runs to beyond tlie
middle of inner margin ; from three-fourths of costa a similar shade runs, strongly
angled outwards towards hindmargin on vein 0, then nearly parallel and close to
hindniargin to anal angle, edged externally by a line of paler green ; a row of
yellowish oehreons lunules between the veins along hindmargin, each containing
a pnri)lisli crescent with some purplish scales along the margin ; fringe yellowish
oehreons ; cell-spot dark purple, edged with oehreons scales.
Ilindiriiuj.t : the same, without median line, and the outer line curved jiarallei
to hindmargin.
Underside pale green : fringes and costa of forewing yellow. Face and palpi
pale below, dull reddish above ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green : abdomen with
five dorsal metallic red-brown plates, more brilliant in the c?.
Expanse of wings : S 24 mm. ; ? 24 — 20 mm.
One S, three ? ?, from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Nearest to M. tlotata Warr. from Queensland, and .1/". (liji'erctis from tlie
Tenimber Islands.
02. Nemoria pisina sji. nov.
Foreiving.t: bright pea-green : the costa narrowly pale ; lines whitish, the first
curved above, vertical below, at one-third ; the second at two-thirds, curved below
costa, then straight and oblique, parallel to hindmargin, approaching first on inner
margin ; fringe white.
Uimhring^ : with the central line only.
Underside uniform whitish green. Face and palpi dull reddish above, jiale
below ; vertex and shaft of antennae white : thorax and abdomen bright green.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
Six S (3 from .Selaru, Tenimber Islands, March and April ls97 (Micholit/.).
This species nuist come very near A', delirataria MoescLl. from Surinam.
The green is very liable to fade ; of the six specimens two only are bright
green, two quite bleached, and two partially worn ; in neither of the fresh specimens,
nor in one of those somewhat worn, is there the slightest trace of a discal spot : but
in all the other three a minute blackish spot is visible in the forewings, in one
example in the hindwings also.
(27 )
i'i->. Oeuospila lucifimbi'ia s]>. nnv.
J. Foreirini/.i : deep sea-green ; tlie e.osta yellow : tlie lines ]iale Mnisli <;;rcen :
first from below one-fonrtli oi" costa to bej'oinl oiie-thiril of ininM' margin, slightly
waved ; second from two-tliirds of costa to two-tbirds of inner margin, irregularly
dentatc-lnnnlate ; cell-spot obscurely deeper green ; marginal line thick, deep
liurjile, scarcely interrupted on its outer edge by the pali^ veins : fringe glossy
yellow.
lliiuliciiigs : without first line.
Underside somewhat paler ; the fringes yellow ; costa of forewing narrowly
yellow. Face and j'alpi dull reddish above, paler below ; fillet white : vertex dull
yellow ; shoulders, patagia, basal segments, and segmental divisions of abdomen
green ; thorax and rest of abdomen dull ochreous, probably faded from green.
? pale apple-green, the lines white, and the marginal line much liner.
Expanse of wings : 29 mm.
One (?, one 9, from Tugela, Solomon Islands ("Woodford).
The worn condition of the ? may account for the difference in coloration and
markings. The hindtibiae of the S are large, much thickened, with a largely
expansible pencil of pale ochreous hairs, and four spurs : the tarsi short.
04. Syndromodes coerulea.
Microloxid (f) I'ocrulca Warr., Nov. Zooi,, III. p. :!0S.
This species, doubtfully referred to Mirvolcixin. must, as the ueuratiou shows,
be transferred to Si/in/romoi/cs.
05. Syndromodes vivida sp. nov.
Foreiriiigs : emerald-green : the fringe green ; costal edge cream-white ; the
two lines marked liy inconspicuous pale vein-dots : first at one-fourth, second at
three-fourths, sinuous ; cell-spot and marginal dots minute, whitish.
liiridwings : with only the outer line.
JCTnderside pale green, darkening towards costa of forewings. Face, palpi, and
forelegs rufous ; vertex and shaft of antennae whit(^ ; thorax green ; abdomen
ochreous, the basal segments with some red scales above.
Exjjause of wings : 23 mm.
One cf from Natal.
Near to imicolor Warr.
00. Thalassodes gigas sp. nov.
Forewint/s : jiale bluish green, finely ripi)lcd with whitish ; the costal edge
finely white ; the two lines represented by diffuse whitish shades : the first narrow,
and only distinct on inner margin ; the second just beyond middle broad and waved ;
a very fine brown marginal line, slightly swollen at ends of veins ; fringe silvery
white, with the tips mixed with brown scales.
Iliudwings : with the outer pale shade angled at vein 3, snbdentate thronghont.
Underside whitish green. Palpi whitish, pale brown above : face whitish,
(?) tinged with green ; shoulders, patagia, and first segment of abdomen green ;
( 28 )
tliornx and rest of alxlomen wliitisli ; forelegs tinged in front with reddish ;
antennae femiginons.
Expanse of wings : 54 rum.
One ? from Tugela, Solomon Ishmds (Woodford).
Allied to T. marimiriu Guen., and immissaria Wlk.
07. Uliocnemis elegans sp. nov.
Foiriri7if/s : emerald-green, deeper towards base ; the costa white from near
base to three-fourths ; a minnte blackish cell-dot ; lines tine, white ; first from below
onc-fiflh of costa, angled on submediau fold, indistinct and vague above, thicker
and plain on inner margin ; second from three-fonrtlis of costa straight to tl\e top
of a small pinkish blotch at anal angle, which it margins internally ; from the costa
to the lower radial this line is faintly w-aved ; snbmarginal line waved, incurved
from apex to hindmargin below vein 4, and again to the anal blotcli, which it
traverses as three blackisli Inuules, the centre one itself being followed by a
distinct black luuule : fringe greyish green, with a fine white basal line; four
minute black marginal dots, three subapical, and the fourth below vein 4.
Jlindwinffs : with elongate white cell-spot ; a larger pinkish blotch at apex,
bordered internally by the outer white line, which to vein 5 is oblii^ue and wavy,
thence turning at a right angle straight to inner margin above anal angle ; snb-
marginal line as in forewings, ending in quite a small pale blotch at anal angle
containing a large black spot ; two small black marginal dots in the apical blotch :
fringe as in forewings.
Underside greenish white, more green in the basal two-thirds ; cell-sjjot and
marginal dots of forewings and ajsical blotch of hindwings black ; costa whitish
in both wings. Palpi very long, second joint whitish, tinged externally witli
greenish ; terminal joint darker ; face green : fillet and antennae white ; thorax
(damaged) apparently green, with a white blotch behind; abdomen on dorsum green,
with a central white stripe; anal segments and sides wliiti'; tlie antennae in the
? strongly pectinated.
Expanse of wings : 33 mm.
One ? from St. Aignan, November ISOT (Meek).
Allied to L'. partita AVlk., and caUiptrra Moyr., distinguished by the absence
of any wliite suffusion ; but vein 5 of the forewings, between outer and submarginal
lines, is marked with white. The hindwings have the hindmargin rounded.
68. Uliocnemis pulchella sp. nov.
Forewings : pale yellowish green, thickly powdered in parts with white ; costa
irregularly pale grev-brown, towards base somewliat varied with the white scales ;
first line at one-fourth obscure ; grey-brown and obliijne, almost horizontal, outwards
to below subcostal, then green across the white scales, and marked by a brown
spot on the snbmedian fold ; outer line finely white, and irregularly dentate, from
three-fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, parallel to hindmargin,
edged internally by grey-brown below costa; below vein 5 this line forms an acute
angle inwards, its apex being marked by a triangular dark greenish grey spot :
submarginal line thick, white, slightly bent at middle, starting from a white blotch
at anal angle and diverging from hindmargin, above vein T finer and retracted to
( 29 )
costa ; a slight wliite cloud from outer Hue at veiu 0 to apex : uiargiual line white
preceded by darker greeu spots bctweeu the veins, each of which is joined to
subraargiual Hue by whitish scales ; fringe greyish white.
llindicintjs : whitish at base, with a broad greeu curved baud before middle,
edged by a white baud aud powdered with white scales, which become fewer towards
the submarginal line ; this is broaiUy white and ruus from apex to aual angle, close
before the hindmargin, which is like that of forewings ; cell-spot white, indistinct.
Underside of forewiugs white ; the costa, as above, grey-brown ; au elongated
roundish greeu blotch bej-ond cell, aud two subcostal greeu blotches before apex ;
the disc slightly powdered with greeu ; the spot beyond cell below vein o and the
marginal spots olive-green ; fringe whitish grey : Hndwings and the friuge wholly
white ; marginal spots dark olive. Palpi olive-brown, each joint tipped with white ;
face olive-brown, edged above and below with white ; vertex aud shaft of antennae
white ; shoulders olive-brown iu front, white at apex ; patagia aud thorax white :
abdomeu greenish with white belts.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
One ? from Bon Island, July iN'.iT (Doherly).
The hiudwings are slightly toothed at veiu 4 ; antennae .subscrratc, with
fascicles of cilia.
A delicate species, superficially something like f". chul^heata Moore. ■
GO. Uliocnemis woodfordi sp. nov.
Forewings : pea-greeu ; the costa narrowly white excei't at base ; the hues very
slender, white; first from below one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin,
bluntly angled in cell and on submediau fold ; second line from three-fourths of
costa to three-fourths of inner margin, straight, but finely and regularly lunulate ;
submargiual line irregularly lunulate outwards, touching hiudmargin at a white
spot between veins 3 and 4 ; friuge white, pale green towards base beyond a whitish
marginal line : cell-spot minute, red-brown.
Ilindtcinys : with cell-spot white : outer Hue less regularly luuulate, bent at
vein 4, and above it forming a broad white dentate edge to a brown and lilac-grey
apical blotch ; submarginal line as in forewings, becoming a dark brown-shade
through the apical blotch ; a small black dot at the end of veins 0 aud 7. These
also are present on forewiugs, but very minute.
Underside whitish green ; brighter green iu forewings from base to second
Hue, which, as well as the cell-dot, is distinctly marked ; hiudwings with small
brown apical blotch. Palpi white, green-tinged above ; face green ; fillet and vertex
white ; shonlders, patagia, and basal segments of abdomen green ; thorax and a
central dorsal Hue on abdomen together with the anal segments white.
Expanse of wings : 6 20 — 2y mm. ; ? ;J2 mm.
Four i (J, one ? , from Tngela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
The ? has the apical blotch of hiudwings larger, purple aud grey, instead of
browu and lilac.
Distinguished by the straight second line and absence of anal blotch ou
forewinjis.
( 30 )
Subfamily STEUHHINAE.
Til. Chrysocraspeda concentrica sp. nov.
J'orciriixjx : (lull jiiiik, thickly covered with dull red .strigue. which aloiij^ costa
uud more broadly along hiiidmiirgin are condensed into a dull inu'ijlish suft'iision ;
a curved dull red line at four-fifths, indistinct towards costa, with the pinkish
gronnd-colonr paler on each side of it ; liindmargin narrowly yellow, ])oiuted at
a})ex ; the edge of the red ground-colour irregularly crenulate and brighter ; a dnll
j)ale cell-spot ; fringe yellow.
IliiKliciiiij.'! : with a small round dull red basal patch, edged and centred with
darker ; a thick curved dull red line at two-thirds ; the rest as in forewings ; but
the whole of the central area paler, not dusted with red.
Underside duller. Face deep red above, paler below ; vertex, antennae, and
basal segments of abdomen dark red ; thorax and abdomen generally pinkish.
Expanse of wings : 23 mm.
One (? from St. Aiguan, November 1897 (Meek).
Like ('. regalis sp. nov., with the yellow hindmargiual band uninterrupted
in middle.
Another S from Woodlark Island, March 1897 (Meek), has the whole wing
deep red.
71. Chrysocraspeda croceomarginata Warr., Nov. Zool. III. p. 370.
AVben describing this species from South Java, I had only a ?. Along with a
second ? , evidently referable to this s])ecies, since received from Tambora, Island
of Sambawa, came also three S 6 , captured at the same time, and presumably the
same species. These diifer rather considerably from the ? ? , and might easily be
taken for a distinct species. The ground-colour is a paler greyer rosy, but thickly
speckled with deeper ; the costa, deej) red at base, becomes yellow, in one instance
broadly yellow, towards apex ; beyond the red cell-spot there are traces in both
wings towards the costa of an outwardly bent deep red postmediau line ; the rosy
tint reaches the hindmargiu, and there becomes deep red, leaving only some very
shallow Innulate sjiaces of yellow between the veins. lu the ? the hindmargin
is broadly yellow, with a red tooth at middle to the margin. In the hindwings
of the S S the white discal spot is continued, but less markedly, to the base of tlie
discocellular.
Three SS, one ?, from Tambora, Island of Sambawa, June 189G, 2500—4001)
feet (Uoherty).
72. Chrysocraspeda regalis sp. nov.
ForewiiKjs : bright blood-red, very finely speckled with thirkcr, wit iiout mark-
ings ; hindmargin narrowly yellow, acutely pointed at apex and anal angle ; edge
of red ground-colour irregularly crenulate and brighter red ; fringe yellow.
Ilin(hrin(j» : the same, but witli a silvery white oval cell-spot. In both wings
the red ground-colour assumes a deeper, more purplish tint before the yellow
hindmargin.
Underside precisely similar, but paiei' and dulli-r. Head, vertex, antennae,
thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
( 31 )
One c? from St. Aignau, October Is'.) 7 (Meek).
The liiudmargius of botli wings are romideil ; the red ground- colour does uot
2)rotrude in the middle into the yellow border and fringe.
To. Craspedia albilarvata sp. uov.
Forcir/'/K/s : silk}' white, uniformly dusted with minute bhukisli scales.
Iliudiciiiijs ■■ the same ; fringe of both wings white.
Underside of forewiugs tinged with grey-brown along eosta and on basal half ;
traces of two curved and wavy brownish Hues beyond middle ; costa 3-ellowish ;
hindwings with an obscure cell-spot. Face and palpi brown above, white beneath :
vertex, thorax, and abdomen white.
E.xpanse of wings : 20 mm.
One c? from Keeluug, Formosa, August l.s'JG (Jonas).
In certain lights traces cau be detected of two pale ochreous curved and waved
lines beyond middle : possibly in well-marked, fresh specimens they may be
plainer. The hindmargin of hindwings is bluntly elbowed in miildle.
T4. Craspedia dissimulans sp. nov.
Fon'wi//(/s: white, s})arsely sprinkled with black atoms: costal edge finely
ochraceous, broader towards apex ; lines ochraceous : first very faint, from about
one-fourth of inner margin oblicpie to cell, where it fades out ; second line distinct,
brownish ochraceous, from below costa shortly before apex to just beyond middle of
inner margin fringe ochraceous, the tips browner : cell-spot faint, ochraceous.
IlindiriiKjs : with the line central : fringe and cell-spot as in forewings.
Underside white, without markings. Face and njiper edge of jialpi black-
brown : palpi pale below : vertex, basal third of autennal shaft, and collar
ochraceous ; thorax and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings : iin mm.
One ? from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, May Is'.) 7 (Dr. Roth).
Attention should be drawn to the extraordinary resemblance between this insect
and Leucetaera simjAiciata Wlk. from India and Borneo. lu dissimulans the costa
of forewings is more broadly ochraceous towards apex ; the outer line of forewings
is unite straight, and on hindwings runs to nearly middle of inner mai'gin. In
slmpliciata the costa of forewings is darker and more broadly ochraceous near base ;
the outer line of forewings is notched ou the veins towards the costa, and in the
hindwings reaches the abdominal margin at one-third from anal auglc. The
neuration, of course, will at once distinguish the sjiecies.
J>issimiihtiis belongs to a grouj) of species of simple markings, of which
five others already described by me occur in Africa : viz. laccijje/inis from the
Camcroons ; mcUijlua from X;ital ; and Jlai:i-'<Hiiiia, jii/raliata, and transscda from
AVarri.
7.J. Craspedia habilis sp. nov.
J'o/rwi/tgs : bone-colour, dusted with very tine fuscous atoms, particularly
towards hindmargin ; a slender, slightly tremulous, fuscous line from iive-sixths of
costa to two-lhirds of inner margin, reti'acted a little towards costa : a minute dark
cell-spot ; fringe concolorous, with a tine dark line at base.
( 32 )
Jlimlainys : with the line ceutval, beyond the small cell-spot.
Underside paler, glossy, without dnstiug ; the ibrewings grey-tinged towards
costa, and with traces of the line ; no cell-spot ; fringe-line more distinct than
above ; hindwings without markings. Face and palpi black-brown ; collar dull
ferruginous : vertex, thorax, and abdomen bone-colour.
Expanse of wings : 'Zi\ mm.
One 6 from Warri, Miger Coast Protectorate, May 189T (\)v. Koth).
Hindwings with the hindmargin visibly elbowed at middle.
70. Eois roseocincta sp. nov.
Forewings : olive-ochreons, with two broad oblique deep rosy fasciae : the first
from inner margin near base, reaching costa in middle, where it extends from one-
third to two-thirds, and contains a small space of the ground-colour in the centre :
the second marginal ; fringe deep rosy : cell-spot small, dark, ou the outer edge of
central fascia.
Hindwings: with the outer and abdominal margin rosy ; fringe rosy, with a
darker tint at base : cell-spot black, following a slight rosy basal blnsli.
Underside duller, the rosy tiuts more dillnsed. Face and palpi dark brown-
red : fillet white : thorax and abdomen olive, the latter almost wholly suffused
with rosy.
Expanse of wings : 16 mm.
One ? from Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa.
Both wings elongate and narrow ; the two subcostals in the hindwings not
stalked. Unfortunately all the legs of the only specimen are broken off.
Near Eois extjaisita AVarr. from the Upper Shir6 River, but the rosy tints of
the forewings quite differeutly arranged.
77. Perixera lapidata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale stone-colour, finely dusted with blackish atoms ; the lines
more distinct than usual ; first at one-fonrth, marked by dark grey dots ou veins,
outcurved above aud below the median vein : outer line at five-sixths, dark grey,
subdentate, the teeth darker ; submarginal line ])ale between two darker shades
formed of denser atoms ; a row of marginal black spots ; fringe coiuolorous.
llinduings : similar ; both wings with small black cell-spot.
Underside without dusting : exterior and marginal rows of sjjots blackish ; a
reddish grey suffusion in cell of forewing reaching to the costa. Palpi dark red
above, pale below ; face olive-fuscous above, jiale below : head, antennae, thorax,
and abdomen concolorous with wings, the abdomen more dusted with grey.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
One i from 8t. Aignau, Louisiade Arch., November l.s'.t7 (Meek).
Distinguished by the entire absence of red scaling, except the ujiper side of
palpi. The hindtibiue are simple, without fringe of hairs.
78. Perixera venusta sp. nov.
Foreu-inf/s : pale greyish ochreous, with dense dusting of fine dark grey atoms ;
first line obscure, grey, twice curved, marked by dark dots ou the veins ; cell-spot
black ; outer line at five-sixths grey, denticulate, the tectli denoted by dark dashes
ou the veins ; beyond the cell-spot is a distinct sinuate fascia of grey-edged orange
( 33 )
lunnlet, not reaching above vein 6 ; and beyond the outer line a less conspicnonsly
orange fascia, interrupted above and below the middle ; margin beyond the pale
subterminal line more thickly dusted with grey : a marginal ro^v■ of black spots
between veins, and a row of smaller dots at the vein-ends : fringe concolorous.
lliralicijujs : the same ; the submargiual band less orange.
Underside whiter ; spots of the outer and marginal line distinct ; costa of fore-
wings greyish at base, with a rufous subcostal edge. Palpi above deep red ; face
fuscous above, paler below ; vertex and antennae white ; thora.x and abdomen pale
ochreons, dusted like wings.
E.xpause of wings : 30 mm.
Five <Si, two ? ?, from St. Aignau, September — November 1897 (Meek).
This species is allied to F. cretacea Warr. from Woodlark Island, but in that
the ground-colour is chalk-white and the markings less distinct. The hindfemora
are smooth, not clothed vnth curved hairs.
T9. Pisoraca inornata Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. :,'41.
This species was described from ? ? only. The d, whicli 1 have now seen, is
a true Pisoraca as far as the spurs of the hindtiliiae are concerned ; but whereas in
leonaria Wlk. only the hindfemora are clothed with curled hairs, in inoniata the
hindtibiae are also clothed on the inner side with a very dense brush of hairs, which
almost conceal the single spur. This single 6 is much less marked than the ? ? ,
the median shade being quite absent, and only the vein-dots of the inner and
outer lines distinct. It was taken at Warri, at the same date as the ? ?, Ijy
Dr. Roth.
Si I. Problepsis albidior nom. uov.
Prohlepsis apollinaria Butler, III. Lcji. Iht. VII. j). 7 {ncc Gueu.).
Problepsis deliaria Hmjisn., Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, III. p. 462 (jiec Guen.).
The specimens from Kulu, described by Mr. Butler under the above name, difi'er
from (leliaria Guen., to which species they are referred by Hampson, I.e., in having
the ocellus of forewing larger, rounder, and paler, and in their larger size (40 mm.),
whereas Guenee gives 34 mm. for that of deliaria ; in all other respects Guenee's
description of deliaria applies well. I have lately met with a ? from Ichang which
undoubtedly belongs to the same form.
81. Ptochophyle tristicula ab. fasciata nov.
Along with seven others, all i S , of this species, four from St. Aignau and tliree
from Goodenough Island, is a single e.xample from the latter locality which differs
so much from the usual slightly marked type form that it deserves to be named.
In the forewing the space between the median shade and submarginal line is filled
up with rufous brown, forming a broad fascia, in the inner concave edge of which
lies the black cell-spot. This fascia i^ enlarged on the hindwing so as to embrace
all the anal area, leaving only the apical and basal areas yellowish ; the white cell-
dot of the hindwing lies within the fascia. By way of compensation the j-ellow
areas appear to lie less densely strigulated with rufous thiui in the typical forms, so
that the contrast between the two shades i» heighleued.
(34)
&•-. Traminda submarginata sp. uov.
Forewings : pinkish ochreons, more or less densely covered with very tine short
transverse reddish striae ; a small linear reddish cell-spot, often obscure, or even
unmarked ; an obliqao, outwardly pale-edged reddish line from three-fifths of inner
margin to four-fifths of costa, generally obsolete before costa, followed shortly by a
curved cloudy shade, marked by red dashes on veins, generally, like the preceding
line, obsolete before costa ; in one strongly marked example these red dashes arc
prolonged along the nervnles to their origin ; fringe concolorons, with sometimes a
red speck at apex.
Hindwings : similar ; the cell-spot oval, white ; fringe sometimes with a red
speck at the angle.
Underside pale ochreoas, finely dusted with reddish, with a dift'use vinous
submargiual fascia, incomplete on hindwings. Head, thorax, and abdomen
concolorons ; the face somewhat darker.
Expanse of wings : 24 ram.
Three ? ? from Tambora, Sambawa, June 1896, 25un_4OU0 feet (Doherty).
Forewings with hindmargin sinuons, the bend at vein 4 inconspicuous ; the
angle of hindwings not acute.
Subfamily ASTHENINAE.
Asthenotricha gen. uov.
Foreivhigs : broad, triangular ; the costal, hind, and inner margins all curved ;
the apex prominent ; hindmargin subcrenulate.
Hindwings : with the costa strongly and broadly shouldered along inner half,
hindmargin curved and subcrenulate ; anal angle square.
Antennae lamellate, serrate beneath and pubescent ; palpi short ; tongue and
frenulum present ; basal two-thirds of costal area of hindwings above clothed with
mealy scales, with a long oblique tuft of hairs rising from near base of shoulder.
Neuration : forewings, cell barely half as long as wing ; discocellular concave,
the lower half oblique ; first median at two-thirds, second at seven-eighths ; radials
normal; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 anastomosing with them to form a simple areole.
Hindwings, with costal anastomosing with subcostal for two-thirds of cell ; the
subcostal nervnles not stalked. . .
Type : Asthenotricha dentatissima sp. nov.
83. Asthenotricha dentatissima sp. nov.
Forewings: deep yellow, tinged with reddish fulvous, and crossed by many
largely dentate fulvous lines, of which the antemedian and postmediau are marked
with purplish fuscous; cell-spot purplish ; fringe yellow, with a fine fulvous line
at base.
Hindwings : similar ; the mealy scales and tuft of hair brick-red.
Underside pale glossy yellowish, without markings. Thorax and abdomen like
wings ; head parts damaged.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One 6 from Mpwapwa, German East Africa.
The only example is not in a good state of preservation ; there appears to be
a deeper fulvous streak in both wings through the cell to hindmargin, marked in
places with still darker scales.
( 35 )
SuBFAOTLT TRiCHOPTERYGINAE.
Anisocolpia gen. no v.
Foreici/i(/s : like Jidmoi/c.s ; the 6 having an incision on hindmargin above
anal angle.
Hinclwings : of ti with a single large lobe at base of inner margin, covered by
a membranons lid : the hindmargin blimtly rounded above vein G ; two of the lower
veins absent ; costal anastomosing with .subcostal be3-ond the end of cell. Hindtibiae
of (? contorted, the tarsi short ; palpi long, porrect..
Type : A. ignobilis Butler.
84. Carige combinata sp. nov.
Forewings : olive-ochreous, thickly dusted with fine black atoms ; the lines all
double, somewhat diflfuse, dark olive-fuscous mixed with rufous ; first straight and
vertical, from two-fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner margin ; second from three-
fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, bent outwards in middle of wing ;
third line from below apex to anal angle, bent inwards at middle to join the second
line, and followed there by an obscure submarginal line ; cell-spot black ; fringe
ochreous.
Hiiuhvings : pale ochreous, with grey striae and suffusion ; an indistinct double
curved grey postmediau, and blotched submarginal line ; cell-spot dark grey.
Underside yellower, with all the markings reproduced. Head, thorax, and
alxlomen concolorous.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One c? from S. Flores, November 180(i, dry season (Everett).
The central pectinations of the antennae unusually long and with long ciliations.
8.5. Coptogonia lucens sp. nov.
Forewings ; bright moss-green, crossed by numerous dull histrous lines, those
beyond the middle all bent in below the median and running parallel to the indenta-
tion in tlie margin ; of the dark green spaces one subbasal, one antemedian, one just
beyond middle, a postmedian and a submarginal, are deeper green than the rest, the
last three marked with purplish black below costa, beyond cell, and at submedian
fold ; the bladdery fovea at three-fourths of inner margin, which marks the end of
the submedian vein, marked above by silvery white scales, surrounded with purplish
black streaks ; fringe mixed green and lustrous.
Hindwings ; grey, darker towards apex ; the first lobe small and bladdery, the
second ochreous, the third dark grey.
Underside greenish grey, darker towards hindmargin. Head, palpi, and thorax
green ; abdomen ochreous green ; antennae black ; tufts of abdomen ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One i from Woodlark Island, March 1807 (Meek), in very good condition.
Differs from C. tarpipennis Warr. from Batchian, the type -of the genus, in
having the anal angle not lobed, and the projection below vein 4 on hiiidwing more
decidedlv hooked.
( 36 )
Episteira gen. nov.
Agrees with Steiropkom Wan-. <and S>/nHeurocles nov. gen. in having a keel
beneath abdomen in the S, but possessing in addition a folded and scaled semi-
erect lobe at base of biudwiugs ; the palpi are four times as long as head, rongh-
scaled, the second joint four times the length of third ; legs shorter and stouter,
hindtibiae without spurs. In the hindwings the cell is very wide and short, not
being ouc-third of wing ; discocellular concave ; costal appro.ximated to subcostal
for nearly the whole length of cell, and there joined by a bar ; vein 0 rises from end
of subcostal, which is shortly bent towards extremity, vein 7 rising from the bend
and running straight to an angle in hindmargiu, vein G reaching hiudmargin at
middle ; vein 4 from lower angle of cell, veins 1, 2, 3 all absent.
Type : Episteira colli goto. sp. nov.
86. Episteira coUigata sp. nov.
Forewings ; bright pale green, tinged in parts with deep green, the markings in
the main purplish or black ; the pale ground-colour is confined to the basal patch,
a narrow sinuous space in the middle, containing the large oblique oval black cell-
spot, a submarginal band, and a horizontal ray along veins 3 and 4 ; between the
basal area, which has a black spot on the median, and the central pale space are si.x
creuulated purplish black partially forked lines, the ground-colour between them
being darker green and the outermost one sinuous ; beyond the centre are six sinuous
minutely dentate narrower lines ; a submarginal line of dark blotches, and a marginal
line of squarish spots ; from the cell-spot a ray of dull violet runs along the lower
radial to hindmargin, and a slight violet-tinge is visible along vein •,' ; fringe green.
Ilindwimjs : fuscous, the cell semitransparent and paler.
Underside dull cinereous. Head, thorax, and abdomen green ; antennae wholly
ochraceous ; pali)i ])ale green, marked above with i'uscous scales.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
One S from S. Floras, November 1896, dry season (Everett).
87. Holorista (?) spectabilis sp. nov.
Forewi)igi : pale dull olive-green, dusted with darker ; a darker line near base,
angnlated on the veins ; a darker spot on costa before middle, from which a double
dark line rises, oblique outwards to the median, then inwards, describing a strong
angle on the submedian fold towards the basal line ; two double lines beyond the
middle, strongly dentate, olive-green below costa, then marked with black along the
veuas and touching the autemedian line in the middle ; a partially double sub-
marginal line, forming blackish teeth on the veins and green ones between them : a
similar marginal line, the black teeth on the veins touching the black marginal
spots ; fringe olive-green.
Hindaimjs : deep pink, with a large oval coal-ljlack blotch occupying the centre
of the wing ; the lobe and the hyaline space covered by it very ample, the edge of
the lobe thickened, deep red.
Underside of forewings olive-green suffused with jiinkish, with a black blotcli
at base of the three median nervules corresponding to that on the upperside of the
hindwings ; hindwings pink. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green ; legs tinged
with puikish. The palpi arc three time.i as long as Lhc head, laterally llattened
( 37 )
and thickly frinijed above and below witli long sligbtly curved hairs ; hindlegs long,
withont sjinrs, and with a Innj; tnft of pink hairs from the femoro-tibiaj joint ; there
appear also to be the rndiinents of a very short Iceel at base of abdomen ; the
antennae are broken olf.
Expanse of wings : ;iT nini.
One 6 from Natal, wliicli may probably re((nii'i' a separate gcnns.
f!i8. Remodes (?) rubriplaga sp. nov.
Forewiiu/s : pale green, with broad darker green vertical liands ; the postmedian
band, between vein 4 and the snbmedian fold, filled with brii-l;-red scales.
Ilimhvings : suffused with dnll rosy thronL;hout.
Underside of both wings suffused with rosy. Head, palpi, and thorax green ;
abdomen more ochreous ; antennae black.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One ? from Tiaiwui, Obi, September ISOT (Doherty).
The only example is much wasted ; but the red patch on the jwstmedian Iwnd
and the rosy-tinged hindwings leave no room lo donbf thedisdnciiies^ of tiie species.
Syuneurodes gen. nov.
liike Steiro)iJuwa, with a keel lieneath the basal segments of abdomen in the c?,
the liindwings without a lobe ; differing, first, in the extreme shortness, as compared
witli the rest of the group, of the palpi, which reach only a little in front of face, and
are rostriform, with the terminal joint decumbent, and, secondly, in the nenration of
the hindwings in the 6 ; cell half as long as wing ; discocellular well-angulated ;
costal anastomosing with subcostal till close to end of cell ; the two subcostals
together from upper end ; radial from the angulation of discocellular ; all three
median nervules as well as vein 1 complete ; the hindmargin is bluntly angled at
vein 7. Legs long and slender ; hindtibiae witli minute terminal spurs.
Type : St/)iitcurodcs hreripalpis sp. nov.
SO. Synneurodes brevipalpis sp. nov.
Forcn-irxjn : pale green, with the transverse lines dark green and purplish
black ; basal area edged by a doulile thick blackish line, becoming green below
snbmedian vein, and containing a single tiiick black line, which below the snbmedian
is oblique outwards ; central fascia more regular than usual, and not oblique ; its
inner and outer edge marked within by blackisli luuules or spots at the veins, and
with a double crennlate black line down the centre, the inner and outer edges being
themselves double towards costa ; a double somewhat obscure blackish lunulate
submarginal fascia, blotched beyond cell : followed by a single line of dark Y-shaped
spots, and a row of marginal lunules ; the pale bauds throughout traversed by a
waved grey-green line ; fringe green ; cell-spot small, between the two middle
crennlate lines.
Iliiuhcivgs : semitransparent, greyish fuscous, darker towards hindmargin.
Underside smoky cinereous, with the dark fasciae all showing through. Head,
thorax, and abdomen (apparently) green ; basal segment of abdomen and metn-
thorax each with a black ring ; antennae annnlated above, fuscons and green,
ochraceons below ; palpi darker beneath.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
( 38 )
One c? from S. Flores. November 1806, dry season (Everett).
Much resembling /S. punctatissima Warr., bnt the Ibrewings are not so narrow
and elongate, nor the hindmargin and the markings so obliqne.
Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.
00. Chloroclystis fragilis sji. nov.
Forririnqs : whitish, with the lines and markings ]):ile olis'e-oclireons ; the
basal line and the edges of the central fascia marked with blackish scales ; first line
at one-third, cnrved, and slightly waved ; second at two-thirds, bluntly angled on
vein 4 ; the first followed, and the second preceded, by an olive fascia, the space
between traversed by u waveil line : the central fascia is preceded and followed by
a broad pale fascia, also traversed by a waved olive line : submarginal line pale,
waved, preceded by an olive band marked by tlurker scales at costa and beyon<l
cell, and followed by a paler band ; marginal line dark, interrupted ; fringe
concolorous.
Hinchvinys : similar, bnt the postmedian line more sharply angled.
Underside pale whitish ochreons, with the markings faint. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous with ground-colour of wings ; the pnlpi, thorax, and abdomen
varied with olive-ochreons.
E.^panse of wings : 14 mm.
Two JcJ from St. Aignan, September ISOT (Meek).
91. Chloroclystis infuscata sp. nov.
Foreivinys : dull greenish overlaid with fuscous, so thickly that only the edges
of a darker central fascia can be made out, being limited by faintly paler bands ; a
dark marginal line, interrupted by paler spots on the veins ; fringe fnscous.
IJiiidwingi : the same.
Underside paler, less clouded with fuscous ; a thick dark shade just beyond
the middle, angled in centre : a cloudy roundish cell-spot ; liindmargin more
fuscous ; the fringe paler, slightly greenish-tinged, with darker chequerings. Head,
thorax, and abdomen dull greenish.
Expanse of wings : 21 mm.
One ? from Baram, Borneo, October 1891 (Everett).
92. Chloroclystis marmorata sj). nov.
Foreicings: dull white ; the basal area tinged with pale ochreous and dusted
with black scales ; a broad median fascia dark grey, the edges broadly, and a
central line narrowly, still darker, followed by a broad pale fascia with a grey
central line ; the inner edge of the median fascia is well curved, the outer strongly
indented oiiposite the cell and on submedian fold ; marginal area smoky grey, with
faint indications of a pale waved submarginal line ; fringe pale grey, with a still
paler base beyond a very fine dark grey marginal line.
Hindicings : similar, only the outer edge of median fascia plainly marked.
Underside whitish grey, with faint markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen
whitish : palpi dark at tips ; abdomen with a dark ring at base and the segmental
divisions darker.
E.vpanse of wings : 1 7 mm.
Two ? ? from Warri, June 1897 (Dr. Koth).
( 39 )
03. Megatheca (?) ampla sp. nov.
Forewings : dull pale green ; the transverse lines dark grey and blackish ;
b.isal area and central fascia dnsted with blackish, and edged by blackish lines ;
central fascia with three internal denticnlate lines, the outer two grey, the inner one
lilackish, forming with the inner edgeadarkcr narrower Viand : the i)al(' green liands
preceding and following tlie central fascia traversed by a grey thread ; subniargiiial
line indistinct, preceded by a darker, externally Innulate-edged liand ; a row of
dark marginal Innnles ; fringe greenish.
Hiiifhrinqs : the same, without basal jiatcli ; the lines of the central fascia
invisible.
Underside duller ; forewings with large dark cell-spot, which on the upper
side is lost in the inner edge of central fascia. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-
green.
Expanse of wings : 22 ram.
One ? from Lombok, 1500 feet, June 1896 (Everett).
As the specimen is a ? , its location is doubtful : but it bears the prominent
forehead oi MtyKtlieca.
Genus PasipWla Meyr., Tr. N. Z. T„st. 1883. p. 66.
Heln.-itiode.': Warr., Nov. Zool. II. p. 110.
In proposing the genus Ilelustiodes, I stated that the antennae of the i were
pectinated. This is not correct. They are biciliated with fine fascicles of cilia ;
and as the type species hilineolatit ^Vlk. was put forward by Jlr. Meyrick as
the type of his genus Pasiphilu, which he afterwards sunk to CIdorocbjstis, it
follows that if the species with fasciculate antennae are separated from Ckloroclystis,
as I think they should be, his name Pasipliila must stand for the genus.
Prorocorys gen. nov.
Agreeing in nenration with Chlorochjstis, veins 10 and 11 of forewings stalked,
11 anastomosing strongly with 12, and 10 with 8, 9. Antennae of ? short, thick,
lamellate. Distinguished by the structure and scaling of the palpi ; these are long
and porrect, as in Rhimprora, but instead of being smoothly scaled the scales are
rough and thickened at the end of first and second joints into a projecting crest,
the third joint alone smoothly scaled, its shaft narrow, swelling out into a lengthened
clnb.
The lines of the wings formed of lustrous metallic scales.
Type : Prorocorys gemmcda sp. nov.
ti4. Prorocorys gemmata sp. nov.
Forewings : gronnd-colonr pale yellow, bnt almost hidden by rich red-brown
suffusion and dnsting ; a roundish blotch in the end of cell, a submarginal series
of wedge-shaped spots, and the extreme hindmargin and fringe alone remaining
yellow ; a steely spot at base ; basal and subbasal strongly dentated and ontcurvcd
steely lines : median and postmedian much interrupted and less dentated lines : a
very sinuous and broader outer line, and a wedge-shaped submarginal line, all
( 40 )
steely : the veins lie^vond the middle are marked with black ; the yellow frinje is
slightly mottled with darker at the ends of some of the veins.
Jliiu/u'i/if/s : similar : the yellowish cell-blotch with another between it and the
inner margin.
Underside dnll brownish ciuereons, with the cell-blotcbes, hindmargiu, and
fringes paler. Thorax and abdomen like wings, a mixtnre of red-brown, yellow,
and steely scales ; basal and anal segments of ubdomcn yellower ; .shoulders and
collar yellow, speckled with brownish ; vertex yellowish, with a steely spot in
middle ; face yellow, with two red spots above ; palpi yellowish, with the ends
of all the joints brown.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One ? from Tngela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
The single ? is qnite perfect, and a very remarkable-looking insect.
!!.'). Tephroclystia devestita sp. nov.
ForeiviiH/s : grey, slightly rnfons-tinged ; the rrosslinos indistinctly marked,
commencing as darker spots on the costa, and all angleil below the subcostal vein :
traces of basal, antemedian, and median lines, the tirst close to base, the second at
one-third, forming the inner edge of the broad central fascia ; outer line ditfuse at
two-thirds, the upper arm concave, the lower straight and oblique ; followed by a
broad jiale fascia, with its edges and a dark line down its centre parallel to the
onter line : marginal area rather darker, with the submarginal line pale and
indistinct, preceded by slight dark dashes on the veins ; the marginal area on
the costa marked by two dark spots, of which that following the pale fascia is
conspicuous ; fringe concolorous, with darker line at base.
Ilindwings : with the onter lines curved.
Underside duller and greyer. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with
wings.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
One J from Kampala, Uganda, January .'."ith — oOth, ls97 (Dr. Ansorge).
An inconspicuous species, much resembling T. tenHioM of Europe.
Oii. Tephroclystia medionotata sp. nov.
Forewings : ochreons grey, with very obscure traces of the usual obliijue jiale
and dark lines ; a diffuse paler streak from near base along centre of wing to
hindmargiu below apex ; crossing this streak in the middle of the wing, the pale
ochreons lines become white and the darker grey ones blackisji ; a fine black
interrupted marginal line ; fringe grey, silky, with jiale base, and two darker grey
lines ; a faint dark cell-spot.
fJindu'inf/s : with hardly any markings.
Underside grey, dusted with dnrker. Head, thorax, and abdomen ashy grey.
Expanse of wings : "JS mm.
Two <? c? from Kukn-nor, Thibet.
Both wings are very narrow and elongate ; hinclmargin of forewing very oblique,
as long as inner margin. Ilindwings with apex rounded, and anal angle almost
obsolete.
(41 )
Si-nFAMii.Y HYORIOMENINAE.
Chaetolopha sen. nov.
Forcwmf/s : narrow, elongate ; co.sta ronvex before apex, which is acnte and
sliglitly prodnceil : hiudiuargiii oblique, curved towards anal angle.
llindiriiKjx : with well-rounded hindmargiu.
Antennae of S nearly isimple ; palpi jiorrecl, rough : hindtibiiie with four spurs.
Ncunition : as in 'rriihrocl>jMi" : in and 11 stalked, 10 anastomosing with
s, 0, and forming a single arcole. ])iseocellnlar of hindwings angled. The
abdomen of 6 bears curved lateral tufts of hair, and a similar tuft stands on vein 'I
of the hindwings beneath.
Type : Chaetolopha owi/ntis Meyr. {Scordylia).
97. Ochyi'ia minuta sp. nov.
Forewinqs : dull bronzy brown ; the edge of the basal patch, the central fascia,
and the edge of the snbmarginal line deeper-coloured than the intervals : the lines
edging the basal patch and median fascia, as well as the snbmarginal line,
irregularly w.avy, finely bluish wjiite : fringe concolorous : a large dark cell-sjiol.
lliiidiriii(/s : dull grey, \\\{\\ darker fringe.
Underside dull cinereous. Head, tliorax, and abdnmeu like wings.
Expanse of wings : 14 mm.
Two <SS from Moroka, Britisli New (Juiuea, October 189.3, aoOU feet (Anthony).
Unusually small for the genus. The antennae strongly serrate and ciliated.
98. Photoscotosia multiplicata Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 28, and
ab. atrifasciata nov.
The two ? ? from Mount Arjnno, Java, from which the- description was taken
were both worn. I have since seen three quite fresh examples from the same
locality, two being S6. The S6 are rather paler both above and below than
the ? ? ; the colour of the central fascia above is dull reddish brown, the basal
and marginal areas being tinted with grey-green. One of the S <S is, however, very
different from the typical form, and may be distinguished as ab. (ifrifusi-iata. In
this the basal patch and central fascia are smoky blackish brown, while the space
between them as well as the marginal area is dull reddish brown, all the lines
being very obscure and undefined.
Propithex gen. nov.
Forewings : elongate, narrow : costa slightly curved throughout : apex rounded ;
hindmargiu obliquely curved.
Hiyulwinys : narrow ; the apex rounded.
Antennae of cJ simple ; eyes large ; palpi porrect, second joint very long
gradually narrowing ; third short ; frenulum very tine ; hindtibiae with four spurs.
Seiiration : forewings, cell not half as long as wing ; discocellular vertical
for two-thirds, then oblique ; first median nervule at two-thirds, second immediately
before third : lower radial from above the bend in discocellular : ujiper radial from
well below the upper end; 7, S, 9 stalked, 10 and 11 stalked, M anastomosing
with 8, 9, forming a single areole. Hindwings, costal anastomosing with subcostal
(42 )
to close to enil of cell : (i aud 7 stalkeil : discocellular oblique : radial from the
centre ; first median at oue-half, second at four-fifths.
T3'pe : Propitkex alternata sp. nov.
Allied to Chaetolophu Warr.. but the discocellular of hindwings oblique, not
angled.
^•0. Propithex alternata sp. nov.
Forewingi : pale pearl-grey, with very fine dark dusting : a purplish brown band
at one-third, broader on costa than on inner margin, and edged on both sides witli
pale yellow ; outer third of wing purplish grey, limited by a straight oblique yellow
line almost parallel to hiudmargin, the dark tint being deepest ne.^t the line ; a
faint whitish straight submarginal shade, followed again by deeper purplish ; veins
towards hindmargiu yellowish : fringe grey chequered with purple.
Hindwings : uniform dull ochreous yellow, with a faint paler postmedian
streak ; fringe dark grey.
Underside of forewings dull coppery red, speckled with black along costa,
and marked with black between the veins towards the apex, with two white
spots one above the other ; a pale straight yellow band, distinct only near costa.
corresi)Ouding to the yellow line of the upper side ; hindwings jjurplish grey,
flecked with whitish : the veins and cell fulvous ; a curved yellowish postmedian
band, and a submarginal band of whitish spots between the veins. Thorax and
abdomen olive-grey, face and tips of palpi whitish, palpi externally olive-brown.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
One c? from Ron Island, July 1897 (Doherty).
liKi. Triphosa moniliferaria Oberth. ab. depleta nov.
In this form, which appears very rare, — only one out of forty-two specimens
from Ta-tsien-lu, — the abbreviated dark costal half of the central fascia is still
further reduced to a simple black oblique mark from middle of costa, formed
by the cell-spot being confluent with a black costal spot above it.
One c? from Ta-tsien-lu, West China.
Subfamily: DEILINIINAE.
Chloroctenis gen. nov.
Very closely related to AploMora Warr., but, whereas that genus has the
antennae perfectly simple, even in the S, the ? of this has them shortly pectinated ;
those of the S, which I have not- yet met with, will almost certainly be more
strongly pectinated. The palpi also differ, being short, thick, and decumbent, with
the third joint hidden in the scaling ; neuration of Aplochloru.
Type : Chloroctenis similis sp. nov.
lul. Chloroctenis similis sp. nov.
Forewings : dull mealy green, with a dark cell-spot and pale green fringe.
Hindwings : similar : the hiudmargin faintly elbowed at nnddle.
Underside throughout uniform pale flesh-colour, the fringes greenish. Head,
thorax, and abdomen apparently concolorons.
(43 )
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
Two ? ? from Wiiri-i, June 1807 (Dr. Rotb).
Very mncli like Aplochlora inrisibiliss "Warr., Nov. Zoni,. IV. p. 70, from
Akassa, Hiver Nijjer ; Lnt differing in the underside, which is dull reddish without
any dark snbmarginal fascia.
The wings of tliis species appear exceeding]}' fragile.
li»2. Eugnesia fasciata sp. nov.
Foretci/ii/s : yellow, crossed by live orange -red fasciae, basal, antemedian,
postmedian, snbmarginal, and marginal, the first abbreviated, the second curved,
third and fourth sinuons, coalescent on the median vein ; cell-spot orange-red ; costa
metallic grey-brown, formed of coalescing strigae: fringe yellow, cliequered with
brown.
I/hir/w//H/s : similar: the cell-spot a blotch ; the postmedian fascia angled
in middle. . --
Underside the same, but duller. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, varied
with orange : the shoulders grey-brown, like the costa of forewings.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
Three ? 9 from St. Aignan, October— November 1897 (Meek).
Intermediate between E. riurantiaca Warr. from Queensland and E. M/ic/iti/iufa
Warr. from Ron Island.
li»3. Heterostegaue subfasciata sp. no\.
Forewiiujs : yellow freckled with orange : costa marked with metallic fuscons,
most densely towards base : no antemedian lines visible ; a small brown cell-spot :
a i'aint denticulate orange line at two-thirds, and a metallic brown line from costa
at five-sixths to anal angle, slightly irregular and interrupted at the veins ; a row
of metallic brown marginal spots ; fringe yellow.
Hindicings : similar : the two outer lines curved, and distinct only at costa and
ou inner margin : a dark spot on costa at middle ; cell-spot brown.
Underside ochreous yellow ; the basal third of forewings, especially along
costa, dusted with brown : a broad, rather diffuse, brown fascia at one-third, a
narrow crenulated line beyond middle, and a broad brown fiiscia at three-fourths,
partially connected by a brown shade with hiudmargin above middle and above
anal angle ; marginal line continuous, brown ; hindwings the same ; face and
palpi ferraginons ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen orange ; collar bronzy brown.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
One cJ from Baram, Borneo, (Jctober 1891 (Everett).
SuBF.oiiLY OURAPTERYGINAE.
ltJ4. Thinopteryx marginata sp. nov.
Both wings dull pinkish grey, more pink towards the margins, with the usual
oblique yellowish discal space ; the lines dark grey : distinguished by having the
marginal space of both wings above and below pale lemon-yellow without striae :
fringe of the same colour, with pink basal line.
One d from West China.
Expanse of wing : 52 mm. Smaller than the .lapanese forms.
( 44 )
SUBFAMIT.Y BRACflXAE.
105. Arycanda evanescens sji. nov.
Foreicings : dull slate-colour ; all the luiiikiugs, except the cell-sjMt, which is
round and black, very iudistiuci ; a small blackish dot at base ; a curved basal line,
represented by blackish spots at costa, on lucdiiiu vein, at the base of first median
nevvule, and on submcdian at the end of the fovea ; a similar spot at the basal end
of the fovea ; close beyond the cell-spot a faint curved median line can be discerned,
followed by three cnrvcd lines, of which the second is thickest, and all more or
less evanescent before costa ; in the third, between veins 2 and 3, is a spot of black
scales ; fringe slate-colour.
Hindtcings : •with a straight antemedinn darker line and the rliree line<, as on
forewings, beyond the round black cell-spot.
Underside, with the cell-spots larger and more oval ; no lines, but a liroadish
smoky subraarginal fascia on both wings. Head and thorax slate-colour; the face
with a slight dark bar above : outside of palpi, tips of shoulders, and a median bar
on patagia blackisli ; bnsal segment of abdomen only slate-colour ; the rest dnll
yellow.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One J from 8nla Mangoli, November 18'.»T (\V. Doherty).
Nearest to A. obsoleta AVarr.
106. Bracca flavitaenia sp. nov.
Foven-inf/s : black, with white markings ; a semioval blotch at one-third in
base of cell, bounded below by the submedian fold : a large irregular oval blotch at
two-thirds, extending from base of vein 7 to below vein 2 : a curved subraarginal
row of small spots, those between veins 3 and 4 and on either side of vein 7 the
largest, and a flattened scmielliptical blotch on inner margin from one-fifth to
three-fifths; below the apex beyond the two larger spots of the subraarginal row
are two bluish white wedge-shajied marks : the fovea in the S is white: fringe
black.
Uiiulwinijs : with basal half white, discolouied at extreme base ; outer hall
deep yellow, with a broadish black inner margin, the external edge of which is
dentate on the veins ; a marginal row of acutely wedge-shaped black marks,
connected by the black veins with the teeth of the inner black margin ; between
the veins a subraarginal I'ow of deeji black oblunate spots, the three below apex
largest.
Underside of forewings the same, but instead of the submarginal row of white
spots a nearly marginal series, interrupted beyond cell : of hindwings with black
costa, and a large quadrate black patcli before apex ; the wedge-shaped marginal
spots obsolete, except below apex. Head and thorax bl.ick ; thorax witli white
lateral spots and one central between the patagia : alxlomen yellow, witli basal
segments white.
Expanse of wiuRs : 4"< mm.
One i from Snla Mangoli, November 1897 (Doherty).
( 45 )
107. Biirsada atribasalis sp. uov.
Foreicings : black, with two Jeep 3-ellow blotches; oue obloug, near base,
resting on the median vein ; the other transverse and obliipie, beyond middle,
narrowed above and bnlged in the middle, from below three-fifths of eosta towards
anal angle ; fringe concolorons.
Hindtcings : deep yellow, with a broad black marginal fascia from before apex
to anal angle, its inner edge with slight yellow teeth along the veins; ; basal third
black, with sinuons onter edge ; costa narrowly black between basal and marginal
Ijlack areas.
Underside like npper. Head, thorax, and abdomen blackish; abdomen with
yellow lateral spots ; palpi and some scales externally ronnd the eyes yellow.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
One 6 from Pulo Besi, north of Obi, September IS'JT (Doherty).
Distinguished at once by the black basal area of hindwings.
The hindwings are slightly indented opposite cell and near anal angle, and
bulged outwards between.
10b. Bui'sada basistriga invadens subsji. uov.
Uirt'ering from the type form ui bn-iintrifia ^Vlk. only in the fact that the two
obliijue yellow blotches of the fore wings are produced upwards so as nearly to touch
the costa ; in the hindwings of the S S the costal dark border is much narrower
than in the ? ? , a difierence which is not noticeable in the type form.
Three ? ?, three S S, from St. Aignau, October and November 1897 (A. S.
Meek).
The 6 S all smaller than the ¥ ? .
But along with the examples of this form, and taken flying with them, are
eight J (J in which the preponderance of the orange over the black coloration is so
striking a feature as to merit a distinctive aberrational name. Though not so much
smaller than the ? ¥ as are the c? cf of invadens, they agree with them in the much
narrower marginal border of both wings. The two dark fasciae at one-third and
two-thirds tend to become split up each into two narrow bands, of which the inner
one becomes interrupted or obsolete ; in one example the outer arm likewise is
wholly interrupted in the middle, while in a second both fasciae have vanished
entirely, leaving only the inner and hindmargius narrowly black ; and iu this case the
orange ground-colour passes into yellow. For the less-interrupted aberrations 1
propose the name interruptata, and for the last-mentioned form that of obsoleta.
As tending to prove that these are merely aberrations of the snbspecific form
incadens, it may be mentioned that iu one of the examples the right wing shows
the two fasciae entire, while the outer fascia of the left wing contains indications of
its division into the two narrower bauds.
lu9. Bursada interspilata sp. uov.
Fore-wings: brown-black ; a curved yellowish patch, dusted with fuscous scales,
at base of cell, extending below it as far as the submediau fold ; at two-thirds a pale
cicam-coloured fascia from just below costa to above anal angle, its outer edge
sinuous, with a small tail from inside edge towards anal angle ; in the middle of the
dark fascia separating this fa.'Doia from tlie yellow patch is a yelhnvish spot on the
( 46 )
median vein, varying in si^e and distinctness i ia ob^ pxample in which the cell-
patch is nearly obsolete this spot is wanting ; fringe wholly concolorons.
Hindwiiujs ; rich oniugp, with u broad brown-black border along costa and
hindmargin, swollen ut iuial angle and interrnpted by the orange ground-colour,
which is here thickly dusted with fuscous scales, and followed by a black projection
pointing towards apex, and produced laterally along vein 1 as a wedge-shaped
mark towards base of wing, leaving the inner marginal edge orange.
Underside of forewiugs with the three patches bright orange, all enlarged, the
hrst connected with base by a yellow stalk ; the fringe ])alc beyond cell and sub-
median fold. Hindwings as above, but the projection above anal angle disconnected,
and the inner margin wholly orange. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; the
abdomen with lateral orange stripes.
Expanse of wings : i 32 mm. ; $ 34 mm.
Four JcJ.two ? ? , from St. Aignan, Lonisiade Islands, October 1897 (A. S.
Meek).
■ Distinguished from the nearest allied forms by the absence of the basal shoulder
and semihyaline patch of forewings, and by the wholly brown frinpe of the upper
side.
ill I. Bursada radicata sp. nov.
Akin to B. basistriga Wlk., bnt the ground-colour velvety olive-brown, with
all three yellow markings mnch narrower, the middle one sometimes as slender as
the basal streak ; in the hindwings the dark border is mnch broader at the anal
angle, and is produced along the inner margin to the base of the wing. In one ?
the hindwings are marked with a distinct black cell-spot.
Expanse of wings : 4(i mm.
Four iS, two ? ? , from Goodenough, D'Entrecasteanx Islands, December 1896
(A. 8. Meek).
111. Bursada nnifascia sp. nov.
Forewings : brownish black, with a speck of yellow on the median vein near
middle ; a broad postmedian fascia, narrowly touching costa at three-fifths towards
anal angle, its margins sinuous and irregularly erenulate ; fringe concolorons.
- Hindwings : yellow ; a broad brown-black marginal fascia from before apex to
above anal angle, diffusely extended along inner margin, with a blunt projection in
the diffuse area above anal angle, and a similar projection from costa before the
commencement of the marginal fascia.
Underside similar, but the forewings with a broad oblique dark central fascia,
containing a yellow spot in its midst, and a yellow subbasal blotch prolonged
narrowly in the middle to the base. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown-black.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
Two iS, three ? ?, from Woodlark Island, 1895 (A. S. Meek).
Nearest to B. interspilata Warr. from St. Aignan.
112. Craspedosis extenuata angustata subsp. nov.
■ Differs from ty-pxcaX- extenuata Wlk. in having the large discal white blotch
of forewing, which in that species almost touches the costa, restricted to a small
oval blotch between veins 'i and o ; the white fascia of the hindwiug much
( 4')
narrower: and the first three segments of the abdomen black above, the "black
extending lateralh' nearly to anal segment ; extenuafa has only the basal
segment black.
One cT, expanding 48 mm., from Laiwni, Obi, September 1897 (Doherty).
The type of extenuata is from Timor, and 1 have only seen ? ? of this species ;
it is possible that this 6 may represent the normal form of that sex ; but bearing
in mind the difterence in locality, and especially the difference in the colouring of
the abdomen, I have little donbt that it is a good local form.
113. Craspedosis leucosticta candidior subsp. nov.
Differs from leucosticta Warr. from Queensland in having the pale discal
streak broader and much purer white, and the slaty tints much more brightly
blue-tinged.
Five ii, three ? ?, from St. Aignan, August — October 1897, type (A. S.
Meek) : and three Si, one ?, from Goodenough, December 1896 (A. S. Meek).
Of these the Goodenough examples are nearest tyjiical leucosticta, the white
markings of forewings in two cases being narrower ; and in the hindwings the white
discal band has the jjromineut projection in the outer edge. In the examples from
St. Aignan, which are somewhat shorter and broader-winged, this projection is
reduced to a slight bend or curve.
114. Craspedosis niveosignata sji. nov.
Foreuings: deep purple-black ; obscure traces of two darker lines at one-fourth
and one-half ; beyond the latter a vertical white fascia extending from above
vein 6 to the submedian fold ; the inner edge sinuous, the outer crenulate ; this
fascia is broadest at vein 5 and narrowed towards each end.
Hindwings : purple-black, with a broad central fascia, not quite touching
either costal or inner margin, its inner edge straight, its outer strongly curved and
subcrenulate ; fringe of both wings slightly paler.
Underside the same. Head and thorax purple-black ; abdomen with basal
and anal segments black ; the rest yellow, with broad black segmental bauds.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One c? from Ron Island, July 1897 (Doherty).
•115. Craspedosis semicrocea sp. nov.
Forewings : uniform dark slaty blue ; fringe concolorous. In some specimens
a faintly paler oval blotch in discernible in the middle of the wing.
Hindwings ; the same.
Underside similar ; all the parts of the body concolorous, except the last four
segments of abdomen, which are yellow above and below.
Expanse of wings : 45 mm.
Five (S<S, two ? ? , from Suer, Mefor, May aud June 1»97 (Doherty).
116. Pitthea abbreviata sp. nov.
Like P. continua Wlk., but the yellow fasciae are much more restricted ; the
first on forewings not more than half as wide as in continm, stopping short at
vein 1, and subdivided into three by the thickened black subcostal and median
veins. The fascia of the hindwiug proportionally smaller, ending well before
( 48 )
Lindmargiu. and without aii}' trace of an orange patch beyond it. Underside of
forewings like upper ; of hindwiugs like those of coiitiiiua, but the fringe beyond
the orange blotch always black.
Expanse of wings : 45 rum.
Several e.xamples from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, May 189T (Dr. Hoth).
IK. Tigridoptera sxibradiata sp. nov.
Forewings: pale blnish slate-colunr ; the base narrowly and dilfuscly, and the
siibmediaii fold for four-fifths, liufl': a blackish spot near base on submedian fold ;
two black spots near beyond, obliquely one below the other, above the subcosta
and below the median vein respectively ; basal line bent on the median and
swollen on all the veins ; cell-spot oval, black, followed by four lines of black spots
all bent on vein (5, the first of largish subconfluent spots on veins, the second of
smaller spots not confluent, the third a cloudy continuous shade, the last a row
of elongated black spots between the veins, followed by a semiobsolete similar
row ; fringe concolorous ; all the rows of spots are interrupted on the submedian
fold, e.\cept the last.
IliHduitiijs : with a straight line, swollen on veins near base : a nearly
round black cell-spot ; the rest as in forewings, but the cloudy shade is absent ;
longitudinal streaks of buff below the costal vein, beyond the cell, and on the
submedian fold, all stoj)ping as in the forewing at the last row of spots.
Underside with large round black celI-si)ots and a very broad black sub-
marginal fascia, which in the forewings, except at apex, is diffused to the hind-
margin. Head and thorax slate-colour ; face with a black bar at toj) ; shoulders
and patagia spotted with black ; shoulders laterally buff ; abdomen yellow, with
basal segment slate-colour.
Expanse of wings : tio mm.
One ? from Mindoro (Platen).
Allied to exul H. S. and j)ertamia Wlk. from .lava, and to radiolata VVarr.
from Palawan ; distinguished by the underside.
118. Xanthomima disrupta sp. nov.
Forewings : deep yellow ; the costa finely black, more broadly at base ; a
black central bar from costa towards anal angle, very broad on costa, bent at
right angles below vein 3 to inner margin at three-fourths ; a submarginal Ijlack
baud, also broadest on costa, bent on vein T, and again below vein 3 to inner margin
just beyond the central band ; a black marginal border ; the narrow yellow space
between the last two more or less clouded with darker except between v.eins
3 and 4 ; a broad black horizontal streak above vein 1 from base to hindmargin,
touching inner margin at base ; fringe black.
Uindtcingi : without the horizontal streak ; the other three much narrower
than in forewings, the central one of uniform width ; costal edge narrowly black.
Underside the same, but the two outer bands forming one broad fascia
containing an orange-yellow spot between veins 3 and 4 ; central band of
forewings showing a black cell-spot attached to its inner edge. Head, shoulders,
metathorax, and basal segment of abdomen black ; collar, patugia, and abdomen
yellow ; pectus and legs grey.
Ex])anse of wings : 5".' mm.
One 6 from Alu, tShorlland Isluudb (Webster).
( 49 )
Subfamily BISTONINAE.
11''. Blepharoctenia perclara sp. uov.
Forcwiuys : wholly pale straw-colour, without a trace ol' darker dustiug ; a
strong curved black line near base, thickened on costa and produced to base ;
a black spot ou costa at middle ; a strongly marked black outer line, also thickened
on costa, angled rectangularly on vein 5, and minutely on the submedian fold,
strongly concave lietwcen, followed between veins 3 and 4 by a black spot, and
from vein 4 to 5 by an irregular black streak, Ijarbed on vein 5, and again followed
by a black spot, beyond which the straw-coloured fringes are marked with black.
Ilindwings : with the outer line only, this sharply angled on vein 5; some
black scales close to base, indicating first line.
Underside exactly like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour ; face
with a broad black bar at top ; palpi dark above ; basal segment of abdomen with
an interrupted black ring ; antennae black ; legs spotted with black ; the forelegs
almost wholly black.
Expanse of wings : 6U mm.
One J from Keelung, Formosa, August 1896 (Jonas).
120. Eubyja (?) expansa sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish, densely speckled with olive-grey ; the lines all of the
same tint ; first curved, at one-fourth, preceded by an ill-defined shade ; median
outcurved beyond cell, to inner margin before middle, obscurely crenulate ; this
and the first line are thickened at costa ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to
middle of inner margin, finer and regularly dentate, approximated to median line
from vein 6, and followed by an indistinct shade ; submarginal wavy, white, preceded
by a somewhat interrupted lunulate shade, and followed by a less distinct one:
fringe whitish, with slight dark marginal sjiots between veins.
Himlwings : similar, but less dusted with darker ; no first line ; outer line not
approximated to median ; a small olive-grey cell-spot.
Underside white, not speckled ; forewing slightly snfi'used with grey ; ajncal
area dark grey, enclosing a square white apical spot ; outer line distinctly dentate ;
submarginal straight ; the angnlated discocellnlar marked in grey ; hindwing white,
with grey a2>ex and outej- line marked towards costa only. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous.
Expanse of wings : 68 mm.
One ? from Hiver Niger, between Akassa and Onitsha (Dr. Cook).
Ovipositor exscrted ; tongue present ; palpi very short ; costal area of forewings
beneath clothed with down.
121. Eubyja turpis sp. uov.
ForewiiHj.'i : dingy whitish. suU'used and speckled with smoky fuscous anil
ochreous scales ; the lines blackish ; first from one-fourth of costa to inner margin
close to base, angled on the median vein ; second from three-fourths of costa to
three-fifths of inner margin, angled outwards ou vein 5, and again below vein 3,
joined at inner margin by a smoky blackish obscure central shade, which passes
just outside the dark cell-spot ; submarginal line obscure, preceded and followed
by darker clouds ; a row of dark marginal spots.
4
(.50)
Hindivings : with the outer line only, preceded by a distinct linear black cell-
spot ; submarginal shade darker and more distinct.
Underside paler, with indications of the enter line. Head, thorax, and
abdomen dingy grey, the abdomen with darker segmental rings.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
One ? from S. Flores, November 1S90, dry season (Everett).
This, or a ct)gnate form, occurring at Dharmsala, is considered by some to be
identical with Gnen^e's North American species cog)tataria.
122. Eubyjodonta comitata >p. nov.
Forewings: white, sparsely speckled with fuscous, the costa more densely
marked ; a black crenulated line from one-fourth of costa to one-fifth of inner
margin, preceded by a broad brown shade ; a black outer line from three-fourths
of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, outcurved from vein 7 to 4, then incurved
to the submedian fold, where it is angled, then oblicjue inwards, and again angled
on vein 1 ; this line forms small teeth inwards on all the veins, and is followed
by a brown shade, which beyond the cell and above the anal angle is diffused to the
hindmargin, showing there a faint pale snbmargiual line ; fringe chequered, white
and brown ; at middle of costa is a dark grey spot, giving rise to a very faint sinuous
median line.
Hindwings : with the base brown edged by a curved black line; the outer
black line bluntly angled beyond cell, the brown shade beyond it faint.
Underside with all the markings dark grey, the brown tints hardly visible;
cell-spot of forewings black, with the discocellular narrowly white, of hindwings
dark grey and linear. Face brown, becoming greyish white above, like the vertex
and thorax ; metathorax and tips of patagia brown ; basal segment of abdomen
brown and black ; rest of abdomen greyish white, mixed towards liase with rufous
and black scales.
Expanse of wings : 70 mm.
Two (? c? from Sidemi, Amurland, July. In one specimen the white is
almost pure.
Differs from typical Eubyjodonta, in having only the hindwings excavated in
the hindmargin.
123. Eubyjodonta concinna sp. nov.
J'orctcbigs : creamy white: the markings concise and black; first line from
one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, vertical to the median, along which
it is shortly bent at right angles, then carved towards base ; preceded by a thicker,
more diffuse, black shade, which stops at the submedian vein ; outer line at three-
fourths, sinuous, bluntly outcurved beyond cell from vein G to 4, and less strongly
again on the submedian fold, emitting slight teeth basewards along tlie veins, and
followed beyond a narrow pale space by a diffuse ochreous grey band, tlie outer
edge of which is lunnlate, the lunules on each side of vein 7 being black and doable,
between veins 0 and 4 single and less black, and between 4 and 2 marked only
at their edges with blackish scales : submarginal line jjale, with the marginal space
be3-ond slightly ochreous-tiuged and marked with blackish scales ; fringe cream-
white ; a black spot at middle of costa, from which a slightly outcurved vertical
black median line runs, passing over the distinct black cell-spot, and ends in a dark
( 51 )
spot beyond middle of inner margin ; between this and the costal spot another
less distinct but more vertical blackish line runs nearer the base.
Hinclimigs : with neither of the basal lines, the median line single, inside the
cell-spot, the onter line angled beyond cell, the snbmarginal Innules distinct below
vein 0 to anal angle.
Underside similar, with all the markings less distinct. Face below grey :
above and on vertex cream-white ; shonlders cream-white, with thick black tips ;
thorax and patagia the same, but the tips of the i)atagia and metathorax and the
centre of thorax black : abdomen somewhat darker (probably from grease), with an
oblong black mark at the dorsal edge of second segment ; antenual pectinations
black, with the shaft white.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
One cJ from Hi district, in May.
The same remark applies to this species as to com/fata, only the hindwings
having the hindmargins excavated.
Hirasodes gen. uov.
Closely related to Hirasu Moore, both structurally and superficially; but the
c? antennae are stoutly and evenly pectinated nearly to the tips. In the forewiugs
in both genera the second subcostal anastomoses with the first.
Type : Hirasodes contuhernalis Moore {Hirasu).
Subfamily ASCOTINAE.
124. Alcis rufilimes sp. nov.
Forewiugs : greyish white, speckled with grey ; the basal and marginal areas
suffused with rufons ; lines black ; first from nearly one-third of costa to one-fourth
of inner margin, curved and waved ; outer line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds
cif inner margin, slightly dentate at the veins, and between veins 4 and G forming a
strong external angle touching the snbmarginal line, which is pale and regularly
dentate ; the marginal area between the veins is sjieckled with grey, the veins
themselves pure rufous ; beyond the cell a dark grey patch stands touching the hind-
margin ; both lines start from dark brown costal spots : and there is another midway
between these, from which a cloudy curved median shade arises, traversing the wing ;
space between outer and snbmarginal lines on the costa deeper rufous ; a row of
blackish marginal lunules before the fringe, which is grey and rnfons.
Hindwings : similar, but without any basal patch ; the angle of second line less
prominent, and blunter.
Underside dull whitish, with the markings indistinct, excejjt along the costa,
which is ochreous ; cell-spots indistinct. Face and palj)i dark brown ; top of face
and vertex ochreous ; shoulders pale ; thorax and abdomen rufons and grey.
Expanse of wings : c? 42 — 44 mm. ; ? 56 mm.
Two c?c? from Warri, July 189(3; one 6, one?, Warri, May 1897 (Dr. Roth).
The antennae of d are strongly plumose to four-fifths ; fovea, tongue, and
frenulum all present ; the palpi are porrect, the second joint thick, hairy below,
bluntly rounded off at apex, the third joint being entirely hidden ; liindtibiae slightly
tliickened ; veins lu and 11 short-stalked.
( 52)
125. Chogada epistictis Me.\ r. ub. flavifasciata nuv.
Among several examples of this species from St. Aignan, collected by A. S.
Meek betweeu August and November 189T, many of them considerably below the
average size, there occurs one which differs so much from any forms hitherto
distinguished, that I here describe it. Both wings with basal two-fifths whitisli,
with i)ale grey dusting; the outer three-fifths suffused with smoky grey and
dusted with blackish ; cell-spot blurred ; only the exterior line distinct ; this is
followed by a lichen-yellow band : and a spot of the same colour lies on vein C
towards the hiudraargin beyond the snbmarginal line.
The specimen is a ? .
126. Chogada munda sp. nov.
Foretcings : white, sparsely speckled with fuscous scales, more thickly striated
along costa and in the a{)ical region ; the lines fuscous ; first from one-fourth of
costa curved to one-fifth of inner margin ; outer line thick, luuulate-dentate, from
three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, bent outwards slightly beyond
cell ; a row of fuscous marginal spots ; fringe white.
Hindwings : with a broad dark line close to base, and a postmedian sinuous
line ; cell-spot ocelloid, white, with fuscous edge.
Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, dusted with fiiscous ;
tip of metathorax and basal segment of abdomen marked with dark fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
One ? from Eduknmbaan Hills, Zulnland, May 1895.
The sole example is considerably wasted, but appears (piite distinct from any
described species ; the forewiugs probably have a discal spot like that of hindwings,
when fresh.
127. Darisa adamata.
Boarmia adamata Feld., Reise Nov. t. 126. f. 5. 5a.
„ „ C. & S., Cat. No. 3305.
„ „ Hmpsn., Fauna Brit. Lid., Moths, III. p. 273.
The neuration in the forewings of this species is variable. Vein 10 sometimes
anastomoses with the costal, at other times not. In one ? the right wing shows it as
anastomosing, but no sign of 11 ; in the left wing, however, after the anastomosis,
vein 11 is seen separating from 12. In either case it might be said that 10 and 11
were coincident and anastomosed with 12, 11 sometimes remaining coincident with
12. But in many cases vein 10 does not anastomose with 12 at all, and vein 11 is
seen rising out of 12. It therefore seems preferable to refer the species to the genus
Darisa, belonging to the Medasina group.
128. Deileptenia maculata sp. uov.
Forewings : brownisli ochreous, speckled with blackish ; the lines black ; first
at one-third, doulile, irregularly waved and slightly obliipie inwards, tlie included
space tinged with rufous ; second at two-thirds, also double, forming a strong narrow
projection outwards between veins 5 and 6, then strongly incurved to just beyond
middle of inner margin, the included space rufous, marked with a deeper cloud just
below costa, and by a large black blotch between veins 3 and 5 ; submargiual line
( 53 )
pale, lunnlate, esjieciallj' in the iipjtei' half, where below costa and opposite cell the
teeth are fiJled in with black ; cell-spot distinct, black ; an obscure waved central
shade ; a row of black marginal spots ; fringe concolorons.
Hinfhcitujs : with a dentate curved postmedian and obscure pale snbmarginal line ;
cell-spot black ; a dark black-ljrown blotch on inner margin between the two lines.
Underside pale wood-colour speckled with black, and with all the lines marked
in dull blackish. Face, palpi, and shoulders rufous brown ; thorax and abdomen
paler.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One S from Penang, March 1897 (Curtis).
Forewings of 6 without fovea; veins 10 and 11 coincident, touching 12 at a
point.
129. Deinotrichia dentigerata sp. nov.
Foreivings : grev, finely black-speckled ; the lines black, double, and strongly
dentate throughout ; first at one-fourth, dentate on the veins, and with a dark line
preceding it ; the median, which is single, projecting outwards beyond cell, then
running in to touch the base of cell-spot, thence vertical and dentate to inner margin ;
outer line slightly projecting beyond cell, then strongly curved inwards from vein 5
to vein 1, followed by a similarly dentate shade ; snbmarginal line pale, uniformly
dentate, edged on both sides with darker, the inner dark edge thick and filling uj)
the teeth ; all three interrnpted by a pale space between veins .3 and 5 ; a row of
dark marginal dots before the grey fringe.
Ilindivings : similar, but without first line.
Underside dingy whitish, with a broad smoky marginal band and black outer
line and cell-spot ; the line sinnous on the forewings, angulated on the hindwings.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all grev.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One (J from Penang, December 1896 (Cnrtis).
Very much like Aids nilgirica Hmpsn.
130. Diplurodes contacta sp. nov.
Foren-ings : dull white ; basal area darkened with brown and reddish scales, and
limited by a double diffuse sinnons line at one-fourth ; a large black-brown blotch
on discocellnlar, touching costa, and with a small paler line in middle ; a dark costal
spot at two-thirds, from which a median shade descends, marked only by pairs of
dots on the veins ; marginal third filled np with brownish purple, its inner edge
forming a rounded protuberance between veins 5 and 2, which nearly touches the
cell-blotch ; the outer line can be faintly traced within this edge by a row of jiale
spots on the veins ; a pale blotch in middle of hindmargin ; a row of dark marginal
hinules ; fringe purplish grey, paler beyond the pale blotch ; inner margin broadly
sufiused with reddish scales.
llindwinga : with basal two-thirds whitish, varied with greyish striae ; a grey
cell-spot, and the beginning of a grey line on inner margin at two-thirds ; outer
third purplish brown ; fringe paler except at apex.
Underside similar, but duller. Face and palpi brown : vertex ochraceons ;
thorax and abdomen mottled with purjilish and grey ; metathorax paler.
( 54)
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One ? from Mount Arjnuo, Java (Doherty).
Nearest to D. vestita Warr. from the Khasia Hills.
131. Ectropis nigrocellata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale ochreons, densely covered with coarse and partially confluent
transverse fnscons striae, a blotch beyond tlic cill and the apex alone remaining
pale ; lines obscure, more or less hidden by the dark tints ; first from one-fourth of
costa, curved, to inner margin at one-fifth ; median from a dark spot at centre of
costa to two-fifths of inner margin ; outer, partially double, from about three-fourths
of costa sinuous to three-fifths of inner margin, followed beyond cell by a darker
patch ; submarginal line indistinct, pale : cell-spot represented by a large diilnse
roundish blotch of black scalet. ; fringe coucolorons, with marginal black spots at
base between the veins.
Jlimlwings : the same.
Underside smoky black ; the cell-marks large, deep bhuk, jjreceded and
followed by whitish spaces ; a white patch at apex of forewings ; head, thorax, and
abdomen greyish ochreons, dusted with darker.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
Three ? ?, one <? ; one ? from Snor, Mefor, May— June 1807 (Dolierty), the
others from Ron Island, July 1897 (Uoherty). These last somewhat jniler, more
ochreons iu tint, with less dark suffusion, the black dlscal blotches on the upper
surface smaller in the forewings and nearly obsolete in the hindwings ; the under-
sides are, however, alike iu all the examples.
The neuratiou is somewhat peculiar ; the cell is only two-fifths of the wing,
and veins 7, S, 9 are stalked as usual, but both 7 aud 8 rise very much nearer the
base than is generally the case.
Lophobates gen. nov.
Forewings : elongate, narrow ; costa almost straight ; bindmargin oblii[ne,
slightly curved : anal angle obtuse.
Hinrlwings : broader; bindmargin well-rounded, subcrennlate ; abdoininiil
margin sinuous, with a lobe near base, bearing beneath a tuft of hair.
Antennae of <? strongly bipectinate nearly to apex ; paljii porreet, densely
haired ; hindtibiae swollen, with a small pencil of hairs and four short spurs.
Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing : discocellnlar vertical ;
first median at three-fourths, second at eleven-twelfths : radials normal ; 7, 8, 9
stalked; 10 and 11 coincident, anastomosing with 12, 10 connected by bar with
8, 9. Hindwings : costal approximated to subcostal for half the length of cell ;
vein 7 before end ; medians as in forewings.
Tj'pe : L. ochreicostata sp. nov.
132. Lophobates ochreicostata sp. nov.
Forewings : fnscons brown : the costal area oclircons, thickly dnsted with
fuscous, the line dividing the two areas sinuous aud oblique from one-fourth of
inner margin to bindmargin below apex ; first line curved, fnscons, from nearly
one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, marked by a dark spot on median
( 55 )
vein : second line from five-sixths of costa, irregnlarly dentate in the jiale costal
area, then oblifine and curved inwards to inner margin beyond middle, apiiroaching
first line on the median ; snbmarginal line ochreons, preceded on costa by an oblique
fuscous blotch, and scarcely visible in the dark area except as a pale lunnlar mark
on snbmedian fold : fringe brown, with a slightly paler basal line ; a small black
cell-spot.
Hindiciiigs : wholly fnscons brown, except the extreme base.
Underside cinereous ; costal area of forewings ochreons, much striated and
spotted with dark fuscous. Face, palpi, and abdomen fuscous lirown ; vertex,
thorax, and basal segment of abdomen ochreons.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
In some numbers from the Khasias.
133. Psilalcis intermedia sp. nov.
Forewings : ochreons grey, speckled with fuscous, and towards hindmargin with
fine blackish striations ; costa ochreons, dotted with black, and with four black
spots, at one-fourth, two-fifths, three-fourths, and five-sixths respectively, from
which the lines run : first and second simply curved inwards : third, indistinctly
denticulate and marked with black dots on veins, angled on vein Ci, and oblic[ne to
inner margin, almost touching the second line ; snbmarginal pale, wavy, with dark
clouds before it beyond cell and above anal angle ; a row of distinct black marginal
spots ; fringe pale, mottled with darker at ends of veins ; cell-spot blackish, just
beyond second line.
Jlindwings : with a dark cloud near base : a linear dark cell-spot ; an obscure
waved double postmedian line, the inner area fuscous, the outer ochraceous ; sub-
marginal line interrupted, dentate, with mixed darker shading on both sides.
Underside greyish ochreons ; base of forewing discoloured with grey ; first and
second lines marked on and near costa ; a broad blackish marginal band, leaving
pale spaces on costa, at apex, and below middle of hindmargin ; hindwings with this
band shown only at apex ; both wings with dark cell-spot. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorons.
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One (? from Mount Arjnno, Java (W. Doherty).
This species is very much like Boarmia thricophora Hmpsn. from Sikkim ; but
the antennae are merely pubescent, and the hindwings have no fringe of long hairs
along inner margin ; the forewdngs have a small fovea.
134. Racotis boarmiaria illustrata snbsp. nov.
Foreivings : pale olive-green, thickly peppered with olive-brown ; the markings
olive-brown ; costa with a few fine l>lack strigae, and three dark brown spots at one-
fourth, one-half, and three-fonrths, denoting tlie origin of the lines, which are
diffuse and interrupted, marked by brown dashes on the veins ; the first at one-
fourth, slightly curved : second sinuons, curved below costa, then oblique, touching
the lower end of the large Innate olive-browu cell-spot, to inner margin before
middle ; both the first and second lines marked with rufous blotches on inner
margin ; outer line broader and very diffuse, marked by a double series of brown
vein dashes with a paler one in centre ; snbmarginal line pale, denticulated.
( 56)
preceded and followed by irregular rufons shadinw, with a pale spot of the groand-
colonr in middle tonching hiudmargiii : olive-browa luargiual spots between the
veins ; fringe pale greenish.
Hindivings : similar ; the cell-spot smaller.
Underside pale ochreous, without speckling : costa with iine black striae and
three dark spots ; cell-spot black, larger on forcwings ; a broad smoky black snb-
marginal fascia diffnsed to hiMdmargin of forcwings beyond cell. Head, thorax, and
abdomen oclireons green mottled with brown.
E.xpanse of wings : 48 mm.
One 6 from Penaiig (Cnrtis). A distinct pale local form.
135. Racotis zebrina sp. nov.
Forcwings: with the ground-colour, where visible, niucli palor and brighter
than in R. s<jiiali<l(i Hutler, or boarmiaria Gnen. ; the dark markings being like-
wise deeper and more defined ; the fovea in i glassy and conspicuous ; basal patch
formed of dark olive streaks, mixed with black, and edged by a distinct pale thick
line ; inner edge of central fascia dark olive, fnllowed in cell liy a cloudy black spot ;
discal ocellus very black and jjlain, followed immediately by the central shade : outer
edge of fascia formed of snbcontiguous blackish vein-spots, succeeded by an inter-
rupted pale line ; the broad dark fascia beyond much more distinct, especially the
series of dark luunles which are edged by the pale submarginal line ; marginal spots
blackish ; fringe fuscons olive.
IIi)ulirings : the same.
Underside bright pale ochreous, with broad smoky black submarginal fasciae
and cell-spots ; the basal area mottled with coarse smoky brown blotches. Head,
thorax, and abdomen dark olive-fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 4.s mm.
Two SS from AVarri, Niger Coast Protectorate, June Is'JT (Dr. Roth).
Over and above its smaller size and more brightly contrasted markings, ^the
species may be distinguished at once from A'. Hqualida Butler by the i antennae.
In sqttalkia the pectinations are quite short and straight, nearly at right angles
to the shaft, ciliated laterally and apically ; in zebrina they are much longer and
coarser, oblique and thickened towards the tips, with strong ciliations.
130. Serraca spissata sj). nov.
Allied to S. cosfaria Guen., but rather smaller, the ground-colour brighter,
more ochreous ; the markings and lines darker. The hindwings, instead of having
the hindmargiu fully rounded, are narrower, and towards the anal angle subtrnncated ;
the inner margin beneath with three parallel rows of brushlike hairs, and above
also hairy below vein 2, which has the same direction as in costaria, leaving the
median at right angles just before 3, and then curved and running parallel to it.
In one example the whole width of the central fascia is occupied by fuliginous, this
tint extending also, but narrowed, from inner margin of forcwings to the middle.
Underside and body as in costaria.
Two <J d from Nias Island.
( 57 )
Sysstema gen. nov.
Forciriiif/x : ainjile, triangnlar ; costa noarly straiglit, convex at. apex : apex
ronnded ; hindmargiu oblir^neh' curved.
llinihriiu/s : ronnd, with ronnded liindinargin and rather prominent anal angle.
Antennae of <S bipectinated to tlirec-fonrths, the branches long ; palpi porrect,
hairy, terminal joint short and liardly visible ; tongne and frennlnin present ;
no fovea.
yrnrafinn : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellnlar vertical ; tirst
median nervule at two-thirds, second and third from end of cell ; radials normal :
7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 and 11 coincident. Hind wings with costal approximated to
subcostal for nearly one-half cell ; 0 and 7 from end of cell ; 3 close before
lower end.
Type : S. seniieiirHktta Moore (Ei/pifhec/a).
In this genus I include also deiitilinea '\\a,rT.,al6ibasisllini)s,n.,concinna Warr.,
and ulhipieta Warr., placed together in one subsection by Hampson, and said to
have vein lii of forewings stalked with 7, >*, 9; but this I do not find to be the
case in the examples I have seen.
Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE.
137. Acadra ancillata sp. nov.
Foreu'iiH/.-i : whitish, dusted with olive-ochreous and fuscous, and with greyish
suffusion in places ; the lines dark brown, oblique ontwards from costa, bluntly
angled below it and oblique to inner margin ; first from costa at one-fifth to near
base of inner margin ; second from middle of costa to one-third of inner margin ;
third from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, broad and straight, the
first and second being tine and waved ; followed closely by a darker, more diffuse
shade, which runs to hindmargin below apex ; snbmarginal line indistinct, indicated
by a brown costal spot; a small pale spot beyond the angle of third line ; each of
the three lines is accompanied on the inner side by an obscure grey shade or line ;
a marginal row of dark brown dashes ; fringe pale, chequered with brown ; cell-spot
blackish, sometimes obsolete.
Hind wings: with straight dark brown antemedian line, preceded by an olive-
fuscous shade, and followed immediately by a black cell-spot ; an irregularly waved
postmedian line, obscurely double and followed by a broad olive-grey fascia.
Underside white, coarsely speckled with dark brown ; a dark brown central
shade, crennlato postmedian line, and broad snbmarginal fascia ; costa of forewings
and veins yellowish. In the $ the postmedian line of hindwings is preceded and
followed beyond the cell by spots of black scales. Head, thorax, and abdomen
whitish, varied with greyish ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
A pair from Goodenough Island, December 1896 (Meek).
138. Acadra tessellata sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish ochreous, thickly and rather coarsely speckled with fuscous;
first line from a brown costal blotch at nearly one-fonrth, bent in cell, then oblique
and curved to inner margin below fovea ; outer line from a brown blotch at two-thirds,
( 38 )
obliqne outwards to near hindmargiti, sharply angled above vein 6, then straight
and ol)li(|ne to inner margin before middle ; in this lower eonrse it is double, the
outer arm darker and rnuning into the depressed apex, which is black ; the npper
part of outer line is followed by a chestnut costal blotch, beyond which the apex
itself is white, filled in with fascons speckles ; an aggregation of dark striae at anal
angle ; from costa a little before middle an oblique brown blotch is attenuated to
the middle of the angle of the onter line ; from inner margin just before outer
line an njiright line is dimly visible, seen through from the underside ; fringe and
marginal line below apex black, ochreons below middle.
JIi)!f/iii7iffs ■■ (jnite different : a blackish mark close to base ; an obscure
double waved dark line before middle ; a dark ftiscons postmediau line angled on
vein 4, and followed by an ochreous line ; a similar ochreous submarginal line ;
the space between these two, of uniform width throughout, olive-ochreons, densely
dusted with blackish and divided by the ochreous veins into oblong patches : the
basal and nmrginal areas ochreous, speckled with black : fringe oclireous.
Underside pale ochreons, speckled with fuscous ; the lines dark fuscous ;
forewings with a somewhat interrupted narrow submarginal fascia ; hindwings
with it broad. Face and palpi dark fuscous ; thorax and abdomen ochreons, speckled
with fnscons.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One (J from Dorei, Dutch New Guinea, June 1807 (Doherty).
A peculiarly marked and elegant species : the apex of forewing is depressed
and subfalcate ; hindmargin sinuous, the anal angle rounded off. Hindwings with
slight tail at vein 4, crenulate above, nearly straight below.
130. Azata costiguttata sp. nov.
ForeiiimiA : greyish fawn-colour, with fine fnscons and blackish speckles, the
marginal third darker, being snffused except at apex witli olive-brown : the lines
olive-brown, thickened towards costa, bent below the subcostal vein, then oblique
and parallel inwards, at one-fourth, one-half, and two-thirds respectively ; the first
and second indistinct, the latter broadened at costa, the exterior darker, edged vrith
paler, and slightly tremulous ; followed on costa by a large brown triangle with
rounded apex, between veins 3 and 4 by a round black spot, and above inner margin
by a black cloud ; marginal line brownish, thicker along the excision, which is very
inconspicuous ; fringe pale ochreous, darker beyond the excision ; cell-spot blackisli.
tlimhrimjs : similar, the base paler : no first line ; outer line distinct and
wavy : submarginal line indicated by a sinuous series of obscure blackish clouds.
Underside yellow, with fulvous speckles ; the three lines fulvous, indistinct ;
the third followed by a broad brown fascia, which beyond cell and above anal angle
reaches to hindmargin, leaving paler spaces at middle and below apex : between
veins 0 and 7 beyond the outer edge of this fascia is a paler yellowish oval space
containing some massed blackish scales towards margin. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous with wings ; the face and palpi slightly darker.
Expanse of wings : 29 mm.
One ? from Mikindani, German East Africa, January — May ]s07 (Reimer).
Hindmargin of hindwings faintly crenulate in upjicr half.
From the description Mabille's crassilembaria from Madagascar must largely
resemble this species, but in that the hindmargin of hindwings is said to bo
produced into an angle at middle.
( 59 )
140. Azata separata sp. nov.
Foreivings : dirty whitish, thick!}' striated and dappled with fuscons ochreons ;
beyond the onter line wholly suffused with fnscons, except towards apex ; first and
second lines dull brown, indistinct ; first at one-fourth, second before middle, both
cnrved ))elow costa, then vertical and approximated ; outer line thick, brown, nearly
straight from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, edged internally
with yellowish ; a dark spot between veins 3 and 4 between outer line and hind-
margin ; fringe concolorons, with paler base beyond a dark marginal line ; no
distinct cell-spot.
Ilindwings : similar, without first line.
Underside white, with dense and longer fuscous brown striae ; costa and veins
tinged with yellowish ; outer line followed by a broad fuscons and fulvous fascia,
not reaching hindmargin. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons cinereous ; the face
dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One ? from Mikindani, German East Africa, January— May 1807 (Reimer).
Hindmargin of forewings hardly emarginate below apex ; of hindwings with
slight tooth at middle.
141. Azata triplaga sji. nov.
Foi-ewiiiys : pale wood-brown, dark brown beyond onter line, sprinkled with
short brown and black striae ; the three lines brown, obscurely edged with dull
lustrous scales, each starting from dark brown costal blotches, at one-fourth, one-
half, and before tliree-fourths, the first angled in cell, the second and third on
vein (3, the last double, and followed on costa by a larger brown triangular blotch,
and by black and lustrous scales between veins 3 and 4, and on submedian fold ;
ajncal area paler than the rest of marginal space ; fringe dark brown with paler
base, beyond an interrupted blackish marginal line : cell-spot obscure, dark.
Eindwinqs : with diftnse antemediau brown line incurved at middle before the
distinct black cell-spot ; a brown lustrous-edged irregularly crennlate postmediau
line, and traces of a submarginal line in the dark brown marginal area.
Underside yellow, speckled with black-brown ; central line and submarginal
fascia deep ferruginous, the latter running to hindmargin on forewings beyond cell,
and sometimes marked by black spots on both edges. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreons, with deeper ochreons speckles.
Expanse of wings : 28 — 33 mm.
Two ? ? from Mikindani, German East Africa, January— May 1897 (Reimer).
Hindmargin of forewings only faintly emarginate below apex.
142. Nadagarodes flavipectus sp. nov.
Forewings : pale silvery slate-colour, with an iridescent sheen ; the costa
spotted yellow and fuscous ; four oblique slightly darker bands : the first from
middle of costa to before middle of inner margin, narrow ; the second broader and
bent below costa, from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; the third
and fourth submarginal and marginal, with the jialer and regularly crenuhited
submarginal line between them ; a row of black marginal dots ; fringe concolorons,
glossy.
( 60 )
Hinfhvings : the same.
Underside duller, withont any marking ; the marginal third deejior ; the costa
of forewings marked with yellow. Thorax and abdomen like wings ; face and
vertex chocolate-hrown ; tillet and hasc of antennae whitish : palpi, pectns, and fore-
coxae bright orange.
Expanse of wings : 6 37 mm. : ? :57 — 39 mm.
One 6, three ? ?, from Tngela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
143. Hyperythra simplex sp. nov.
Forewings : dnll greyish olive, with a few fnscons strignlae, and tinged with
reddisl) except along costa ; the lines dull reddish except on costa, where they are
olive-brown ; first at oue-fonrth, indistinct, narrow, curved ; second in middle,
diffuse and thick, but narrowing towards inner margin ; third at three-fourths,
curved, followed by a dull reddish grey shade, diffused to hindmargin except at
apex ; fringe dnll reddish.
Ilimhcings : mostly rufous, yellower along inner margin, withont first line.
Underside deep yellow, dotted and striated with' fulvous red ; central line
fulvous, blotched ; cell-spots pnrjtlish, edged with fulvous ; marginal area of fore-
wings wholly fulvous, except a pale triangular and subapical patch ; of hindwings
mixed with yellow. Palpi yellowish, apical joint wliite al)0ve ; face reddish grey
and yellow, tlie sides white ; head, thorax, and aljdomeii dull yellowish.
Expanse of wings : 35 jum.
One cf from Sula Besi, October 189T (Doherty).
Superficially like //. lutea Cram., and like tliat species, with the cell of hindwiug
only one-fifth of wing, but entirely withont its distinguishing secondary sexual
characteristics ; hindmargin of both wings curved, not crenulated. But for the
length of cell, it would be a Petrodava.
Idiotephra gen. nov.
Forewings : elongate, narrow ; costa faintly sinuous, being slightly convex near
base and towards apex ; apex blunt ; hindmargin strongly oblique, scarcely curved.
llinciwings : twice as broad as forewings, the costa strongly gibbous ; hind-
margin bluntly prominent in middle, and somewhat lobed at anal angle.
Antennae of cJ long, bipectinate, the apical third filiform ; palpi porrect,
ronghly haired, the joints indistinct; tongue and frenulum both well-develojied ;
hindtibiae much thickened, with four spurs, the inner middle one longer than the
other three, which are quite short; jiatagia lengthened ; pectus densely haired.
Neuration : forewings, cell nearly half as long as wing ; discocellular vertical ;
first median at three-fifths, second close before end of cell ; radials normal ; ~, S, 9
stalked from close before end of cell ; 10 free, anastomosing at a jioiut with 11,
which rises out of 12. Hindwings with the costal vein running nearly straight ;
subcostal curved upwards, the first subcostal branch rising at one-half, and slightly
curved at first away, but approximating to the second at an equal distance beyond
the discocellular, then widely diverging ; first median at one-half, second and third
from end of cell, and widely diverging ; a strong straight fold from base close
above the median, almost touching third median, and curved to hindmargin just
below the second subcostal ; the submedian fold straight, and similarly strongly
developed.
( 61 )
Type : Idiotephrn curvieena sp. uov.
Easily distiuguisbed by the abnormal shapu aud ueuration of the hiudwiogs.
Perhaps allied to Tepkrina.
144. Idiotephra curvivena sp. uov.
Forewings: pale mouse-colour, slightly freckled with darker; inner line very
obscnre, at one-fifth, marked by a darker spot ou the median ; outer line at four-
fifths, slightly bent on vein 6, then oblique, parallel to hindmargin, slender and
marked by largish dark spots on veins ; submai-ginal very faint, pale, aud denticu-
late ; marginal spots small, black ; fringe concolorous ; cell-spot large, black.
Hind icings : with the outer line at two-thirds, hardly curved ; cell-spot very
large, black ; hindmargin darker.
Underside whitish grey, more or less suffused in forewings with darker, in the
hindwings with only the hindmargin darker ; lines aud cell-spots obscurely darker ;
costa of forewings pale ochreous, spotted with fuscous. Head, thorax, and abdomen
like wings ; face and palpi brown.
Expanse of wings : 33 mm.
One cJ from liiver Niger, between Akassa and Onitsha (Dr. Cook).
145. Petrodava olivata insularis snbsp. nov.
Since describing the type specimens of this species from Dar-es-Salaam, I have
seen others agreeing with them in all respects from Barberton and Mikindaui, both
on the east coast of Africa. The present form from Madagascar differs from
them all in several points, so that it seems necessary to describe it as at least a
subspecies.
cJ. Forewings : not olive-green, but yellow as in the ? of olimUa ; first line
scarcely expressed ; middle liue oblique, not vertical ; marginal brown area with
three darker chestnut blotches, touching the third line, at costa, beyond cell, aud at
anal angle ; the costal blotch followed by a small yellow patch.
Hindwings : as in the type, both above and below.
Underside of forewings with no yellow patch in middle, and at ape.x of
hindmargin only the costa remaining yellow. Vertex, thorax, and abdomen
yellow.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm. only.
One (S from Antanambe, Antongil Bay, Bladagascar, March and April 1897
(Mocquerys).
141). Tephrina (?) convergens.
Forewings : pale brown, dusted and suffused with darker brown ; the lines
dark brown, thick, with slight lustrous edging externally ; first from two-fifths of
costa to one-third of inner margin, angled in cell; second from three-fourths
of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, acutely angled close to hindmargin ;
submargiual at seven-eighths, angled in the hindmargin ; a subcostal diffuse brown
streak, through the angles of all the lines ; fringe brown, with two dark lirown
lines, one at base, the other in the middle.
Hindwings : witli the two onter lines only, the first central, the other half-way
between it and hindmargin, parallel to each other.
Underside yellow, slightly striated with brown ; forewing with a short brown
(.62 )
line from iuuer margin before middle, and a curved brown line at two-thirds, beyond
which the whole marginal area is brown except the apex ; hindwing with similar
lines, but no marginal shade. Abdomen grey-brown, short (?). Head wanting.
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One ? from West China.
Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
Adelphocrasta gen. nov.
Forewings : shaped very much as in Gonodontis delta, but with more prominent
apex ; the inner margin before the lobe at anal angle straight.
Ilindiviiif/s : also like Gonoilontis ; bnt the tooth at vein 4 more prominent,
the costal margin straight, the shoulder at base being scarcely jjerceptible.
Antennae of i simple, filiform ; hindtibiae thickened, with four spurs. The
rest as in Gonodontis.
Xeuration : forewiugs, cell nearly half as long as wing ; discocellnlar concave ;
first median at three-fourths, second at eleven-twelfths ; radials as in (ionodontis,
7, 8, 9 stalked from before end of cell; 10 free ; 11 out of \'l.
Type : Adelphocrasta hypocausta sp. nov.
It seems certain that this species cannot be considered congeneric wilh clelia
Cram.
147. Adelphocrasta hypocausta sp. nov.
Forewings : pale dingy ochreons, speckled with fuscous ; costa with a dcej)
brown blotch at base, an oblique one at one-fourth, a double one at three-fifths,
and a paler brown mark at five-sixths ; the inner line starting from the second blotch
is acutely angled on the subcostal, then runs obliijue to one-fifth of inner margin ;
the outer line from the outer spot of the third blotch is angled on vein 6, then runs
oblique to middle of inner margin, subdentate and marked by dots on veins ; the
median line, only plain from inner margin to median vein, runs oblique from the
first spot of the double blotch: a slightly curved line runs from three-fourths of
costa to two-thirds of inner margin, where it is followed by a large chestnut-brown
blotch ; submarginal line very obscure, starting from the subapical blotch, is
marked by a small white spot below vein 7 ; fringe brown ; cell-spot dark.
llindwings : with obscure diffuse central and submarginal shades, an<l a nearly
straight denticulate postmedian line.
Underside yellowish, speckled with ferruginous ; the three lines ferruginous
interrupted ; marginal third, ferruginous and dove-colour, edged internally by a
dark fuscous line, the apical and anal areas remaining pale yellow ; submarginal
line more visible than above ; hindwings with a ferruginous broad submarginal
fascia with distinct dentate edge externally, beyond which the marginal area is
uniform dove-colour. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings above.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One (J from Penang, 1897 (Curtis).
The intervals along the submedian fold between first and second line, and again
beyond third line, and the discal area just beyond cell are all paler and whiter, but
can hardly be called semihyaliue.
( 63 )
148. Coenina cervina sp. uov.
Forewings : pale pearl-grey, thickly dusted with fine black atoms ; a double
oblique sinnate line from costa at tliree-fuurths to inner margin beyond middle, the
inner arm fulvous, the outer grey ; inner margin from base tinged with fulvous, and
a patch of the same at anal angle ; fringe pale, with a dark line at base.
Wndwim/.i : with the postmcdian line white, broadening towards apex, pre-
ceded by a broad fulvous orange shade, and followed by a grey-brown shade, which
along the hindmargin becomes bright fulvous ; abdominal margin whitish ; fringe
white.
Underside whitish, with grey speckliugs ; the bright fulvous tints much more
diffused. Face and palpi whitish, varied with fulvous ; thorax pale grey ; abdomen
darker.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One cj from the Congo, 18T0.
Also from Abyssinia, in the British Museum Collection.
149. Corymica fulvimaculata sp. nov.
Forewings : yellow, much speckled and varied with fulvous dots and patches ;
the costa more finely dusted with dark brown scales ; fovea large even in the ? ;
first line angulated, represented by fulvous patches, one in middle of cell, and two
obliquely below it, above and below the submedian vein, its upper half marked by
a patch of dark brown scales on the subcostal vein and a less conspicuous brown
mark on costa near base, before and beyond which the costal edge is whitish ; cell-
spot fulvous, with a darker centre ; before the anal angle a large diffuse sinuous
fulvous patch, which above vein 3 resolves itself into two series of fulvous spots on
veins, the inner larger than the outer ; the inner with a spot on vein 6 and none on
vein 5, the outer with one on vein 5 and none on vein 0 ; a smaller fulvous patch at
anal angle ; a small triangular chestnut patch on hindmargin below apex, which
is acute.
Hindwings : with all but the costal area suffused with fulvous, containing
darker spots and blotches between the veins ; cell-spot small, brown.
Underside pale yellow ; forewiug with brown speckles : the fulvous markings
dull and blurred, the subapical triangle deeper chestnut ; cell-spot bright brown ;
hindwings with sandy brown freckles ; cell-spot linear, brown ; a whitish grey,
brown-edged triangle on costa before apex. Head, vertex, and palpi brownish
fuscous ; thorax and abdomen yellow, with some scattered fulvous scales ; the base
and apex of abdomen suffused with fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ¥ from Penang, 1897 (Curtis).
In the subapical patch agreeing with exiyninota Hmpsu. from the Nilgiris.
150. Epigynopteryx brunnea sp. nov.
Forewings : uniform brownish fawn-colour, indistinctly dappled with darker ;
first line indistinct, smoky brown, at one-fourth, angled on the subcostal : second
line dark brown, distinct, from costa at five-sixths, below which it is twice miuutelj'
dentate, to two-thirds of inner margin, straight and obliijue, containing on its outer
edge pale points on the veins ; submargiual line represented by a brown spot above
( 64)
and below vein 3 ; fringe concolorous : an obscnre dark cell-spot, throngh which a
fine waved median line can jnst be traced.
Hindwingg : with costal area whitish ; the oblique brown line central, followed
by an obscnre Innnlate dark grey line.
Underside brown ; the inner margin of both wings paler ; forewings with the
ends of enter and submarginal lines on the costa whitish. Face and paljii dull
brown ; thorax and abdomen paler ; base of antennae and vertex whitish.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
One S from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, May 1807 (Dr. Roth).
Iridoplecta gen. nov.
Forewinqs : with costa faintly convex ; apex rectaugnlar, blnnt : hindmargin
finely crenalate, vertical to third median, where there is a slight elbow, thence
oblique to anal angle.
Ilinilwings: hindmargin strongly crenulate, with five prominent teeth, of which
the middle one at end of the third median is longest.
Antennae of S very finely pubescent ; palpi very short, not reaching beyond
forehead ; hindtibiae somewhat dilated, with four spurs.
Neuration : forewings, cell half the length of wing ; discocellular curved, very
fine ; first median at three-fourths, second and third together from lower angle ;
radials normal ; last three subcostals stalked from some little way before end of cell,
third and fourth forking only just before apex ; first and second absent ; costal
running nearly to apex, close to the stem of the other three subcostals. Hindwings
with first subcostal and second median each leaving jnst before angle of cell. Wings
semihyaline, iridescent.
Type : Iridoplecta ferrif era Moore {Trygodes).
An example of this Indian species has been sent by Doherty from Bali (March-
April 1896), differing only in the hindwings being less strongly crennlated.
151. Miantochora incolorata sp. nov.
Forewings : pearl-grey, slightly lustrous, speckled and suffused in parts with
darker grey ; the costa pale, with coarse fuscous mottlings ; the lines somewhat
diffuse and inconspicuous, dull ferruginous ; the first curved, at one-third, the second,
in the middle, nearly vertical : the third from five-sixths of costa to inner margin
before anal angle, incurved below the middle, its inner edge marked by dark vein-
dots; on the lower radial beyond it is a dark spot; a triangular dull ferruginous patch
on hindmargin below apex ; marginal area beyond outer line from vein 5 to anal
angle, and the iuner margin between the middle and outer line occupied by pale
patches of the grouud-colonr ; fringe rufous towards apex, pale grey below ; cell-
spot dark, indistinct ; the veins towards hindmargin pale ochreous.
llindwimjs : paler ; an indistinct ferruginous antemedian and more strongly
marked postmedian line, the latter, as in forewings, preceded by black spots on veins,
and followed by a darker cloud ; marginal area darker grey.
Underside whitish, freckled with grey : the outer line only marked by dark spots
on veins ; costa of forewings ochreous chequered with fuscous : the subapical ferru-
ginous triangle distinct. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey mixed with ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 50 mm.
One <J from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, June 1897 (Dr. Roth).
( 6o )
This species differs from the type of the genus, inaequilinea Warr., in having a
much blunter and less prominent projection in the hindmargin of both wings. In
the original description of the genus I stated that the fovea was absent, biit this
must be corrected : in the forewings veins 10 and 1 1 are stalked.
152. Omiza lubricata sp. no v.
ForeiDings : pale olive-yellow, varied with fine leaden grey striae, which are
most numerous along costa and in the marginal area ; the lines brown-red, first
from beyond middle of costa to one-third of inner margin, slightly concave
basewards, edged along its ujiper half with leaden grey scales, which form a spot
on costa ; second line from about three-fourths of costa to beyond middle of inner
margin, bluntly angled outwards between veins 6 and 7, thence slightly concave
outwards, edged outwardly with leaden grey scales and striae ; at the anal angle
rises a large blotch of fuscous and leadeu grey scales, expanding upwards to vein 3
and partially across the median area, where the scales become red-brown like the
outer line ; cell-sjiot ocelloid, with red-brown ring and i)ale slightly shining centre ;
fringe tinged with red ; the central area is paler yellow than the basal and
marginal areas, except where it is clouded in the middle.
Hindwiiiys : with an outer red-brown line, not reaching above vein 7 ; from
the anal angle, parallel with it, runs an elongated blotch of glossy fulvous scales,
with some leaden grey spots aud striae interspersed.
Underside of forewings dull red-brown, the inner margin broadly white ; the
costal area to the outer line orange spotted with red : of hiudwings orange, with
sparse large red sjiots and the line red. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ;
face dark brown, fillet whitish ; antennae dark grey.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
Three S S from S. Flores, November 1890, dry season (Everett).
Evidently related to U. sHbanraiitinrn Warr. from Dili, Timor, with which it
agrees in the peculiar glassiness of the anal blotches.
The second specimen is dull greenish grey in basal aud marginal areas, with
the median area flesh-coloured ; the anal blotches scarcely darker, but equally
shining. In the third the ground-colour is wholly glaucous olive, the lines aud
ocelloid spot being deep vivid red, and the anal blotch of forewings black.
153. Stenorumia kashmirica sp. nov.
Forewiiujs : very pale yellow, faintly ochreous along costa, the costal edge
ochraceous ; no vestige of darker dusting; the lines olive ochreous; the first
from below costa before apex to base, before which it is slightly curved as in
oMunaUh Guen., the second from apex to above two-thirds of inner margin ; both
lines obsolete below vein 1 ; fringe coucolorous, with the base rufous towards apex
of wing.
Hin</w>i!i/s : without any markings whatever ; fringe the same.
Underside without markings ; the costa of forewings broadl}- ochraceou.'-
throughout. Head, thorax, and abdomen- -cencolorous : palpi and autennai-
ochraceous or rufous.
Expanse of wings : 45 mm.
Three 6 S from the Gourais Valley, Kashmir, Tuuu feet, June l^sT.
Distinguished from uOlunata by the immaculate hindwiugs with pale fringes.
6
( 6fi )
Trotocraspeda gen. nov.
Forewings : with costa aiohed from base, then straight, aud agaiu strongly
convex towards apex, which is dedexed aud rounded : hiiidmargin elliowed at the
end of third median, above which it is indented, then straight aud obliijue to anal
angle, which is blunt.
Hindwings : with apex rounded : a blunt tooth at end of first subcostal, and a
much larger one at end of third median ; the margin between the teeth strongly
incurved, and containing traces of a minute tooth at the end of the second subcostal :
hindmargin from anal angle to middle tooth straight, but faintly waved.
Forehead projecting in front ; antennae half as long as wing, with short, regular,
gradually decreasing pectinations; palpi porrect, second joint long aud stout : third
minute, decumbent : tongue present : hiudtibiae with four spurs.
yeiiratioii : forewiugs, cell half the wiug : discocellular obliipie : first median
at two-thirds, second just before end of cell, third from end ; lower radial from a
little above centre of discocellular ; upper from the upper angle : last four subcostals
stalked, first free : discocellular of hindwing curved, the lower arm oblique ; first
subcostal just before end of cell ; medians as in forewings.
Tyjje : Trotocraspeda divaricata Moore (Agat/iia).
154. Zethenia obscura s]i. nov.
Forewings : dull olive-brown, thickly speckled with blackish, and with some
rufous scales intermixed : the lines smoky blackish ; first at one-fourth, angled in
cell, then oblique to inner margin at one-fourth ; median shade thick, dilfuse, from
two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, slightly sinuous ; outer line fine,
dentate-lunulate, from three-fourths of costa, incurved below middle to join the
central shade near inner margin, and followed between veins 3 and 1 by two
irregularly limulate white blotches, which are succeeded by a large blackish cloud,
obscurely produced to costa as a submarginal shade ; fringe dai'k fuscous ; cell-spot
obscure, blackish.
Hindtcings : with only the outer dentate blackish line, preceded and followed
by broad smoky fuscous fasciae.
Underside more tinged with rufous, with dift'use broad fuscous postmediaii and
submarginal fasciae : the cell-spots larger, blackish ; inner margin of forewings pale.
Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous brown.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
One (?, one ?, from North Mountains, Formosa, 500— 1.500 feet, July 1890
(Jonas),
Hindmargin of forewings strongly curved, but uot angled above middle ; of
hindwings crenulate. Thp $ has the apex of forewiugs slightly more prominent.
( 67 )
SOME NEW EASTERN LEPIDOPTERA.
By the HON, WALTER KOTHSCHILD, Pii.I),
PAPILIONIDAE.
1. Troides aeacus formosanus subsp. uov.
i. Differs from the ludian form of aeacus in the white spots of the fringe
of the forewing being much smaller, iu the wedge-shaped interuervular portions
of the black marginal baud of the hindwing being longer, in the abdomen being
clothed with red hairs beneath at the base and bearing (like aeacus from Central
and West China) two rows of black ^Mis ou each side ventrally.
Hab. South Cape, Formosa (received from Monsieur de la Touche), ii i 6 .
2. Papilio nubilus musianus subsp. nov.
S. Differs from the Boruean form of nubilus, Iris VII. p. 314 (1894) (Brunei),
in the following points : Forewing above with three postdiscal white patches, the
uppermost between SC^ and SO"", the following two longer, between SC'' and R-,
all three sinuate externally, an indication of a fourth patch between R- and R^
7 mm. from edge of wing ; marginal spots nine in number, ujipermost between
SC^ and SC^, spot between SC* and SC* extremely small, visible only with a lens.
Hindwing above as in nubilus nubilus, no submarginal spots.
Underside. Forewing with four postdiscal patches from SC^ to R'*, upper three
just beyond apex of cell, fourth smaller, a little closer to cell than to outer margin ;
in inner angle, between M- and SM-, a small patch with a small spot in front.
Hindwing : submarginal lunules R^ — M- very faintly marked ; third discal patch
measuring 10 mm. in length, externally obliquely cut off', slightly concave, the
fourth more regular, '.i|l mm. long.
Hab. Upper Palembang district, o' s. lat., !l03' long. ; \ S, received from
J\Ir. J. Volcker.
NYMPHALIDAE.
3. Cynthia obiensis sp. nov.
(?. Wings above deeper iu tint than in arsinoc h-ova Amboina — • — Forewing :
median series of bars heavy, very oblique, upper one close to upper angle of cell,
bar M- — SM- 6 to 7 mm. from tip of SM- ; admarginal line of lunules as in
arsinoc, submarginal lunules very faint, except the last. Hindwing : median
series of bars very heavy, the line broken at veins, upper bar curved like letter
S, bar R'* — M' more or less longitudinal, being mostly j)laced along D', bar
M- — (SM') also marked.
IJndei'side from base to median lines of bars rufous red, especially ou
hindwing. Forewing : median bars not so heavy as above, but also placed in a
very oblique row ; apical white spots larger than in arsinoc, brown spot in inner
angle small. Hindwing : outer half rather heavily shaded with rnibus red :
median line of bars somewhat concave.
( 68)
? . Uppenide macli darker than in arsino'e, henoe the cell-bars and the bars
in marginal region not very conspicnous, mummy-brown. A broad pure white
band across disc, 9i to lOi mm. wide at SC'*, its inner edge oblique (as line of bars
in S), indented at U', M' and M-, very obliqae between (SM'j and SM- ; the band
is limited distally betweea SC'^ and 11- by two blackish brown luuules, the ni)per
lunule nearly entirely fused with the blackish brown marginal area, there being
only a very few white scales at its distal side ; the second Innnle more distinct,
separated by a luniform white spot from the band ; a third, very indistinct, brown
lunnle in the white baud between R- and U' ; postdiscal bars appearing as black
spots jnst at the outer edge of the band between U- and SM- ; two small
submarginal white dots between SC^ and It', the second in one of the two specimens
absent. Hindwing mummy-brown up to median line of bars ; these bars heavy
as in <S, followed by a russet tawny baud, which becomes grey behind C, outer
edge of band ill-defiued, nearly straight, touching eye-spots ; area between this
band and submarginal Hue of bars darker brown ; eye-spots with a rather large
blue dot.
Underside russet, outer half paler. Forewing : white band as above, discal
and postdiscal luniform bars feeble, submarginal line indistinct behind, admarginal
distinct, but not strongly marked. Hindwing: discal band much paler than
above, becoming whitish from R' to C.
Hah. Laiwui, Obi I., September 1897 (W. Doherty), 5 tJJ, 2 ? ?.
Easily distinguished from all races of arainoc by the obliipiely placed series
of median bars of the forewing.
4. Acraea parce buruensis subsp. no v. .
c? ?. Differs from .1. parce parce Stand., Ins IX. p. 193. t. 1. f. 8 (1896J, from
Mangiola, Sula Archipelago, in the following points : The basal half of the forewing
from cell to internal margin is much more diaphanous, there being much less black
scales on the npperside. On the underside of the hindwing the discal band and
the submarginal spots are more ochreous ; the partially scaleless patch in and
before cell is very variable in extent, but it is always much smaller than in the
Mangiola race, the posterior half of the cell remaining always black ; the subbasal
I)atch between costal and subcostal nervules is also much smaller, often absent.
The submarginal spots are generally somewhat smaller than in parce puree ; the
posterior ones much shaded with black in 3, sometimes scarcely traceable.
Ilab. Mount Mada, Burn, Soptem])er 1898, 3000 feet (Dumas).
PIERIDAE.
5. Delias funerea buruana subsp. nov.
S. Differs from the Halmahera form oi m\ funerea, figured in Smith & Kirby,
Rhop. Exot. II. JJelias t. VI. f. 1. 2 (1890), in the apex of the forewing above,
the fringe of the forewing (except at inner angle) and of the hindwing, being black ;
the apical black area is small, extending 7 mm. along lower subcostals, but black
colour of cellule before R- very restricted.
Underside : black apical area of forewing much smaller than m funerea funerea,
{he spots in it yellow, not white. Red markings of hindwing thinner, outer margin
shaded with wliite scales.
Ilab. Mount Mada, Burn, September ls98, 3000 feet (Dumas).
( fi9 )
SPHINGIDAE.
6. Cephanodes titan sp. uov.
This is the largest species of the genus, only being approaclied by Cephanoilea
u'OodfonH Bntl.
?. U p per side : wings diaphanous, base, costal margin, and apex black, this
apex If mm. wide between lower subcostal nervures, inner margin also black along
its basal half. Base and abdominal margin of hindwings black.
Underside same as above, but margins brown, and base of both wings orange.
Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen above deep velvety black with iridescent
steel-blue lights. Anal tuft orange-tawny in the centre. Underside, jialpi bnff,
legs and thorax orange, abdomen as above, sixtli and seventh segments strongly
intermixed with orange, anal tuft more heavily marked with tawny orange than
above, eyes bordered with white beneath.
Length of body 41 mm.
,, „ forewing 38 mm.
Hab. Amboina.
7. Panacra buruensis sp. nov.
This very distinct species is most nearly allied to P. mira Wlk. (= tiirneri
Misk.).
Head and thorax above blackish chocolate, both with a stripe on each side fawn-
colour, thorax besides with a central stripe of tlie same colour ; abdomen dark
brown, with a whitish grey middle line, sides much mixed with red. Underside of
body deep dragon's-blood red (Ridgway, NomencL of Col. PI. VII. 8). Palpi above
dark fawn-colour, more reddish below.
Wings above brown. Forewing much clouded with deep chocolate, this colour
forming a large irregular patch extending from R' to costal margin, narrowing in
front, connected by a narrow band with a second patch situated at internal margin,
botli patches ill-defined, a third patch at internal margin near hinder angle of wing ;
from the inner side of this last patch runs a deep chocolate line to the apex of the
wing, the line curved distad between the nervnles, 5 mm. distant from outer margin
at W, slightly curving ontwards from JP to R' ; disc at proximal side of this line
with glossy grey scaling ; a band of li mm. width from apex of wing R^, curved,
not composed of lunules, continued as an indistinct line to patch at inner edge of
wing, 3 mm. distant from postdiscal line at M\ touching it in front, interspace
faintly tinged with ochreous ; a submarginal line, consisting of lunules curved
I)roximad, less distinct than postdiscal line. Hindwing : Prout's brown (Ridgway,
I.e. PI. III. II), paler towards base, a deeper brown submarginal band, very ill-
defined, shading off at both sides into ground-colour ; fringe up to middle of outer
margin nearly white.
Underside dark rufons ; interno-basal area of forewing and outer margin of
fore- and hindwing dark drab-brown ; two parallel lines across disc of both wings
of same colour, upper ends somewhat curved proximad, with an indication of a third
line between the two.
Length : forewing 34 mm.
„ hindwing 20 mm.
Hab. Mount Mada, Burn, 3000 feet, September 1898 (Dnmas)
( 70 )
RATTTRNIIPAE.
8. Coscinocera hercules heros snbsp. nov.
(?. Differs from the three known forms of lurculi's (see Nov. Zooi.. Y. p. 09.
1898) especially in the shape of the small eye-spots.
Upjierside somewhat darker than in hercnlcs hcrriile!<, i\w bamls a little more
obscure. Eyc-si)ot of forewiug :3J mm. distant from discal baud, ulilinue, irregularly
ovate, costal and basal sides forming almost a semicircle, ontwardly as bluntly
pointed as in (?w/>/;a/«, diameters 11 and 7 mm. : hyaline centre 6 mm. long, standing
obliquely to veins, triangular, but the angles rounded off, upper edge only 21 mm.
long (in the direction of veins). Eye-spot of hindwing transverse, ~\ mm. long,
slightly oblique, ovate, pointing backwards, ii mm. wide, outer side more oblique
than inner side, 6 mm. distant from black discal line ; hyaline centre transverse, a
mere dash, of barely 1 mm. width.
On underside the hyaline spots are encircled with a dirty ochraceons line npon
which follows costally and proximally a purplish black line, the hyaline spot of the
hindwing longer than above and wider.
Hal. Rossel I., Louisiade Archipelago (A. S. Meek, March 1898), 1 cj.
I have also received a pair of Coacinoccra hercules from Sudest Island : the cJ
(which is badly damaged, both tails being wanting) agrees with the type of hercules
heros almost perfectly, only the eye-spots of the wings being more rounded and
slightly smaller. The ? has the bands on both wings much more strongly and
clearly marked than the S, the eye-spots agree in shape with those of the S , but
are larger : widest distance of black ring of the spot of the forewiug from lilack
half-moon of cell 4J mm., shortest distance from discal black line U mm.; black
ring of the spot of the hindwing 9 mm. distant from subbasal black line, 4 mm.
from discal black line.
GEOMETRIDAE.
9. Milionia pumilio sp. nov.
?. Body above and below glossy metallic green-blue : abdomen black beneath.
Wings black. Upperside, forewing without gloss, except at extreme base,
faintly bine in sidelight, a short streak at base before SM-, and a curved band
across disc orange-ochraceous ; the band of nearly even width, 4 mm. broad at R^,
more distal anteriorly than in laticitta, and more distal posteriorly than in glauca
fflauca ; fringe all lilack as in (/laxca. Hindwing as in ijlmira from the Southern
Moluccas.
Underside : band as above, metallic gloss as in yhca'a. more gi'cen-blue.
Length of forewing : i.'l J mm.
Hah. Sumba, September 1890: 1 ?, received from Mr. II. Frnhstorfer
Probably only a small race oi (/huiea.
AGARISTIDAE.
I'-i. Episteme conspicua sumatrana snbsp. nov.
?. Body as in Bom&an conspicua, Nov. Zooi,. III. ji. 29. n. 0. (1896), bnt spots
on mesonotnm larger, with a bluish tint.
( 71 )
Fovewiug : whitish blue basal spots much larger than in conspicwi, a small
pale yellow spot at base of cell, extending a little beyond M ; a transverse spot of
same colonr beyond middle of cell, 3 mm. broad, extending beyond SC, bnt not
reaching edge of wing, followed behind by a large trapeziform patch, that expands
lietween coll and SM-, witli a fo^ yellow scales behind SM-, widest behind, deeply
concave proxiraally ; dirical band as in conspicim ronspicua, deeper yellow ; a series
of eight small white submarginal dots between SC and SM^, the last of which before
SM- in the same place where there stands a larger yellow spot in 'RorneAw conspicua,
the upper six dots closer to band than in conspicua. Hindwing as in conspicua,
black discal half-band narrower.
Undei-side : postmediau cell-spot of forewing and patch behind it fused to
form a pale yellow band ; both this band and the discal one deeper in colour
than in conxpictw conspicua ; submarginal spots all white as above (inclusive of
posterior one).
Hah. Padang 8idempoean, West Sumatra (Ericsson, 1898), 1 ?.
Ii. conxpicH'i was hitherto known fnily from IMonnt Kina Bain, North Borneo.
Sysony.mical Xote.
Ambulyx scxoculata Grote is not a variety of A. gannascus. The description
given by Grote agrees exacth- with the beautiful insect figured by Oberthiir as
^'1. depuiaeti, Ft. (FEnt. VI. p. 31. t. 5. f. 3 (1881). I possess three specimens from
Colombia and Merida, Venezuela ; tlie one f'olomliian example was caught by
Professor Burger in Bogota, in December 1800, at the electric light. The name of
depuiseti sinks as a synonj-m oi sexocnlnta.
A. crpthon Boisd. from Peru (?) and i<chau»i Rothsch. from Petropolis are the
same species as A. enrysthenea Feld. from Colombia, though they represent most
likely geographical forms. Felder's name has priority.
" Eusemia " glossatrix Westwood (1881), erroneously said to be from South
Africa, is a synonym o( Scrobigera viilcania Bntl. (1875) from Burma.
( 72 )
FURTHEE NOTES ON HUMMING-BIRDS.
By ERNST HARTERT.
Spathura underwoodi (Lesson).
WHEN examiiiinjj tlio series of these birds in Mr. Rothschild's wonderfully
growing collection of Trochilklne, I was at once strnck by a generally
very well-marked difference in the coloration o{ i\\Q femnlci from the mountains
of Venezuela and those from ( 'olombia. From Venezuela we have a fine series,
collected in the Andes near Merida, at elevations of from 2100 to 4000 metres, by
Messrs. Salomon Bricefio Gabald<'>n k Sons, and from C'olombia a number of Bogota
skins. The latter are to be regarded as typical mulrrwoodi. Their nndersnrface is
somewhat equally spotted with green, these spots being larger and closer together
along the sides of the neck and body, somewhat less frequent along the middle, and
almost or quite absent from the upper part of the throat near the chin. In all the
adult females from Veneznela, however, the throat and chest are white without
spots, or only with a few very minute ones, so tliat there is a very marked contrast
between the throat and abdomen. Yonng wrt/cs are darker below than /?//(r///',s. I
cannot find any difference between the males from the two countries, except that the
bills of those from Bogota are only from 11 v) to 12 mm. long, while they are abont
13 mm. long in those from Merida, the e.xposed part of the cnlmen only being
measured. Small as these differences are, they are worthy of notice, and I propose
the name of
Spathura underwoodi bricenoi subsp. nov.
for the Merida form.
There has been some uncertainty abont the specific name underwoodi, as Lesson,
having before him an unartistic drawing only, figured and described the male with a
white band across the rnmp. This character, however, does not exist in the types in
the Loddiges Collection, and is not to be found in any species of the genus. There
is, therefore, no reason to reject the name underwoodi.
Spathura jjertiana can only be subspecifically related to .S'. solstitinlis, or is not
even a subspecies, the only difference apparently being the deep blue-black outer web
of the lateral rectrices. The distribution of S. peruana and S. solstifialis— i{ they
are different forms — is not sufficiently clear.
Genus ERIOCNEMIS.
I cannot see the necessity of splitting this genus np into several ill-defined
gronps, and I shall therefore accept it in the same sense as Salvin did in the Catalogue
of Birds.
Baron has discovered that {\\e female of/.', russata differs from the male, which
has the tibial tufts partly white, partly cinnamon, in having the tibial tufts quite
white, the wing shorter, the bill longer. This being an established fact (see Nov
ZooL. Vol. n. p. 00), there is no longer any reason to regard A", squamata and
( 7» )
E. lugens as two species, the latter uo doubt being tlie female, the former the
7nale.
In the Catalogue of Birds and elsewhere the female of E. aureliae has been said
to be " similar to the male." This is not exactly right. The female of E. aureliae
differs from the male in having the tibial tnft less largely developed, and only
tinged witli brownish cinnamon near the body, not half cinnamon as in the male.
The wing is also shorter, the tail more distinctly tinged with green towards the base.
Yonng birds resemble more the fenude ; the feathers of the underside, however, are
dnsky black ; the base of the mandible is flesh-colonr. This last character is fonnd
in most or all species of Eriocnemis when very young.
Genus METALLURA.
Mr. Baron has collected a fine series of Metallura smanuidinicollis in North
Pern, at Cajabaniba, Cajamarca, Hnamachnco, Levanto, and Celendin (cf Nov. Zool.
Vol. IV. No. 1). All these differ considerably from specimens of ^[. .vmimgdinicoUis
from the more southern parts of Pern and Bolivia (Maraynioc, f 'achnpata, Tilotilo,
S. Jos^, and Araca) in the following characters : —
They are slightly ligliter green above. They are much paler below, the tips of
the feathers being pale greenish bronze and less large, thns showing more of the
huffish subterminal colour of the feathers. They are slightly larger. They require
a name, and I name them
Metallura smaragdinicoUis septentrionalis subsp. nov.
Boueard's .1/. periitiaiw {Gen. Ham. J>. p. 73) seems to belong to typical
itnuiragdinirollis. Some of the type-specimens have rather longer wings than other
smaragdinicolUs ; bnt they are not, according to their coloration, my septentrionalis.
Boncard's M. griseocyanea (Gen. Hum. B. p. 75) is a semialbinistic variety of
^^. tyriaidhina.
It is hardly possible to believe that the imperfect skin from Santa Marta in the
British Museum belongs to Met. smaragdinicolUs. Adult specimens will no donbt
prove to belong to a new form.
Nearly all or all nests of the various species of Metallura^ of which we have
received several from Ecuador (from Baron) and from Venezuela (Briceno), are
raised at the back so as to somewhat resemble a short slipper withont heel.
Genus CHALCOSTIGMA.
Elliot and Salvin nnited Chnlcostigmn with Tthamphomicron. I cannot agree
with them, nor with Salvin's contention that his genus Rkamphomieron (including
Chalcostigma) " might perhaps be separated into three or four genera" ; bnt I follow
Simon {FcuUle Jeunes Nat. 1898. p. 125) and Berlepsch (w litt.) in separating
Chalcoxtigma, with heteropogon, oUcaceum, stanlegi, vulcani, herrani, rujiceps, and
purpareicauda, from Rkamphomieron, with microrhynchum and dorsale. The
former genus differs from the latter in having a longer bill (longer than the head
or equal to it, while it is shorter than the head in EhampJiomicron), broader
rectrices, and an elongated bunch of feathers on the throat. If such characters are
( 74 )
not considered sufficient for generic separation in Humming-Birds, wo must at once
unite alxint thirty or forty other genera of Trochilidae.
lilwmph. microrlnjnchum, hitherto only on record from ("olomhia and Ecuador,
has been also received from Mr. Salomon Bricefio from tlie Andes, near Merida in
YenezTiela.
Cludcost. rufr-ep$ was found by Baron in Southern Ecuador (Loja). The
Ecuadorian specimens, however, diftVr from ty[)ioal rufcepri from Bolivia, whicli
have the glittering gnlar stripe uniform green, in having the tip of this stripe
beantifnlly golden. I call this subspecies
Chalcostigma ruficeps aureofastigatum snbsp. nov.
It occurs also in Northern Pern.
The supposed female of C. herrani described on p. 34fi of Tol. XVI. of the
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. by Mr. Salvin is a young ynale. The adult female is much
smaller tlian the male, the feathers of the underside are p.aler and whitisli towards
the base, the throat-stripe is golden green, its lower part glitterinsj golden, but the
feathers not elongated as in the adult 7nale. From my forthcoming account of the
Trochilidae in the " Tierreich," it will be seen that this is not the only case in which
I wa<! able to find that immature males have hitherto been considered to be adult
female-^ ; Imt there are probably other cases in whit:h our material did not enable me
to find out the truth.
Genus PSALIDOPRYMNA.
There is no doubt (cf. Berlepscli and Simon) tliat Le.^hia Less, is the proper
generic term for the Fire-tails (6'ff/i/i/<o of Salvin), and that therefore Psalidopri/mna
must be used for the genus called Le.sltia in the Cnfalof/i/c of Birds.
Psalidoprymna rictoriae may be divided into two subspecies : —
1 . P. vietoriae vietoriae, with beak slightly shorter, tail of adult 7)iale gene-
rally, but not always, about 1 cm. shorter, abdomen generally slightly more buft'.
JIah. Colombia. Frequent in Bogota collections. The length of the tail differs. It
is generally about l&O — 185 mm. in fully adult Ecuadorian males, and 10.5 — 170
mm. in such from Bogota; but in the British Museum I saw two males with the
tail 180 mm. long.
2. P. vietoriae aequatoriulis Boucard (1893 : in Humminy-Bird Vol. III. p. 6),
with beak slightly larger, tail of adult males generally about 1 cm. longer,
abdomen generally slightly greener. (The other differences noticed l)y Boucard are
not even borne out by his own specimens.)
Mons. Boucard has further described a Leshia holitianu, which is said to differ
from L. nuna in being more golden ; but the mure golden colour of the plumage of
his type-specimen seems to be an individual character. There is in the British
Museum one adult male, said to be from Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny), which has the tail
148 mm. in length, while skins from Sorata seem to agree with Peruvian nuna.
The longer tail is not mentioned by Boucard. Possibly North Bolivian birds are
like Peruvian ones, while South Bolivian examples differ (?).
Mr. 0. T. Baron collected a series of a species of Fsalidopiymna in Northern
Peru, which differs from P. victm-iae in the following characters : The bill is
considerably shorter, measuring only about 12 mm., the tail much shorter, outer
( 75 )
rectrices onl}- about 112—120 mm. long, the second paiv from outside wider
than in P. fictoriae, the greyish bnif outer edge of the longest rectrices occupying
more than half (about two-thirds) of the length of the feathers. I adopt for this
new species the name
Psalidoprymna juliae (ex Berlepsch and Stolzm.).
It dilfer.s from P. nunn chiefly in the colour of the middle rectrices, which are
not wholly green, but black with green tips only.
Mr. 0. T. Baron has also sent a series of sliins of a form which is very closely
allied to P. gouldi gracilis, but has generally a longer tail, a slightly stouter and
longer bill, and a constantly more golden tint in its plumage. This is P. chlorura
(J. Gould). The one skin from Peru in the British Museum agrees with Gould's
original description, but it does not seem to be the type.
NOTE ON CASUABIUS CASUAEIUS SCLATERI.
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.
THIS sulispecies has been sunk by the author as a synonym of Sclater'a
<'i(SU(ifii(s casnariiis heccarii from the Aru Islands; but this is not right,
though I cannot blame Count Salvadori for his decision, as he had only dead
specimens to compare. Any one who saw the two birds alive, and side by side, as I
have done, would not hesitate a moment to say they were separate geographical races.
C. casuariKS heccarii is confined to Vokan Island, Am Islands, while G. camarius
Hclafcri is confined to tlie soutli ami south-east, of the mainland of New Guinea.
Through the confounding of these two forms of C. casuarius, it has been declared by
all authors that C. casuarius heccarii was a most variable form ; in reality, however,
it is most constant, while C. ciis?/arius sclateri is variable in size and shape, not
only of the bird itself, but also of the casque and the wattles.
As regards the birds themselves, when alive, the shape and contour are totally
different. C. casuarius heccarii has very long legs, a very small and narrow
compressed body, and when walking appears as if going on stilts ; while, on the
other hand, C. casuarius sclateri has stout short legs and a massive large round
body. The wattles of C. c. heccarii are joined for more than half their length from
the base, and so give the idea of a single wattle with a deep central cleft ; while the
wattles of C. c. sclateri, when young, are joined for almost their entire length, only
having a small niche in front. In the adult bird the wattles are, when perfect, quite
separate and wide apart : and while in C. c. heccarii the wattles are small, not bigger
than in C. casuarius casuarius, in C'. c. sclateri tliey are enormous — in some cases as
big as, if not bigger than, in C. c. australis. Another difference between the two
forms is in the colour of the immature plumage. In C. c. heccarii it is fulvous
brown, with scarcely any admixture of black, just as in C. c. casuarius ; while in
C. c. sclateri it is dark brown, with a strong admixture of black, so that some young
ones in their first plumage are almost as black as adults. Chicks a few days old
show a distinct wattle, while in most other forms of C. casuarius the wattle does
not appear till the bird is much older.
( 76 )
ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. :\[EEK ON ROSSEL
ISLAND IN THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO.
By ERNST HARTERT.
IN Vol. V. of this Journal, pp. 521 — 532, I have given a list of forty-two species
from Sndest Island. We knew nothing, so far, of the Birds of Rosscl Island,
except a few species mentioned, and partly described, by Tristram and De Vis.
Macgillivray had apjiarently not collected on Kossel Island. Rossel Island is the
most eastern of the large islands of the Louisiade Archipelago. It is 22 miles long,
and lU^ miles wide in the middle. Mount Knssel is nearly *I0<) feet high. Con-
sidering the small distance from Sudest Island, it is remarkable how many species
and subspecies of birds are different from those which are fonnd on Sudest Island.
Both species of Pacliycephala, the Edoliosoma, the ZostefO]>s, Geojfro'/us, and
others evidently represent the forms occurring on Sudest. In the most lieautiful
Tanysiptera and the Pitta, Rossel Island possesses gems apparently not found
elsewhere, while some genera which are common on Sudest Island liave not been
found on Rossel.
It seems most imj)robable that the tliirty-six species hereafter enumerated are
all that occur on Rossel, but they give no doubt a very good idea of the orniti of the
place ; and from the way in which ]\Ieek and his party work-, we must supjiose that
very little more will be discovered on Rossel Island.
1. Calornis metallica (Temm.).
Evidently plentiful on Rossel Island. The adult female does not differ from
the male.
2. Pachycephala rosseliana Hart.
Descr. origin, in BuJl. li. 0. C. Oct. Meet. 1898. No. LVI. p. 8.
<J ad. Top of head, sides of head, and complete collar across the crop-region,
separating the white throat from the orange-yellow breast and abdomen, about
5 — 7 mm. wide, pure black. Entire bill pure black. Back, rump, upper tail- and
upper wing-coverts olive-green, with a faint orange wash. The black cap separated
from the colour of the back by an orange-yellow band of about 5 — 7 mm. width,
slightly interrupted by the colour of the back in the middle. Rectrices black, edged
and tipped with greenish olive, narrower on the outer, wider on the middle pairs,
and more olive towards the bases. Remiges black, lined with white towards the
bases of the inner webs, primaries on the outer webs narrowly edged with pale
grey, secondaries with olive-green. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white, witli
yellow borders. Thigh-feathers orange-yellow, black at base, and with a white spot
before the yellow tip. Remainder of underside deep orange-yellow. Feet light
bluish slate-colour, iris brown. Wing (U — (is mm., tail OS, exposed portion of
culmen 19 — 20 mm. ? ad. Above dark olive-brown, more greenish on the rumj)
and upper tail-coverts. Tail with the outer webs of the lateral rectrices and both
( 77 )
webs of the central pair olive-green. Chin and throat white, with some diisky tips
to the feathers. Breast and abdomen yellow, separated from the white throat by
an ill-defined brownish band.
This interesting form stands somewhat between Pachycephala melanura and
P. collaris in the colour of the tail. It resembles somewhat P. littayei from the
Loyalty Islands ; but the male is brighter orange below, and tlie tail differs. This
Thickhead has only been met with on Rossel Island and St. Aignan. On the
former island it is evidently very common. It is difficult at present to decide
whether it should be regarded as a " good species," or cast into the limbo of
subspecitic forms pertaining to the melanura group.
3. Pachycephala meeki Hart.
Descr. origin, in BaU. B. 0. C. Nov. Meet. 1898. No. LVII. p. 15.
S ad. Similar to P. lei/coyaster, but diflfers in having the black less sharply
defined, and almost passing into the slaty grey-colonr of the back, which is much
darker and somewhat more blackish than in P. lencoyaster. Tail almost black,
tipped and narrowly edged with grey. Ujiper tail-coverts black in the type-
specimen, which is probably the oldest male in the collection, greyish slate, or even
grey, with hardly a slaty tinge in some of the others. The colour of the back is
also not equally dark in all specimens, lieing not much darker than in P. leucogaster
in some of the specimens. The sides of the l)reast and abdomen are grey, not
white, as in P. leucogaster and P. arctitorques. Guttural collar black, about 1 0 mm.
wide. Throat, breast, and abdomen white. Thighs slaty grey, tips whitish. Iris
browny, bill and feet black. Wing 81 — 82 mm., tail 64, culmen from base 17 mm.
? ad. Differs from the adult male in having the crown uniform with the back, the
guttural collar slaty grey instead of black, the abdomen tinged with buff, tail and
upper tail-coverts grey, not blackish. Less mature females were by a mistake
described as the adult /«;w«fe in the Bull. B. 0. C. {I.e.). They are above mouse-
brown, more greyish on the njiper tail-coverts ; an indistinct line over the eyes and
ear-coverts rufous brown. Throat bnfty white, remainder of nndersurface rusty
buff', chest with a few small and narrow blackish lines. Middle of abdomen whitish,
sides of chest and flanks washed with brownish grey. Under wing- and under tail-
coverts pale buff', almost white. In a still younger age they are above, especially on
the edges of the.rectrices, slightly tinged with greenish olive, the secondaries and
upper wing-coverts are broadly edged with rusty rufous, the nndersurface heavily
marked with blackish brown shaft-stripes. Bill pale brown.
This most interesting Thickhead is evidently common on Kossel Island.
4. Edoliosoma rostratum Hart.
Descr. origin, in Bull. B. O. C. Dec. Meet. 1>>98. No. LVIII. p. 2U.
S ad. Bluish slate-colour, ear-coverts darker, almost black, lores, chin, and line
at gape black. Remiges black, inner webs broadly margined with white, this white
extending over the basal half of the inner web in the primaries, but gradually increas-
ii:ig, and in the secondaries almost reaching to the tip. Outer webs of the remiges
bordered with slaty grey, lighter than the back. Central rectrices slaty grey like the
back, black along the shaft, and broadly tipped with black. The other rectrices
( 78 )
black with narrow grey tipb, the outermost pair broadly tipped with grey. Iris
dark browu, bill aud feet black. Bill very large and .-itroagly hooked. Culmen
from base 43—44 mm., wiug 135, tail 115, bill from nostril to tip 20-5 — 21 mm.
$ ad. aud i jiiv. Above greyish browu, crown bluish ash-colour in adult ffjiinlif,
of the colour of the back iu youug birds. Narrow sujierciliary line pale rufous.
Broad strij)e behind eye aud lores blackish grey. Ear-coverts pale rusty browu, with
dark greyish stripes. Remiges blackish, outer webs narrowly, inuer webs broadly,
bordered with pale cinnamon. Central rectrices pale greyish brown, narrowly
tipped with pale cinnamon. Remainder of rectrices blackish brown, broadly tijiped
with eiuuamou. Underside pale cinnamon, sides of neck aud breast more or less
barred with black.
The plumage of the young male is illustrated by some very interesting skins iu
full moult from the rufous cinnamon to the slaty grey coat.
Evidently not rare
5. Monarcha inornatus (C4aru.).
6. Monarcha melauopterus Gray.
Piezorkijnchus »itlaiiOjjterus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IV. p. 4i0.
There are of this rare bird, which has been discovered on Round Island iu the
Louisiade group by Mr. John Macgillivray, three skins which agree perfectly with
the type iu the British Blusenm. Two are marked " cJ," one " ? " ; but I believe
the latter is marked wrongly. There is, however, another specimen marked
" ? ," which I consider must be the real female. While the adult ynale has the bill
of a dark blue slate-colour, this female has it black, yellowish brown at base of
mandible. The back is greyish browu, the head ashy grey, throat grey, ear-coverts
grey, no black ring round the eyes, upper wing-coverts grey with brown, edges, the
white tips to the lateral rectrices less extended. L»therwisc it is marked aud
coloured like the adult male.
T. Rhipidura louisiadensis sp. nov.
i ad. Forehead cinnamon. Feathers in front of eyes and rictal bristles black.
Top of head earthy browu, with blackish brown centres to the feathers ; hind-neck,
upper part of the back, and upper wing-coverts earthy brown. Ear-coverts very
dark browu. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts cinnamon. Utmost base of
lateral and basal half of central rectrices cinnamon, remainder of rectrices dark
ashy grey, tips of lateral pairs dirty white for about 1',' mm., central pair only with
a fringe of dirty white at the tip for about 1 — 2 mm. Remiges deep browu, inner
webs with rufous buff, onter webs with narrower rusty cinnamon edges. Throat
white, across the crop-region a wide black collar, so frequently found in this genus,
the edges of the lower feather towards the breast edged with white, thus producing
a scaly appearance. Breast aud abdomen white in the centre, rusty brown along
the sides. Under tail-coverts cinnamon-buif, under wiug-coverts white. Wiug
77 — 78, tail 90, tarsus iin, bill from base 14 — 15 mm. " Iris brown, bill aud feet
deep slaty brown, mandible pale at base.''
( 79 )
The six skins before me are all alike, aad all marked as males.
Several uests and a clutch of eggs were found in the latter half of January.
The nests are of the usual form of Rhipidura nests, riding on a branching stick,
forming a tightly woven deep cnii, and having a kind of tail hanging down below the
twig. They consist of fibres and rotten wood. The cujj measures about 4o — 55 mm.
across, and is about 28—35 mm. deep. The two eggs are light yellowish buff, with
a ring of paleliver-brown and darker blackish spots and blotches near the broad end.
They are glossless, and measure Is : 14 and 175 : 13-7 mm.
8. Myiagra plumbea Vig. k Horsf.
Evidently not rare. i ad. " Iris brown, feet black, bill slaty blue." The
young male resembles the oAwli/emale.
9. Gerygone rosseliana sp. nov.
S ad. Upperside greenish olive, hardly perceptibly brighter on the rnmp, some-
what duller on the hind-neck. Eyelids whitish yellow. Eectrices olive-gre}', edged
with greenish olive, inner web with an ill-defined subterminal whitish spot, across
the tail a dull black bar, about 3 — 5 mm. distant from the tip, the width of this
blackish bar being about 5—7 mm. Undersurface bnffy yellow, sides washed with
olive-brown, throat much paler. Iris brown, feet bluish slate-colour, bill black.
Wing 51 — 52, tail 40, tarsus 17, culmen 13 mm. ? similar to the male, but
somewhat duller and slightly more brownish.
There are only three males &nCioaQ female from Rossel Island.
10. Myzomela albigula Hart.
Descr. origin, in Bull. B. O. G. Dec. Meet. 1898. No. LVlll. p. 20.
(? ad. Upperside greyish blackish brown, feathers of the crown, rump, and
upper tail-coverts with paler edges. Tail blackish brown. Remiges blackish brown,
inner webs with broad pale ashy white borders, outer webs narrowly edged with
dusky grey. Throat and chin pale brownish grey, in some specimens almost pure
white, with a short, more or less developed dark red line, formed by the red tips to
the feathers, on the lower portion of the throat. Chest dark ashy brown, remainder
of underparts a little paler ashy brown, most of the feathers with slightly paler
edges, thus producing a faintly streaked appearance. Under wing-coverts greyish
white or whitish grey. Iris brown, bill black, legs and feet bluish slate-colnur.
Wing 75, tail 58, culmen from forehead 23-5, tarsus 20 mm. ? ad. Smaller, mostly
paler on the underside, throat in nearly all the specimens before me whitish, in sharp
contrast to the dark chest. Wing 68, tail 53, culmen 21 mm.
This interesting species of Mi/zomela seems to be common on Rossel Island.
The name I gave to it is perhaps not very luckily chosen, as only some of the males
have the throat white ; but this is probably (?) the most complete dress of the adnlt
bird.
( 80 )
11. Zosterops pallidipes De Vis.
Descr. origin, in Ofth-ial Report on New Guinea, Birds, No. 51. 1880.
S ad. Uiii)erside uniform olive-green. Rectrices blackish brown, with olive-
greeu edges. Reiniges deep blackish browu, outwardly margined with the colour of
the liack, inner edges and under wing-coverts yellowish white. Ronud the eye a
broad ring of silvery white scaly feathers, under the eye a blackish patch. Under-
surface greenish yellow, chest and sides more olive greenish, throat and middle nf
abdomen almost pure yellow. " Iris brown, feet dark dirty yellow, bill above dark
brown, mandible and lower edge of upper jaw very light brown towards the tip."'
AVing 67, tail 49, cnlmen 18-5—19, tarsus 19-5—20 mm. ? ad. Like the adult
male, but a little smaller, wing only 62 mm., tail 45 mm.
This very distinct species is evidently common on Rossel Island.
12. Dicaeum nitidum Tristr.
This, 1889. p. 555. Nov. Zool. 1898. p. 528.
This species has been described from Sndest : but Meek met with it equally
frequent on Rossel Island. The specimens (only males) agree with those from
Sndest Island ; bat the wing is in some specimens as long as 60 and 62 mm., others
being shorter. The colour of the back varies a good deal, being more bluish iu some,
probably freshly moulted, specimens, more olive-green in others.
13. Pitta meeki Rothsch.
Descr. origin, in Bull. B. U. C. No. LVI. Oct. 1898. p. 6.
This tine Pitta is a very remarkable discovery. It resembles superficially the
well-known Fi/t'i macldoti of New Guinea, from which it diflers in the absence of
the black spot on the throat, which is only indicated by a dusky shade, the paler and
nrore greyish 'brown chin and upper throat, the pale greyish brown forehead and
fOre-part of the crown, the light brown (^not deep rufous) hind-neck and hinder-part
of the crown. Round the eye and on the ear-coverts are some pale bluish grey
feathers. The size is considerably less. Wing 98 — 102 mm., tail 45, tarsus 40. The
young bird has the forehead blackish, feathers of throat and chest whitish butf with
ashy brown or almost blackish edges, feathers of the abdomen pale brown with
darker tips, under tail-coverts rosy white, black olive-brown. The adult bird has
the iris browu, bill black, feet light bluish slate-colouv.
A nest, unfortunately without eggs, was found, being a huge clump of rootlets,
sticks, and dry, mostly half decayed leaves, with acu]) nf about 12 cm. in depth, and
measuring about 23 — 25 cm. across on the outside.
14. Eurystomus crassii'ostria Scl.
Common enough. Young specimens were found in February.
( 81 )
15. Alcedo ispida moluccana Less.
Two specimens. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1891. p. 529.
16. Halcyon sordidus colonus Hart.
Nov. Zool. 1896. p. 244.
The specimen from Rossel Island is darker than the tj'pe from Egnm, because
it is in fresher plnmage. The wing measures .86 mm., bill from nostril 36, tail
61 mm.
It is remarkable that we have not received Halcyon sa^o»?o?i?s]|Rams., which
according to Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. XVII. p. 280, occnrs on the " Lonisiade
Islands." Perhaps the locality of the specimen in the British Museum is wrong.
1 7. Halcyon sancta Vig. & Horsf.
Three specimens. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1898. p. 529.
18. Tangsiptera rosseliana Tristr.
Cf. Ibis, 1889. p. 557, and Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVII. p. 309.
This beautiful Kingfisher, described from Rossel Island, and apparently not found
anywhere else, is not rare there. Mr. Meek sent a beautiful series. The adult male
is well described. I.e. I do not, however, find the central rectrices longer than
9'6 inches. The oAxiM female does not differ from the male in colour ; but the tail is
much shorter, being only about 7 — 7'5 inches in length, and the wing is 6 — 8 mm.
shorter. The young bird has the bill blackish, wing-coverts and scapulars edged
with brown, rump and upper tail-coverts streaked with black and blue, the breast
tinged with rusty bnfi', rectrices mostly blue, but the inner webs of all and both webs
of the central pair patched with white. I suppose this is the second plnmage.
The adult bird has the " iris dark brown, the feet yellowish green, the bill
Chinese red."
19. Geofiroyus aruensis cyanicarpus subsp. nov.
The males of the Geoffroyus from Rossel Island agree with Geqfroi/iis ai-uensis
sudestiensis Vis in the absence of the reddish brown patch on the wing-coverts ; but
they differ from both Geoffvoyus aruensis aruensis and G. aruensis sudestiensis in
having the whole edge of the wing from the bend to the beginning of the outmost
primary blue like the under wing-coverts, instead of light green. The under wing-
coverts are of a somewhat darker bine, the sides of the head are distinctly washed
with lilac-blue. The green-colour of mantle and underside is darker and less
yellowish. The lesser upper wing-coverts are darker, the wing about 5 — 10 mm.
longer. The adult female differs from the male in having the whole head brown,
the crown strongly washed with bluish green. Tlie wing is about 1 cm. shorter than
6
( 82 )
the male. The yonng bird in its first plnmage has the crown green like the back ;
the yoang male passes through a plnmage with a brown head like that of theyma/^.
The iris in both sexes is pale yellow, the feet greenish slate-colonr, the npper jaw of
the adult male crimson.
20. Cacatua triton trobriandi Finsch.
Four specimens from Rossel Island agree perfectly with those from Fergusson
and Sudest Island. Cf. Nov. Zool. III. p. 240 (1>;90), and Nov. Zool. V. p. 531
(1»98).
21. Ninox goldiei rosseliana Tristr.
One evidently immature female from Rossel agrees with those from Sndest
Island. The iris is bright yellow, feet dirty yellow, bill pale yellow with stone-grey
patches. Cf Nov. Zool. V. p. 531 (1898)."
22. Accipiter sjiec. inc.
A young male of a Sparrow-hawk from Rossel Island may belong to an unnamed
species ; but without adult specimens I cannot form a definite idea about it. The
thigh-feathers are cinnamou-rufous, barred with whitish. The iris has been yellow.
This bird has nothing whatever to do with Astur etorques, which we have received
from several other islands of the Lonisiade group.
23. Ptilinopus strophium Gould.
One sAxAt.tmale 'from Rossel Island has a purple patch of about an inch in
length on the upper abdomen, formed by the broad purple tips to the feathers.
There is also a very distinct purplish blue line bordering the yellowish white chest-
band. This purple patch on the abdomen is more or less indicated in several other
males. Salvador! {Cat. B. Brit. Mas. XXT. p. 135) mentions a skin from S.E. New
Guinea as having a few small purple spots along the middle of the abdomen.
Specimens from St. Aignau and other places show partly traces of the purple patch,
partly not. Probably the purple patch is only found in very old mates. " The iris
is reddish yellow, feet purple-red, bill pale greenish yellow."
24. Carpophaga salvadorii Tristr.
This beautiful large Pigeon is evidently common on Rossel Island, as it is ou
Fergusson Island. The specimens from the two islands are alike. " The iris is
bright red, feet dark purple, bill bluish slate-colour."
25. Myristicivora spilorrhoa (G. R. (iray).
One male. Cf. Nov. Zool. V. p. 532.
( 83 )
26. Macropygia ? spec. nov.
Several Macropygiae, nntbrtunatel)' most immature, from Rossel, are not eas}-
to determiue. They seem to differ from the bird of Fergusson which has been
named M. cinereiceps, and which I called (Nov. Zool. III. p. 249) M. doreya
cinereiceps, in having the breast more distinctly barred with blackish slaty narrow
bars, and the wing longer. They differ from M. carteretia of New Britain in having
a barred breast, shorter wing, and ashy grey forehead and crown. The abdomen is
also darker. It is to this form, and not to M. carteretia, that the Sudest Island
specimen, which is mentioned in Nov. Zool. V. p. 532, belongs. See also my note
abont the New Hanover Macropijgia in the Appendix to Webster's Throuqh Neio
Guinea, p. 373.
The Louisiade form is apparently nearer to M. cinereiceps than to M.
carteretia.
27. Chalcophaps chrysocMora Gould.
Two nestlings found in February.
2S. Caloenas nicobarica (L.).
Three skins.
29. Megapodius macgillivrayi Gray.
There are three skins from Rossel Island of this Megajjode, which has first been
described from the Louisiade group. The iris is dark brown, the feet chrome-
yellow, or " lemon-chrome," the bill brown. The expression in the Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. XXII. p. 447, in the " Key to the Species " of the genus Megapodius, that
the flanks are blackish grey, is not correct, for they are really of a very deep
chestnut-brown. The species is a very good one.
30. Charadrius dominicus fulvus 6m.
Common in February.
31. Ochthodromus geoflfroyi (Wagl.).
Common from the end of January to the beginning of March.
32. Ochthodromus mongolus (Pall.).
Common during the whole of February.
( 84 )
3;5. Heteractitis incanus brevipes (Vieill).
Ifio females shot on February 12th, isiJS.
34. Tringoides hj^oleucus (L.>.
From end of Jannary to end of February.
35. Limosa lapponica novaezealaudiae Gray.
One male, March 3rd, 1898.
30. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).
Common in February.
18 APR 1399
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. VI. AUGUST, 1899. No. 2.
A EEVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS.
WITH NOTES ON THE WEBSTER-HARRIS EXPEDITION.
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD Pn.D., and ERNST HARTERT.
(Plates V. and VI.)
I.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES.
TOAVARDS the end of ls96 one of iis—Mr. Rothschild— suggested to Mr.
Fivink B. Webster, of Hyde Park, Massachusetts, that he should send out
an expedition to the Galapagos Islands, to collect natural history specimens. The
great interest attached to the fauna of the Galapagos Islands since Darwin's
explorations became still more intense thmngh the most successful recent explora-
tions of Messrs. Baur &■ Adams. The bulk of the collections made by these two
gentlemen was purchased from the late Dr. Baur, and is now in the Tring Museum.
Their study made the desire for more material more ardent.
Mr. Webster was much interested in the proposed scheme, and he arranged an
expedition in March 1S97, under the command of Mr. Charles Miller Harris as chief
naturalist and Mr. S. A. Robinson as sailing master, Messrs. James Cornell, 0. E.
Bullock, and George Nelson as collectors. The party went to ( "olon, where they
intended to charter a suitable vessel. Here poor Robinson, Cornell, and Bullock
contracted yellow fever and died, partly at Colon, partly on their voyage home; and
Nelson, on reaching San Francisco, refused to go on and returned home. Mr. Harris
however, did not despair. He was able, after some delay, to charter the two-masted
schooner Lila am/ Matfic, and left San Francisco, accompanied by Messrs. R. H.
Beck, F. P. Drowne, and ('. D. Hull as collectors. The gross tonnage of the vessel
was 105'T6, the length 93 feet. The crew, including the captain, consisted of five
persons. Besides a yawl-boat with sail belonging to the vessel, an 18-feet-long,
flat-bottomed, high-nosed skiff, was taken for landing in surf.
The unfortunate delay caused by the deplorable fate of Messrs. Robinson,
Bullock, and (Jornell, was much to be regretted in several ways. The original
intention to make extensive collections on Guadalupe, several islands of the Revilla
Gigedo group, on Cocos and Malpelo Islands opposite the coast of Colombia, and to
visit the uliknowu and doubtful islands of Duncan and Gallego, between the Revilla
Gigedo group and the Galapagos Islands, had to be abandoned, and only a short stay
could be made on Clarion Island, the most western ishxud ol' tiie Revilla Gigedo
group, while Cocos Island, the exploration of which was considered specially
( 86 )
importaut, tould mit lie visited at all, ou account of the equatorial calms approach-
ing, wliicli would luivc made im]iossible the return of the vessel for a cousi<lei'alde
time. It is also, probably, due to this delay that no nests and eggs of any of the
land-birds were found ; several of the islands could not be visited as long as had
originally been intended, and the desired research for remains of dead tortoises
could not be made to the extent which would have been useful.
Notwithstanding, however, these shortcomings, Mr. Harris' party, which
returneil to San Franciso in February 189s, collected on the whole very successfully.
The material of birdskins and land tortoises is evidently by far the largest and best
ever amassed on the Galapagos Islands. The following article will show the result
of our study of the birds. In the arrangement of the species we have followed
the most important article of Mr. Eidgway, for the convenience of those who may
wish to compare our notes with his. A\'e have not given detailed descriptions
of all the species, this having been done by Ridgway; and of synonyms and of
literature we have only qnoted those referring to sj)ecies or occurrences on the
Galapagos Islands, and a few more important quotations.
Before our article we have printed the two separate diaries of Messrs. Harris
and Drowue, and have incorporated some interesting and characteristic reproductions
of original jihotographs and pen-and-ink drawings by Drowne.
II.
DIARY OF CHARLES MILLER HARRIS.
June 21, LSUT.— We left San Francisco. A southerly wind took us out to the
Farralones. At about 4 p.m. the wind died out, and at dark we were drifting about
north of the Islands. Four big California whales were seen sporting about the vessel.
June Tl. — Laid by the islands all night, as there has been no wind. Mnrre,
western gull and albatross very j)lentiful. I have been unj)ackiug and arranging
workshop all day. This afternoon we have been getting down the coast three or
four knots per hour.
June 23. — Breeze freshened during the night, and to-day we are off Pigeon
Point. Worked nnpacking and cleaning guns. Saw a large hump-back whale
covered with barnacles. At 4 p.m. we were oft' Point Sur, one hundred miles south
of San Francisco. Nine-knot breeze at bedtime.
June 24. — Fresh breeze this morning. Found out that con<lcnsed milk had
been left out of order. At 5 p.m. log registered 316 knots. Hull and Beck helping
out on watch.
June 25. — Fair winds still. Spoke American three-mast schooner C/iallenger,
bound for San Francisco, and asked her to report us. Saw some small petrels,
probably " Least Petrels." At 7 p.m. log 52'.) knots.
June 2(i. — Coming on deck at 0.30 found that we were in sight of Guadalupe
Island. Dnring the night a flying fish came aboard, ](i in. length, 10 in. spread.
At noon log 070 knots.
June 27.— Still fair wind. At noon log 872 knots. Albatross and petrels
still with us. iSaw several birds, either terns or jaegers. At noon passed through
quantities of Spanish sail fish.
June 28. — This morning small bunches of barnacles floated by; the water was
full of them. At noon 1045 knots. Wind dving out.
( 87 )
June 2U. — Calm this morning. No wind. No birds. At noon \\l~ knots.
Making plans to work Clarion Island.
June :JU. — Still ligbt winds. Making 2 or 3 knots an hour. At noon
1187 knots. Saw tropic bird, flying fish, Spanish mackerel.
./'//// 1. — This morning Beck killed two tropic birds {Phnethon ruhricauda)
and two shearwaters.* At noon l^o.S knots. Towards evening Hull shot a tropic
bird and I shot two red-footed boobies.
Jubj 'Z. — To-day we killed several red-footed and blue-faced boobies,t and
frigate birds, and one tropic bird. Noon 1344 knots. Breeze freshened towards
night. Sighted Clarion Island at 3 p.m. At dusk laid to about fifteen miles to the
windward of the island, preparing to land in the morning.
Juli/ 3 and 4. — Owing to strong current and some wind we drifted to
leeward of the island. About lU.30 we anchored in Sulphur Bay, and landed at once.
As we approached the island the boobies and frigate birds began to come and alight
on the vessel, sometimes lifteeu or twenty at a time; while at times five hundred
or so would circle around. In all the trip we did not find birds so fearless ! We
could see on the sides of the island great patches of the birds (colonies). Found
blue-faced boobies breeding in numbers. They make a small hollow in ground,
laying one and two eggs, generally two — in no case were more than two found.
Red-footed boobies we found breeding by thousands. J They make a shallow nest
of sticks, occasionally a little grass and a few feathers; the nest is placed in the
bushes from 3 to 15 feet from the ground. Number of eggs in no case exceeding
one! There were young birds in all sizes, from just hatched to fully developed,
and eggs from fresh to advanced.
On this island we only saw two red-footed boobies in a grey plumage, which we
got; all the others, old and young, were white. (Later it will be noted that at
Tower Island the majority were in grey plumage.) On this island the birds built
their nests in compact colonies, while on Tower Island they were spread all over the
island. Several species of butterflies, grasshoppers, and a sphinx moth were observed.
Some eighteen or twenty snakes were captured. When taken they appeared to vary
much in colour, some being brownish, some blackisli, and some greenish. Small
wren § abundant; some old nests found. Oval, entrance on side, near top, sort of
roofed over; nest placed in crotch or on limb.
Ravens were fairly abundant, but very shy. Some were shot, but the plumage
was 80 poor that we did not save them. They evidently were breeding, as voung
birds were shot. Ground owl were abundant. |i Doves were also ]ileiitiful.
Observed two kinds of lizards : one a light grass-green — one of the most lively
and pretty lizards I ever saw ; the other a light brown with stripes ; both kinds
collected. Several red land crabs were taken on the tops of the hills. Salt-water
crabs were abundant alnng the shores. Saw a small Octopus, arms about 20 in.
It went under a big rock ; we poked a pole at it, and it took hold and held on with
great strength.
Small sharks were abundant in the shallow water of bay. The mate harpooned
a loU-lb. green turtle, whicli was very good eating. There is a small tree-like bush
on this island, that wlien wounded bleeds a milk-like matter very freely. The
cactus, like the prickly ]iear-cactus of California, very abundant. It is very
* Puffiiius auriciilaris and Acetfelata lieraldUa. § Trogloili/trs (aimeri,
t Snla cyaHojJs. || Speotyto curiUmtaria rust rata.
J This is Sula 2>itcatrix wehstcri Eothsch. Sec p. 177. ^ Zenaidura "lariunemis.
( 88 )
difficult to get through these plants. A wild inorning-glorv is iibuiidaut on island.
Along till! beach are coral rocks, and many pieces of coral washed up and worn.
Tiu' hushes on which the boobies build have thorns say 2 in. All through
thi'ui are the remains of boobies that have been caught and ])erisiied. We killed
all the boobies reiiuired with sticks.
( 'omjileted, and returned to vessel at noon of 4th. Had a special dinner for
the occasion. Hoisted anchor about 'i p.m., and stood south. Had some lireworks
in the evening.
Wo did not work the island completely, only the section of 8ulphnr Bay.
"Would have liked to complete it, but did not feel justified in delaying.
J,//y o. — Fair breeze last night, calm at evening. .Ml hands attended to
specimens.
Jitli/ 1-1. — Calm. All working. Sharp showers in afternoon and eveiiiiig.
Sailor captured a red-footed booby on bowsprit at dusk.
Jidi/ 7. — Still calm. Finished the skinning of the boobies.
July 8. — Blew booby eggs.
Red-footed : Small eggs IM x 1.16 to 2.10 x l.oU inches.
Average size, 2SM x 1.55 to 2.45 x 1.60 inches.
Large, 2.00 x 1.56 inches.
Blue-faced booby eggs :
Average, 2.70 x 1.75 ; 2.50 x 1.75 : 2.00 x 1 .70.
July 9.— Sailing south slowly, none of us feeling well on account of hot
weather.
J/tl'/ 10. — Calm nearly all day. Rain squall in afternoon.
July 11. — Heavy swell and showers.
July 12. — Fresh S.W. wind all day. Making from 4 to 7 knots. Saw a
booby with blue neck.
Jul'/ i'i. — About 4-knot breeze all day. Saw albatross first with white colour ;
all others seen were grey, to date.
July 14.— Fair breeze all day.
July 15.— Showers and S.W. wind. Filling empty barrels with rain-water.
Saw schools of porj)oise.
July If). — Showers in morning, in afternoon ran into S.E. wind and heavy soa.
At \) p.m. a stpiall carried away mainsail halyard, and mainsail had to be bent for
night. Vessel making 4 knots per hour under foresail and jib.
Jul// 17. — Rigging repaired, and at !• a.m. main sail reefed and set to the
wind. Large school of porpoise under our bows.
July la. — Wind fresh and course favourable. Have struck the S.E. trade
winds.
July 19. — Fine wind; making about 145 knots jier day now.
July 20. — Saw a large turtle this morning, also three ])orpoiscs. Saw three
petrels ; they looked large and black, showing no white. If wind holds shall be at
t'ulpejiper Island on Sunday.
July 21. — Made a good run, 167 knots in twenty-four hours. Saw a very
dark booby.
July 22. — Still fair wind. AVeather cool and everything lovely. All feeling
well. Struck with harpoon two porpoise, but failed to land them.
July 23. — Wind and weather still good. Packed the Clarion Island birds.
Painting boxes inside with carbolic acid.
( 89 )
.Tahi 'l\. — Quite cool this morning ; birds becoming quite abundant, indicating
approach to C'ulpep])ev Island. Should be off the island to-night.
Jubj 2,"). — Cloud}- this morning, and no island in sight. Quantities of birds
indicate onr nearness to island. Birds seen : Gulls, terns, petrels, shearwaters,
tnrnstone, man o' war, boobj-. A flycatcher came aboard, and I canglit it with a
net (^Mt/iurchui ma<inirostris). The island was sighted b}' (Japtain Lenbridge at
3.3.5 p.m., fifteen miles N.E. After supper we drew near very rapidly. Found
it very abrupt. The north side looks like an immense wall of masonry, each layer
of rock six feet thick ; on west side is a peculiar dome-shaped rock ; on east side
is a reef terminating with an arched rock of considerable height. There are
apparently bushes and cactus on top of island.
Thousands of above-mentioned birds are circling about the islaml ; their cries
are literally deafening ! The rocks are whitened and streaked with the excrements
of the birds. We will lay by the island all night if there is no anchorage. Birds
are very tame. Every one is well, and impatient to begin work.
Jubj 20. — Last night drifted to the southward of Wenman Island, and at
daylight the Captain headed for it, thinking it was Culpepper.
We reached Culpepper at 8.3U.
Hull and myself went ashore. Found marine iguanas abundant. Frigate-
birds breeding (one egg collected). P/iffiniis siihalari,^ was breeding (eggs collected).
This bird lays one white egg, and nests in little holes under rocks and in the cliffs ;
and it also seems to take pains to seclude. The birds are very tame, allowing one
to take them from the nest with one's hands. The Atwtts galapaf/oensis lays a very
prettily spotted egg, and nests in similar places, but more openly. Occasional
sticks and feathers in the nest. Creagrus furcatus was breeding. We fonpd no
nest, but took a misplaced egg. No doubt plenty were on the top of the island.
Killed one ProceUariu. Red-footed * and blue-faced t boobies both Ijreeding.
Ground doves very abundant and excessively tame. Mocking birds {Xesomlinus)
and Ih-mlroica abundant. Two or three species of Oeospiza observed and taken.
Shot a turustone. Hull shot a cub fur seal. More seen. Two species of crabs
seen. Put up twenty-five skins after returning to vessel at 2 o'clock.
July 27.— This morning all hands at work ; put up twenty-seven skins and the
cub seal. In the afternoon all went ashore and worked on the east edge of the
island. It is the only part of the island that can be worked. I killed a large
brown hair seal, but from lack of time did not save it. Beck and Drowne killed a
number of birds, among them two beautiful tropic birds {Fhu}thoii ui'thereus).
Took eggs of frigate bird, tern and shearwater. The black-capped ternj is extremely
abundant at this island. There are thousands of them, and they appear to be breed-
ing on the top of the island. We did not observe them outside of thirty miles
from the island. No chance whatever of reaching the top of the island. The
frigate birds are very bold, one swooping down and pulling off Beck's cap.
July 2s. — All hands put up fifty skins to-day.
Julij 29. — All a.shore collecting to-day, returning about 3.3ii. I'nt up twelve
skins. Intend to leave for Wenman with first wind. ( 'aim now.
The formation of Culpepper Ishmd is volcanic rock and sandstone. Vegetation,
several species of vines, bushes, and cactus. Fur seal ; 2 taken. Hair seal ; 2 shot,
not saved. Reptiles, iguanas ; 2 taken, put in alcohol. Of insects we saw flies like
the common house fly. There were several beetles taken from stomach of dove, but
* SulajtUcatrij; tcffintei't. f Sula varli'tjaia. % Sicrna fulufinona.
( 90 )
niifortnnately they were lost. Two species of crab ; f) taken and [nit in alcoliol.
Fisli very abundant abont the island. One very hriglif (foUl tiali, like qolil leaf, say
8 to 12 li>. in wciuht. It was cool and comfortable dnring all our stay. There seemed
to be a number of fnr seals abont the reef and arched rock. (We only observed fnr
seal at Cnlpcpper and Wenman — more plentiful at 'Weiiman.)
Jiib/ ;iO. — Worked jmtting uji skins and blowinir eirjjs.
Jtili/ 31. — The morning found ns closi' to Wenman Island.
After breakfast we went ashore. The island is a portion of a crater — with one
side gone. Most of the middle and large island is a higii sharp ridge, inaccessible ;
but one end flattens out in two directions, having a flat top, over which we collected.
There is a big rock on one cud of the main island, and off the other is a small round flat
island. We returned to the vessel about 13, and put up 5s skins by 8 o'clock. Beck
secured a heron and several Crenffrus eggs. The black-capped tern — -so plentiful
at Culpepper — is only a straggler here. The male frigate bird sits on the edge of
nest and distends its pouch like a child's toy rubber balloon : if you frighten it oiT it
goes with pouch distended. We could see them from the vessel sailing around,
with the bright scarlet pouches showing to advantage. The frigate birds we found
to lay only one egg, breeding both on gronnd and on bushes, seeming to prefer the
latter ; nest 2 to 8 feet from gronnd.
Ally. ]. — To-day I took the mate and one sailor, and went after fur seal, securing
several. They were found lying in caves among the rocks, and were shot or clubbed
on being aroused. We caught one small one. This appeared to be say 3 or 4
weeks old.
Ai((j. 2. — Expected to work the island to-day, bnt we are five miles oft" and
drifting away. Calm.
Aug. 3. — Still calm, and cannot get to the island in the afternoon. Put out
boat, and boys jiicked np petrels and tern.
Anf). 4. — All hands worked the island to-day, securing sixty birds, eggs, shells,
etc., also one centijiede. We returned to the vessel about 3 j).m., and pnt np our
stuff. Vessel headed for Abingdon with a passable wind. We took one specimen
of lirge Geospiza — possibly mcu/n/rosfrig* This was the only one seen on the
island. Presumably the Ccrthulca and Geoapiza are new species, and the black-
capped tern is new to the islands. This refers to both C'nlpepper and Wenman.
Wenman Island consists principally of volcanic rock aud some sandstone. The
island consists properly of three islands. These are a steep inaccessible rock ;
tiie large main island, part of which can be worked ; and a low, flat island, which
has been gone over. Vegetation : cactus bushes, vines, and a white morning glory.
Mammals : fur seal, brown hair seal ; a cub seen was cream colour, with blackish
spots. Ignanas, turtles, centipedes, and house flies. Three or four kinds of water
crabs. Shidls and urchins abundant. Many species of bright fish. One specimen
of frigate bird, thirty-six of which were taken here, was very ])ecnliarly coloured.
I'V'et madder red ; gular sac, eyelids and bare space indigo ; bill horn ; iris dark
brown : this colouring being entirely different from any others.
The CrcAujrus makes its nest by gathering chips of lava and piling them around,
leaving a hollow. I noticed the feet of the bine-faced booby Imvo a more greenish or
bluish cast than those from C'larion Island. t Kae<' and gular sac darker. In other
words, the flesh parts are a darker colour than on those from Clarion. 1 secured one
* O. stmiva. Sec p. 15.5.
f Those frnm Clarion Islnnd were trno iSiiht cyani^pa, tho^e liorc Svhi rdvji'iiata.
( 91 )
yonng B/iforirks ; no adults seen. A few black-capped tern taken oflF the island — not
resident. Bird life not as abundant on Weiiman as on Culpt'pper. I noticed tliat
the Geospiza are carrion-feeding birds, eating from dead carcases of seal ; also
observed them feeding on vermin on the boobies, standing on the feet and backs of
the boobies for that pnrpose. Many old nests of Geospiza and mocking birds were
seen, but none found breeding.
Aug. 5. — Worked all day on skins, eggs, turtle. Abingdon Island not sighted.
Have been heading S.E., but current drifting us N.
Aug. 6. — Calm all day. Have drifted N.W. to a position E. of N. of V\\\-
pepper at noon.
Aug. 7. — Foggy all day. No observation. Probably S.W. ol' ('ulpei)per,
as we have been heading that way.
Aug. 8. — Still calm and foggy. We are somewhat N.W. of N. Albemarle, in
long. 93 or 94.
Aug. 9. — Made some S. and E. to-day. Baw some flocks of turnstone.
Aug. 10. — A good wind from 12 m. to 5 p.m. brings us in sight of N. Albemarle-
It is very high land. Wind dies out about 11, and we drift N. again.
Aug. 11. — Calm during the morning. Albemarle in sight part of the time. A
light wind during afternoon and night ; if it continues bids iair to bring us to
Abingdon by morning. Saw a large bird, dark, with spread of 4 or Tj feet, flight like
an albatross. (Note. — We saw nothing like it afterwards.)
Aug. 12. — Abingdon in sight on getting up in the morning, 12 to 15 miles away.
Arrived off the west side of the island about 11.30. As soon as dinner was over,
the mate took a boat and made soundings, and at 4 p.m. we anchored in 8 fathoms,
IJ mile north of Cape Chalmers. Bottom coarse sand and rock. Hair seal very
tame. Several turtle seen. I shot a pelican with a rifle as it flew by.
Aug. 13.— Abingdon Island. All bauds started at (i.3il iu the small boat, and
lauded north of vessel. I instructed each man to collect about twenty birds, and be
back at the boat at 11. Drowne failed to show up. Search was instituted, and at
about 3 p.m. he was found by me on opposite side of island. He was well exhausted
and scratched. He had got lost, and lost his head.
Aug. 14. — Browne's escapade yesterday knocked us out a whole day. We luid
to put up yesterday's birds, saving about seventy.
Aug. 15. — In the morning all went ashore. Hull and Drowne gatliered
urchins and shells, while I collected about fifteen birds. In the afternoon took care
of the birds.
Aug. 10. — Beck, Hull, and myself collected on south end of the island, landing
at Cape Chalmers. Very rough climbing about, and birds not as plentifnl as on
the north end. Drowne cleaned shells, etc., while we were going. Put up birds in
the afternoon. Deserted nests of small birds very plentiful on south end. I note a
number of trees have been cut down on the south end, probably by people from
vessels.
Aug. 17. — Again collected on the north end, and in the afternoon put up our
birds.
Aug. 18. -In morning collected the north end. At 2 p.m. hoisted anchor and
sailed for Bindloe. Good wind. Put up sixty-five birds in the afternoon.
The north end of Abingdon is bare lava, the sontli end covered with vegetation
as follows : A wild cotton bush, liearing a beautiful yellow flower ; a tree cactus,
with smooth trunk, some 2 ft. througli, some 15 ft. high. Tlu; Geosjiiza pick holes
( 9-2 )
in the leaves while feeding, and tbe sap and dew which fall at night accumulate
and evidentl}- fnrnish water for them. A white-barkeil tree, often 20 ft. high,
resembling an apple tree, exuding a yellow pitch ; thorn bushes ; grass and vines.
Hair seal, reptiles, ignauas, turtles, and two species of lizards. Insects : house
flics, grasshoppers, and several butterflies.* Perhaps a dozen butterflies seen on
the wing ; many brilliant fish ; three species of sea crabs. Buteo, common and
breeding : one nest found in cactus, 10 ft. from ground ; nest of sticks lined with
grass very substantial, containing one fresh egg, white with slight greenish tint.
Geospiza, about five species taken. The number of each Geospiza collected fairly
representing their relative numbers on the island.
No water found. Do not think tortoise exist here ; we could find no signs.
Black males of Geospiza strenua fairly common. More birds exist on southern
slope than on northern parts.
Any. 19. — Worked on birds, etc. Arrived off Bindloe at 4 p.m., but wind
died ont and could not anchor. The island seems to be mostly bare lava. Gloomy
and forbidding. Patches of brush and trees show up in places.
Atig. 20. — Good wind all night, and this morning early we were off' the north end
of the island. Spent the day cruising about looking for an anchorage. One day lost
by the liesitancy of the captain. About 4.30 drojiped anchor in about 1 1 fathoms
at place marked lo fathoms on chart (farther in). We landed for a few minutes
in the evening.
Aug. 21. — Bindloe. All hands went ashore early collecting ; got a fair lot
of birds. Beck went to the interior of tlio island, l>nt got nothing different from
what we got on the coast.
Aug. 22. — Hull and I took a long tramp to-day, wrapi)ing our feet and legs
in canvas for crossing lava. We went to the top of the island, and visited a number
of patches of brush looking for birds. I secured one mule Pyrocephulus. .One
young iii'de taken, but nofemole. The bird is here certainly very rare, as the two
noted were the only ones seen by the party. Geospiza crassirostris are very rare.
The island is an immense lava bed, crowned with a few hills covered with vegetation,
and a few small patches of brush on some side hills. Bird life is not jilentiful on
Bindloe Islanil.
Aug. 23. — All went ashore early and collected till 10 a.m., when we came
aboard and weighed anchor, sailing for Tower Island with a strong southerly wind.
I have been sick all day, not working after getting aboard.
Aug. 24. — I have been feeling unwell all day. At 2 p.m. we tacked ship
within 10 miles of Bindloe, having been sailing 20 hours with a strong wind, and not
gained an inch. Steering E. by S. and S.S.E. ; current and sea setting us to N.E.
Aug. 25. — At noon to-day our position was about 50 miles N.E. of Tower, with
no immediate prospects of getting there.
Aug. 26. — At noon to-day 40 miles N.E. of Tower, and everybody " out
of sorts."
Aug. 27. — At 12 noon, lat. 51°, long. 88°. No cactus was observed on Bindloe,
but on a beach was found a vine growing, bearing a jiod like a pea, and with a
flower like a purple sweet pea. Hair seal and iguanas were j)leutifnl. AVe also saw
dragon-flies and grasshopjiers. Several species of bunch-grass grow on the island.
Aug. 28. — At noon we found our location to be 25 miles S.E. of Tower,
having had a southerly wind during the night and morning. AVe decided to skip
• llio)te spec.
( 93 )
Tower for the present and make Indefatigable, having a fiivonrable wind to
proceed south. In the evening light from a volcano showed very brightly from the
direction of James Island.
Aug. 29. — This morning, on getting up at 0.30, found that we were becalmed in
the passage between James and Indefatigable, just off Daphne Islands, about 10 miles
from Conway Bay. During the day we managed to beat up to the bay, and
dropped anchor in 5 fathoms under the Lea of Eden Island. Indefatigable Island
slopes gently to the summit, and is thickly covered with vegetation. We can see
from the vessel what looks like mangrove trees along the shore ; also very tall
cactus. The volcano on James is very active, and this evening made a grand sight
to watch.* Conway Bay is a fine liarbour.
Aug. 30. — This morning all liands went ashore on Indefatigable, and collected,
69 birds being the result. Birds very plentiful and tame.
Aug. 31. — All hands collected to-day ; saved 54 birds. Beck secured two
large turtle. Drowne reports seeing a cuckoo. Shot at it, but failed to secure
it. I secured a small wood rat. Saw two more, but could not get them. Got
eight or ten very large crawfish, making a nice supper.
Sept. 1. — All hands collected this morning. Beck got two more rats ;
Drowne another turtle. I got three ducks and two rails. Saw and shot at a
cnckoo. The cuckoos were very shy. Bills of ducks are plumbeous blue, not
black, as Kidgway states in his book. Saved 54 birds. Beck killed twenty odd
birds with stones. I secured a Geoipiza with a few white feathers on the head.
Sept. 2. — All hands collected to-day. Yesterday Hull secured an egg of
the Buteo ; it was well incubated, which would seem to indicate that the hawks
lay bnt one egg. The mate found a nest of the blue heron with three fresh eggs,
but broke one in getting them.
Sept. 3. — To-day we took the yawl-boat, and sailed north along tlie coast of
Indefatigable, about nine miles, making a landing at 11 a.m., and staying till 2 p.m.
Took a set of pelican eggs ;. nest in mangroves. If we had a naphtha launch we could
have collected all this locality and several islands, and vessel remained at Conway
Bay, saving hours daily and severe labour. One of the sailors reports seeing a
small snake. Grasshoppers, iguanas, lizards, and a few small butterflies seen.
Sept. 4. — Weighed anchor this morning, and sailed for Duncan, arriving at
noon, but could find no anchorage. I took a short trip on the island, and could
find no suitable camping jjlace, so have got to lay to.
Sept. 5. — Hull, Drowne and I landed about 7.30 this morning, intending to
shoot birds. About 11 we got into an immense crater, about half a mile across,
full of vegetation. I had not been in tliis long before I discovered a tortoise.
Calling the other boys, we seciired it, and searched for more. We found seven in
the course of the afternoon, turning them on their backs and weighting them with
heavy rocks, as we thought sufficiently. Got back to vessel after dark very tired,
leaving tortoise to be got on Tuesday. The captain against my wish ran back to
Conway Bay.
Sept. 0. — Put up about seventy birds to-day : loaded cartridges, |mado turtle
skins, etc. Heavy swell from south. We are going to bring down the tortoise
to-morrow. It will be almost killing work, but it must be done.
Sept. 7. — All hands landed on the east side of the island, leaving our lunch
at the boat, expecting to be back at noon with three tortoise. On getting to the
* See line 3 above, and pp. 9.5 ami IH. The volcanoes are supposed to be inactive ! — Ed.
( 94 )
crater we fonnil one big tortoise dead, one of the bitr rocks that wo liail weighted
it with liaving fliUen on its head aud shnt its wind off. Several of tlie others had
got loose, but all were found : also a smaller one. At noon we had just got the
tortoise secured, and were two miles from lunch, and onr water was short. Knowing
that we should be obliged to take onr tortoise down to the west coast of the island,
we decided to let dinner go. Two men each took a tortoise lashed to a pole, and
started for the coast. It was the hardest work that I ever did for my part, and I
gness that the rest thought the same. At 4 we got to shore above a high blnff.
We tied them here for the night, and started for the boat, two miles across the
island. This was very rough work. No dinner I No water I The sailor Charles
was completely exhausted after reaching the boat. Got to the vessel at dark. Beck
secured a rat.
Sept. S. — To-day we landed on the west side of the island, leaving the sailor
Herman to watch the boat. Got to the crater fairly easy. Found the tortoises all
right, except tlie smallest one, which was practically dead. Rats had gnawed a
piece out of one hind foot. They had also gnawed the eye of the large dead tortoise-
The mate brought down one tortoise alone ; the rest of ns two more. Got to shore
abont '2.'^'l Lowered tortoise over the cliff with ropes, f)0 to 7.i ft., reaching the
vessel about O.:^0 with six live tortoises. Got two penguins. Uats appear numerous.
Sept. ',>. — Wind light this morning. Had a hard pull to the island. Drowne,
the mate, and a sailor detailed to bring down two dead tortoise. Hull, Beck, and
myself were to collect. I found a tortoise which I sent down by the mate in place
of a dead one. Sent Beck to explore a little valley at and above the head of the
crater. He returned with a small tortoise, and said that he had seen five more big
ones. Taking one live and one dead tortoise, and a bag of remains, we started for
the boat, getting there abont 4.1 o. Got about 75 birds. I decided, since we were
all very tired and had considerable work to do, to go to Conway Bay and anchor
till Jlonday morning, when we would return and secure the balance of the tortoises.
Sept. 10. — Put up about 7.5 birds.
Sept. 1 1 . — Prepared tortoise aud turtle.
Sept. 12. — This has been a day of rest. Rowed over to Duncan Island and
Eden Island in the morning. Some of the tortoise have eaten and drank. Black
males of small Geospiza quite common on Duncan.
Sept. 13. — Landed on the weather side of Duncan about '.t.3n a.m. The mate,
a sailor and Drowne brought out one live tortoise and bag of remains. Hull, Beck,
and I found and tied up six more. They are in an extremely hard place to get at.
Worth "-iS fr. a day to get them out, for each man — what all the party say each
night. Will anchor in Conway Bay to-night.
Sept. 14. — Landed on lee side of the island quite early. Have decided to let
Hull and Beck camji ashore for a few days, so we packed camp outfit to the top of
the island, pitching tent, etc. : found six more tortoise; carried two large ones
part way to the shore. AVill anchor at C^onway Bay to-night. I am going to let
the mate and Drowne go ashore and camp and help work out tortoise. Do not
feel well myself, and shall stay with vessel. IMate taking my place.
Sept. l."). — Made up the camp dufl'el and landed the mate and Drowne on
Duncan about 9.30. The wind was light this morning, and we were a long time
sailing over from Conway Bay. Will call for them Saturday afternoon, returning
with the vessel to Conway Bay.
Sept. 1(1. — Laid about the vessel all da)'. The caj)tain has been scraping
( 95 )
barnacle from the bottom of tlie vessel. This eveningthe volcano on James has been
very active.
Sept. IT. — Tliis moruiug went ashore in the yawl boat. Got some cactus
for the tortoise to eat. Shot two dncks for dinner. Captain finished his job of
cleaning the vessel.
Sept. 18. — After dinner hoisted anchor and stood over to Dnncan. The boys
came off to the vessel abont 3. 30, bringing seven tortoise. They have eleven more
tied np on the island. It will take them till Thursday night to get them aboard.
Beck brought three rats, which he canglit in traps. The boys say that owls kept
tliem awake in the night with their screeching abont camp.
Sept. 19. — Sunday ; resting up.
Sept. 20. — This morning at 5.30 were under way for Duncan. Landed the
boys about 8. They will camp on shore this time. Have been fixing tortoise pens
to-day. The volcano is on a rampage to-night. (See pp. 93 and 114.)
Sept. 21 and 22. — Have rested. Tortoise eating and drinking well.
Sept. 23. — "Weighed anchor after breakfast and sailed over to Dnncan. We
found on Duncan Island the trails of the tortoise from cactus to cactus — which they
had travelled in their trips for food and water. In places where they had climbed
Jervis Island.
up on the rocks to get at water that had collected they had worn tlie rock smooth
in places, cutting it several inches deep by continued wear, in the centre of crater
where at times the water had settled and killed vegetation. It could be seen
where the tortoise had gone in and wallowed about, the same as the American
bison do. The tortoise were seen eating cactus, leaves from trees, grass, vines,
and lichens on the brush. Tlie boat came out with si.x tortoise abont one o'clock,
rptnniing after the other five. On return of boat to the vessel headed for Jervis
Island. Boys bronght some crabs, bats, iguanas, lizards, and one centipede.
Anchored in fifteen fathoms off Sand Bearli, ."i.4.") ]).m., at Jervis Island.
Sept. 24. — All hands collected on Jervis Island. We went over it thoroughly.
J(>rvis is far the easiest to get about on. There is a small salt lagoon at the back.
Sept. 25.— Put up 105 birds to-day. Will sail for James Bay in the morning.
Crew have been changing things over in hold, making room for the tortoise. Saw
a large whale close to the vessel.
Sept. 20.— Began getting under way after breakfast. Had a hard ])nll getting
in anchor. Arrived at James Bay 1.3u. Anchored in seven fathoms. About 2.30
put out a boat and went to a place marked on the chart "a small run of fresh
water." Found streams all dried np except a little place where a pint of water conld
be got a day. Foniid the skeleton of a man in a little cave on the side of a hill
( 96 )
Not finding water here will oblige us tn slight James Island soiuewliat, I am
afraid.
Sept. 27. — All hands landed early and collected till 1 1 a.m. I got a fine
flamingo iu lagoon. First seen. One of the lagoons is full of salt, and is evidently
used by Mr. Cobos and vessels for obtaining salt. Signs of donkeys and pigs are
abundant, but they must be in the high interior, where they can get water. Worked
all the afternoon ])utting up birds.
SfjjI. 28. — All hands collected this morning and put up birds in afternoon.
Got a load of cactus for tortoise. Trees larger here than any that we have seen thus
far. The black males of Camarhynchi were more common here than on other
islands visited. Beck and I shall be going into the centre of the island to-morrow.
Sept. "-.'O. — This morning at five r>eck and myself started for the interior of the
island, leaving Hull aud Drowne to collect and put up what birds they could.
After a very hard walk, at noon we found ourselves on the top of the island. The
vegetation is tropical in appearance, and if it were not for striking a pig-trail we
could not have got in at all. We saw a number of hogs, and Beck shot a small pig.
We also saw two very fine donkeys. Dark Geospiza strenua and Pi/rocep/ialus, very
common, and well up the mountains. Pijrocephalus very tame, allowing themselves
to be knocked down with a gun-barrel. Secured a small mouse. At 1.40 we started
for vessel (it was so wet that we could not camp for the night), arriving at beach
at 0.20. I was very tired, and shall remember this as a very hard trip. Found the
boys had put up about thirty skins.
Sept. 3ii. — Hoisted anchor after breakfast and started for Sullivan Bay; but the
wind died out entirely, and at bed-time we had made no progress. Put iu the day
packing birds. To-day it has been very hot.
Oct. 1. — Still calm till about 3, when it breezed uj), and in the night we arrived
off Sullivan Bay. Laying-to till morning.
Oct. 2. — This morning at 8 we landed on the beach in Sullivan Bay. All this
end of the island is i)rincipally lava. A few bushes and cactus are scattered about.
Obtained about forty odd birds. They are in much poorer plumage than those at
James Bay, being much worn. This is evidently entirely dne to the rough, harsli
nature of the surroundings. This afternoon we have been sailing towards Indefati-
gable Island. We are in hoj)es of striking water.
Oct. 3. — Spent the day beating up from oif Seymour Island to Gordon Hocks,
looking for water, as Pilot book says there is water on N.E. side of Indefatigable.
Presume this is a typographical error, as there is no water here. They undoubtedly
allude to a place called I'nerte de la Aguada, twelve miles IVom N.E. end. About 4
we dropped anchor in 1.") fathoms in the passage l)etweeu rocks aud mainland.
Just as we were anchoring sighted a small boat in the passage with several people in
it. Hoisted a flag and pulled over to the boat. Found an Englishman, T. Lovick, with
a Portuguese and an Indian from C!harles Island. Invited them on board. They
had supper and will sleeii on the vessel. Levick says that (Charles Island now has
fifty peojjle there. It is being colonised by a man by name of Gill, from Guaya(piil.
He says that it is almost impossil)le to get to the top of Indefatigable. He says there
arc donkeys, dogs aud fruit away on the top of the island, and goats on Barrington.
He gave us mucli information, which will be of use, in return for a little fiour and
tobacco.
Oct. 4. — This morning early we bade our Charles Island friends good-bye.
Landing about 7, we secured a few birds — mostly in worn i)lnniage. ( 'ame on board
( 97 )
at noon, hoisting anchor after dinner and heading for Barrington. Took care of
onr birds in the afternoon.
Uct. •). — Anchored at N.E. end of Harrington Island in h) fathoms at 10 a.m.
After dinner all hands went on shore to kill some goats. Beck, Hull, and I each
kOled one out of a dozen. We also secured a large land if;uaiia and saw several more.
This iguana lives in holes. Is a dirty-white in colour, with indistinct blackish
patches, and has red eyes. This is the first island that we have observed land
iguanas on. We saw a swallow with white belly, but were unfortunate in not
getting it.
Oct. (). — All hands collected this morning, getting about ;")■") birds. Beck
got into a " village " of ignanas, and killed about 2.3. I saw, for the first time,
to be reasonably sure of it, the Progne modesta. The swallow that I saw yesterday
was i)robably the one seen by Baur at Indefatigable. Black malfs, of Geospiza
barringtoni of Ridgway ( = G. scaiidens futiyat'i) were quite common. Beck shot
an owl on board vessel this evening.
Oct. 7. — AVe put up about 4.5 l>irds and secured a bat, also the first snake here
— 35 in. long, greyish ground colour, brown spots, gray gold eyes; also a large centi-
pede. Took a ])icture of and afterwards killed with a stick a Bnforides jdumhetis,
which came and stood on point of the vessel this morning. Last night Beck killed
an owl on the vessel with a stick.
Oct. 8. — All four of us, with the mate and a sailor, went after iguanas, capturing
ten alive, and getting a dozen which we skinned. The iguanas must be about ready
to lay their eggs, as most of the fcnwle-s have nine to fifteen large eggs in them.
Hoisted anchor at 4 p.m., and set sail for Chatham. (300 gal. of water left ; no
chance to obtain any to-day; have been looking for it, and must now go to Chatham.)
Oct. 9 and 10. — Arrived in Wreck Bay on Cliathaai Island yesterday, l.:JO ^.va.^
dropping anchor in five fathoms off the Cobos .Storehouse. Soon after we were
boarded by Captain Barnhotf, master of a schooner which lays in the bay, belongs to
Guayaquil, and is chartered by Cobos to carry sugar. Also the Equadorian (iovern-
ment representative on the island, and two other Spaniards, bringing a package of
mails and a letter from Sefior (Jobos, inviting us to come up to the Hacienda, saying
that there were horses at our disposal. After reading letters went ashore. The two
captains, Hull, and I mounted horses and rode up the road towards the hacienda,
about five miles from the bay. The road is a nice one, and about a mile below the
settlement yoit come to a gateway with the words " El Progresso " above it. From
here to the settlement there are large sugar-cane fields on both sides. Lemon, orange
and fig trees line the roadside. On arriving at Seuor ( lobos' house we were met by
him, and were entertained at supper and through the evening. Cobos is a typical
Spaniard. His house is the only one of any pretensions ; the others are all cane
huts. He has a sugar refinery, and sells his sugar in Guayaquil. He has SUO acres
of sugar cane, loOD coffee trees ; raises oranges, lemons, figs, yucca, eabbagej
bananas, and some other tropical fruit. He has 5UU tame cattle, and lUUO wild ones
run over the island. Wild dogs abound on the island. We saw Progne modesta, also
the other swallow, which is our American barn swallow. We saw a number of
cuckoos (Cocci/ziig). Sefior Cobos has got a fine place here, and he is practically
king. The rest of the population are entirely dependent on him. There is also an
Ecuadorian Government official and some soldiers.
Mr. Colws' engineer is a German. The hacienda looks much like a Californian
ranche. Yesterday was a feast day, being the seventy-seventh anniversary of
( 98 )
Ecuadorian independence ; and in the evening the peons were cnttin>r up " high
jinks," dancing in the "salon," and drinking native brandy. Tlie fonr of us slept
in one room, returning to the vessel about noon to-day.
Beck, Drowue, and the mate came up to the ranche early with cameras, and
returned with us at noon. I contracted with C^obos for water, fruit, etc. Hojie to get
some shoes here, as we need them badly. The poj)uliitiou consists of Jliiiadorians,
Peruvians, Mexicans, Negroes, Crosses, and a German.
ikt. IL'.— This morning Beck, Hull, iiud Drowne collected about forty birds.
Cobos and (Superintendent took dinner with us at l.:in, Hull and 1 returning to the
ranche with them. After we got up there Hull shot tive ducks, which we presented
to Cobos. I shot two swallows. They were flying about tiie sugar house. It is
undoubtedly the same bird that 1 saw at Barringtoii, and that Baiir saw at
Indefatigable. Stayed all night at Cobos' house. During the evening he entertained
ns with guitar and song. After coflee Hull and I collected about the building and
to the port. I shot two I'rogne modesta and three cuckoos, the first of the trij).
(ieospiza are not abundant on this part of the island. During the afternoon we put
up nearly sixty birds. Have seen several crickets. Am quite sure last evening that
I saw Strix fly by me !
Oct. 13. — This morning Hull and Beck collected about fifty birds. I was busy
about other things myself all day. This afternoon the cajitain and mate went up to
the farm, and will probably stay all night. Cobos sent down nails and box of lemons.
Oct. 15. — Yesterday morning all of us started at 6.50, and w.alked up to Cobos
Farm. Collected till noon, a Sefior Seri showing us about. Seri says that there
are humming-birds on the island, flying around the coff'ce trees (? !). In the afternoon
explored the top of the island on horseback. In the evening walked to the vessel.
A hard, long day's work in the tropics : 2U miles walk, 15 on horseback. Curlew
and turnstone were in the fields at the summit of the island. Ducks in a lagoon at
the top. Cobos has been sending down water, vegetables, etc., as ordered.
Oct. 10. — This morning Hull, Beck and Drowne collected. Beck got a specimen
of our bobolink {DoUchonijx ori/zivorus). It was feeding witli a flock of Geospizd
on the beach near the storehouse. Cobos failed to send down the balance of water
to-day ; this will delay our getting away. We put up about sixty birds. I gave
Captain Barnhoff a package of letters to be posted in Guayaquil. He sails
to-morrow.
Oct. 17. — This morning I walked up to the hacienda to try and hurry the water
down. Found it being loaded. Paid Cobos his bill and took breakfast with him.
Both schooners hoisted anchors together, and Barnhoft' beat us to north end of
island. We hojic to land on Chatham to-morrow.
Oct. 18. — Last night we drifted away and got to leeward of north end, and are
spending all day in beating np. Such losses of time are very disgusting.
Oct. 19.— This morning we were able to land on the north of Chatham Island
about 8 o'clock, and collected about To birds. The l'iji-oreph<ilu.'<, Jinteo and
Nesopelia were entirely absent from this part of the island. Started for Hood
at 4 p.m.
Oct. 'M. — Have been trying all day to beat by N.E. end of island, and have
gained notliing. Put uj) our birds. One of the large tortoise died. None of the
boys have been feeling well to-day.
Oct. 'l\. — Have been making fair headway towards Hood.
Oct. 2'Z. — At 1 1 o'clock the vessel dropjjcd anchor in 7 fathoms at Gardner Bay
( 99 )
oil Hood Island. In the afternoon all went ashore to prospect and get a little goat
meat if possible. Beck killed two. Four snakes were seen, two taken — brownish
back, cream below, three 3elIowisli white stripes. Got centipede and four owls.
Very hard walking.
Oct. 'Z'i. — Beck, Hull, and I collected tliis morning ou llnod Island. Got a nice
lot of birds anil lizards, and one snake. Put up about Tn birds to-day. We got
a Larus not yet recorded on this island.
Oct. 24. — Did part of forenoon's work, then cleaned up.
Oct. 26. — Collected about 7.5 birds and put tliem up. >Saw a I'roiiiic modesta.
This afternoon the mate went after goats. Did not get any, but brought liack three
albatross' eggs, and reports a large colony breeding ou the other side of the island.
Will go there to-morrow. Hull secured a dove with a considerable amount of
white on it.
Oct. 26. — All hands started for the interior of the island at 7; the mate after goats,
the rest of us after the albatross. We found large colonies of them from the centre
of the island, south and west. These albatross have evidently used this island as
breeding grounds for many years, the out-cropping rocks being worn smooth by the
feet of the birds. The birds are not breeding now, as the eggs which we secured
had all been deserted. There are numbers of 3'onng albatross, about the size of a
" grown " goose ; feathers appearing much like those of an ostrich.* There must be
thousands of birds on the island. We brought back sixteen of them. They have a
manner of fencing with their bills that is ludicrous and remarkable (see illustrations
in Drowue's notes). A\'e found on the south end of the island a colony of frigate
birds breeding. Tropic birds quite plentiful. Secured eggs of Sala mricgata and
nebouxii. Marine iguanas very abundant and brightly coloured, black with greenish-
yellow and reddish yellow blotches (see Plate V).
Oct. 27. — Worked all day putting up birds.
(Jet. 28. — Seven of us made a trip across the island to-day, bringing back 20
tropic and 25 other birds, also eggs of the former, of Creayrus, Albatross and
Freyata, Sula varieyata and 8. nebouxii. Had a very hard day's work.
Oct. 29. — Put up to-day over forty large birds. Have been wrapping birds in
tissue paper, and find it excellent.
Oct. 30. — At 4 p.m. hoisted anchor and set sail for Charles Island. \\"\\\ stop
a couple of hours at Gardner Island, near Charles Island, on the way.
Oct. 31. — Arrived off Gardner Island at noon. Went ashore and stayed till
4 p.m. (iot about tliirty SesomiMHS. Siila nebouxii and Cynnops were both
breeding, also frigate birds. Tropic birds were common, probably breeding. Que
of the iguanas died to-day ; they are not eating at all.
iVoy. 1.— This morning found us off Black Beach Boads. At M a.m. we dropped
anchor. Put up yesterday's birds during the morning. Charles Island. After
anchoring Sir. Levick came aboard, and the captain and 1 went to breakfast with
Mr. Gill. After breakfast Mr. Gill with several Seuors and Seuoritas came aboard,
when we treated them to wine and bread. There are several tame flamingoes at the
settlement. Mr. Hull also has some tortoise from Albemarle.
Nov. 2. — All hands, with Levick for guide, went to Upper Springs, six miles.
Got over sixty birds, which we put up this afternoon. Got four species of
Camarhynchu.'i, I'yrorciihnhix and ( ii:o.-ipi :,i, cuckoo, curlew, and plover. Saw one
small buttertiy. No lizards seen on Charles Island !
* Uufuituuately uu young albatrosses were preserved 1 — Ed.
( 100 )
^Voc. 3. — Hull, I'lH-k, and Drowne collected in the luoniiiig till 0.3(i. Secured
two swallows, the same as taken on Chatham. At 4 p.m. uave a dinner on dock
for Mr. (iill and a half-dozen others. In the evening sent up some rockets, and
Drowne favoured ns with flute music.
NoF. 4. — The three boys collected to-day and put up birds. Mr. Gill sailed for
Chatham to-day. I sent a letter to Cobos.
Nor. ■). — Collected all day, goiiia: to Pliuitation ami rpjicr Springs. Hull and
Beck got eleven Certhidea. Certliidea are not recorded for this Island.* >.'ine
have ebony-black bill, tarsus, and feet. I secured a bobolink which was very wild,
and a swallow, and five martins. Beck found a nest of I'ljrori'phulan. One egg
just hatching, one bird in down. Nest of moss, resembling Californian bash tit's
uest. Egg ground-colour cream white, lilac and brown spots, ring about large end.
Beck secured some live snail shells; first found.
Nov. 6.— Got four barrels of water, all that we can get. Saw a dozen penguins.
Sor. 7. — About ten went ashore and bade ])eoi)le good-bye. After dinner
hoisted anchor tor Post OfHce Bay, Captain Levick going with us.
Nov. 8. — Went ashore early, hoping to secure a lot of flamingo, but found only
one at lagoon, which we did not get. A hundred or more ducks were in the lagoon,
We shot ten or more. Birds are scarce here, so I have decided to start for Albemarle
without delay. The mate took Levick back to the settlement in a boat this afternoon.
Not. 9. — Last evening Otto returned from taking Levick home. The captain
wanted to know if I wonld get one of Mr. Hill's sloops for several weeks to go to
Albemarle with us ; he was afraid to go with his vessel, he claiming there was no
suitable ;anchorage on the east side. I told him No I that I had hired his vessel for
the trip, and I meant to go where I wanted to in her ; that I was not unreasonable,
and that I would not ask him to anchor in a place that was unsafe. . . . We left Post
Office Bay before breakfast, and at 3 p.m. we were at anchor between Brattle and
Albemarle. Brattle is too steep to get up on, so we shall have to skip it. It is
scarcely more than a. rock, and probably has not much on it, Init sea birds breed
on it.
Nov. lu. — Albemarle Island. All hands collected. We got seven flamingoes,
and killed three nii>re, which we could not get out of the lagoon. I found one
tortoise, which we got aboard. Saw some large white herons. It is terrible getting
about here.
Nov. 11. — Drowne stayed on board this morning to skin birds ; the rest of ns
collected. Beck got a fine white heron.
Nov. 12. — Started back towards the interior of the Island; got back about seven
miles. I secured an Albino Geospizu. AVe found a dozen or more tortoise, but it
is very hard getting them out. A number of places where the tortoise had laid eggs
were found, but dogs had dug out and eaten the eggs. Trails were observed here
similar to those of Duncan Island. Beck and Drowne got entangled in a mangrove
swamp, and it was long after dark before we got them out. \\'e found birds very
scarce. Beck shot a dove, which he lost in the mangrove swamp. IJeck and Drowne
also secured eggs of tortoise.
Nov. 13. — Took care of our birds to-day.
Nov. 14. — Sunday, and a uniet day.
Nov. 15. — Took the yawl-boat and made a trip to La Posa. Got flamingo,
penguin, and Sida.
• This is Certhidea oHvacea ridgjcayi, subsp. nov.
( 1"1 )
Nof. 16. — The boys skinned birds, and I went in yawl-boat to locate Tortngas
Port. We fonnd the phice all right. There is a shanty and a few plantain trees.
This is the place where L'obos' men secnred the few tortoise which we purchased of
Mr. Gill.
Xoi\ IT. — Worked putting up specimens in the morning ; after dinner hoisted
the large anchor, and then started to pull in kedge, which was out with 120
fathoms 5-in. rope cable. Found it caught in the rocks, and lost it with VZ
fathoms of cable. After two hours' work got about a mile, and then the cajjtain
anchored again.
Nov. LS. — This morning pulled down to shanty, and collected all day. I shot
at some cattle, but failed to get them. We tried to get back towards the mountain,
but found it useless, so decided to leave for Iguana Cove. The wind is getting very
light, and we must hasten things to get away before the calms set in for good.
Nov. 19. — This morning at -J we started to get under way. There was a fair
breeze blowing. We had no sooner got the anchor up than the wind died out and
we had to drop it again. During the morning the captain made kedge and pulled
the vessel ahead, and about noon caught a light wind and got sliored, the tide
taking us towards Iguana Cove. During the afternoon we saw an Albino Anous,
Put out the boat and worked hard to get it, but were not successful.
Nov. 20. — Light wind and current took us off Essex Point during the night, but
we were ten or twelve miles off the shore at dawn. A good breeze got us up
to Iguana Cove about 10 a.m. The captain stood in four times to within f
to 1 mile of the shore, and declared it was not a safe place, and would not anchor.
I requested him to put out the boat, but he refused. I have lost much time in this
manner. He now proposes to lay-to.
Nov. 21. — This morning it is calm, and has been all day. At breakfast we
were ten or more miles off the island.
Nov. 22. — Calm again to-day, and we are a long way from the island. In the
night the captain won't get nearer than 6 to 8 miles of the island ; and before he
can get to the place in the morning the wind is gone. He proposes to-day to leave
the islands, as they don't want to get caught in calms. Had the boat out to-day,
and collected 2.5 petrels.
Nov. 23. — Last night at 11 got a breeze, and at 12 headed for Iguana Cove.
At 2 p.m. were below Christopher Point, and began tacking in hopes of getting to
windward of the Cove by morning, so as to make a lauding, ^\'e are not going to
be able to do a great deal here. Hope that the wind will hold for 24 hours longer.
Nov. 24. — Wind very light last night; at dawn vessel was l.j miles off. The
captain simply won't keep near land at night. The wind freshened during the
morning, and we tried to make Iguana Cove, but we found it useless ; so I told
the captain to head for Webb Cove. We just about got to the Cove at 4 p.m.; the
wind failed us, and we had to get away the best we could. The captain says he
won't go to Elizabeth Bay, and almost refuses to go to Tagus Cove. I can't force
him to go where he says he won't, and I am sure I don't know what to do. The
only thing I can do is, to try and make him hold his ground here till we get a wind
that will give him courage to try and go on. I told tlie captain that he would have
to make Tagus Cove if it took a mouth to get there.
Nov. 25. — During the night sailed for Tagus Cove, around Xarborough island,
and this morning were half-way there. We were favoured by wind and current till
4 ii.m, when the wind died out ; but we still made headway, getting within one mile
( 1«2 )
of Cove, when we had to lay-to on account of the darkness. Narborough is almost
destitute of vegetation, and it will be almost iiu]iossiblc (o do anything about
exploring it.
Nov. 26. — This morning we were out at the mouth of Black Bight ; it took us
till noon to get up to Tagus (!ove ; got anchored in 10 fathoms at 2.30 : took lioat
and hunted up watering-place, and prospected around a little.
Noc. 27. — Collected this morning till 10. I shot at and wounded a small
falcOD, about the size between sharp-shiuucd hawk and duck hawk.
Nov. 28. — AVe all went up the mountains to-day, and got forty birds. Saw
signs of tortoises ; but they must be very scarce, as we did not see any.
Noc. 29. f nt uj) birds in the morning ; collected a lot of sea-birds in the
afternoon.
Noc. 30. — Put up birds ; collected penguins and sea-urchins.
Dec. 1. — To-day ushered in by severe S.E. squall. Worked on penguins; they
are very fat.
Dec. 2. — Collected hind birds. Hull shot a cuckoo, but it was too bad to save.
Beck saw another, but could not get it.
Dec. 3. — Packed birds, loaded ammunition, etc. In afternoon went to Turtle
Mount, got five turtles, iguanas, birds, and a mess of ducks for dinner.
Dec. 4. — Put up birds, and in the afternoon the boys got some iguanas.
Dec. 5. — Sunday. Kested.
Dec. 6. — Went to Narborough in yawl-boat to-day ; got about thirty land
iguanas. Iris a yellowfsh white spangled with gold, as in some fish. Jluch more
shy than Barrington iguana.* Shot foui' Cormorants ( P/ialacrocora.c liarrisi).
The birds were in the surf, and very hard to get ; a dozen or more seen. I
noted that they appeared to be able to remain under water when they dive longer
than any birds I have seeu. In diving they jump out of water like a porpoise.
Dec. T.^Put up birds in the morning, and in the afternoon worked on iguanas.
After supper a bat flew about the vessel, and was wounded by Beck ; but we
failed to get it. This is the only bat that we have seen on the trip.
Dec. 8. — Worked on iguanas all day. About 5 p.m. the English cruiser
Leander and torpedo destroyer Virago, steamed into the Cove, and anchored close
to us.
Dec. 9. — In the morning the boys collected iguanas and star-fish, and got cactus
for tortoise. In the afternoon the officers came aboard and looked at curios, and
invited me to dinner ; also offered to take letters to San Diego. Passed a very
pleasant evening aboard the cruiser.
Dec. 10. — English vessels steamed out about 9 this morning. One of the
lieutenants came aboard just before leaving, bringing the commander's compliments,
with some novels and paj)ers.
Dec. 11. — Tried all day to get away, but the wind was too light.
Dec. 12. — Not wind enough to get away to-day.
J)ec. 13. — Tacked out on a S.E. wind about 10 a.m. AVind N.W., and tacking
to go round north head.
J )<'(•. 14. — Have not made any headway to-day. Wind mostly S.W., and light.
Drifting N.W. During the afternoon we sighted a s(|uare rigger between us and
lieduudo Itocks, heading towards Black Bight.
* These arc very remai'kably coloured, and belong to a distinct local form, which we propose to
name CfHohiphuii siilcrittatiis plctm subsp. nov. (sec p. 133).
( 103 )
Dec. 15.— Don't gain anything. Winds liglit, and drifting N.W. In the
afternoon Beck shot from the vessel an unrecorded gull. Feet and legs black ; bill
bluish, none back of tip ; eyes medium brown. ? .
Dec. 16. — Same old story. Head S.E., drift N.W.
Dec. 17. — Some wind a'l da}'. At noon Redundo Rocks bore S. instead of
S.E., as it has several days.
Dec. IS. This morning I found an egg in Tortoise Pen. 4 p.m. finds us
6 or 8 miles due N. of Abingdon Island. At supper the Captain said we had better
get out of this. He fears being becalmed. I told him there was a month yet to
reach Tower. Saw three Culpepper terns last night, evidently bound for that island.
Dec. 19.— Strong head wind all day. At 5.3U p.m. about In miles N.E. of S.E
point of Abingdon.
Dec. 20.— Wind S.E., sailing E. Drifts N.E., sailing S.W., and drift N.W.
Dec. 21. — Same thing.
Dec. 22.— Same.
Dec. 23. — Found at noon that we had made some j>rogress to the southward,
and were just east of Tower in long. SU W. Wind has been pretty steadily S.E.
since the 20th. This afternoon southerly.
Dec. 24.— At noon, long. 88 ."il' : lat. 1" -.'s'.
Dec. 25. — At 8 a.m. sighted Tower Island, 15 miles N.W. Anchored off the
north end at 3 p.m. Got cactus for tortoise. They were pretty hungry.
( IM )
Dec. 26. — Collected over niuety birds. Put iiji some thirty in the afternoon.
Boobies, gnlls and frijjate birds are breeding here.
l>ec. 27. — Collected about loO birds. Got a lot of cactus for tortoise. Have
decided that there is too much risk in trying to reach Oocos Island. Main reason, if
becalmed for a while we should lose the tortoises, run short of food, and have
trouble with cajitain and crew ; so in the morning will set sail for California.
Dec. 28. — After considerable delay got under way at IS a.m. ^\'orked all day
putting up birds. The distance sailed from Tagus Cove to Tower Island by log
registered 1400 miles: true distance 110 miles; the ditterence lost by drifting!
Reached Ran Francisco on Februarv sth, 1S98.
HI.
NOTES FROM THE DI.^RY OF MR. F. P. MHdWNE.
(Although the diary of Mr. Drowue is very often a rejietition of Mr. Harris'
notes, we preferred to publish it — with some omissions — nevertheless, as it contains
many interesting notes. The sketches are all from photographs, the albatrosses
drawn from life.)
.June 21, 1897. — Left port of San Francisco. Saw many cormorants, gulls,
Californian murres, etc., around the boat. Began to feel sick soon after starting.
June 22. — Quite sick. Beating around in the neighbourhood of the Farallones.
.Tune 23. — Much sicker.
June 24. — Quite sick in the morning, but began to feel better in the afternoon.
Passed Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz Islands.
June 25. — Felt better. Quite a stiff breeze, and out of sight of land.
June 26. — Passed Guadalnpe Island, a high, rocky land, and apparently barren,
with tlie exception of a few trees at one end.
June 27. — Out of sight of land. Saw specimens of the " Spanish man-of-war"
floating on the surface.
June 28. — Hull caught a large bundle of goose barnacles resembling Le/K/.i
/'ascicularis, larger than I ever saw on the New England coast. The water was full
of these bunches, and there were many '' men-of-war " passing by.
June 29. — Felt qnite sick in the morning, but took a bath after dinner, and felt
much better. Ate a good supper — my first meal since we left San Francisco. In
the evening felt well enough to play the flute for a while. The " Spanish men-of-
war" covered the water, and were visible in the moonlight for a long distance.
.June 30. — Felt like myself again. Saw a red-billed tropic bird, which circled
around the vessel a few times. Not much wind.
.J'/y 1. — Beck shot a pair of red-billed tropic birds ( J'//fii-f/wn nihricnudii), and
two shearwaters : also found a smiill crab attached to loir-line, an adidt female with
eggs. Each of the party made up one skin. Later Hull shut another tropic bird
(eye very dark brown, feet a greenish white and black). Harris shot two red-
footed boobies {Sula piscatrix websteri), (eye hazel-brown, feet salmon, arountl eye
violet blue, naked pouch nearly all black, around base of bill a light pink, bill very
pale horny green).
( 105 )
Juhi 2.— Birds very numerous ; several boobies were shot, also three frigate
birds. The latter were so poor in plumage that they were abandoned. Game in
sight of Clarion Island at about 3 p.m., and at 5 the island showed up quite plain.
Boobies and frigate birds were very tame. Towards dark the vessel was " hove-to,"
it not being thought safe to anchor.
Juhj 3.— Had drifted during the night a considerable distance from the island,
and it took till noon to come to an anchorage. Clarion Island, lat. 18° 20' N.,
long. 114° 44' W., belonging to Mexico. Beck took a photograi)h of the island from
N.E. to S.^V. AVe came to anchor ofi' the west shore, where there was a sandy beach.
The boobies came off in numbers and lighted on the higher parts of the rigging.
One could see many thousands of them on the island in different " rookeries." On
the N.E. edge of the island was a remarkable monument rock, and near it an arch
surmounted by several spires. The skiff was got out immediately after coming to
anchor, and Harris and myself embarked, I getting on the island first. Almost
immediately I saw a small lizard, about 6 in. long, of a greenish bine colour,
sunning himself on a rock ; and Harris found several blue-faced boobies {Suln
ci/anops) sitting on their nests. Upon the arrival of Hull and Beck we set out,
following a winding trail in order to avoid the cactns with which the island
is about ihalf covered (:i or 3 ft. high). Ate luncheon near a colony of the
blue-faced boobies. The birds were sitting on their nests, some containing
young nearly fledged, others very young, and still other eggs. They showed their
dislike of any very near approach by a continuous whistle, or else a cry resem-
bling "krack" made in their throats. A small wren {Troglodi/tes tanneri),
extent 7-51 in., length 5-51 in., was shot soon after landing, and a snake 4 to .5 ft.
in length was taken. After luncheon work commenced in earnest, and many
birds, snakes, etc., were collected. The birds, so far as noted, were red-footed
and blue-faced boobies, frigate and tropic birds, ravens, doves, wrens, and
burrowing owls, of each of which a good series were secured. The red-footed
and blue-faced boobies were the only birds found nesting, and they as aforesaid
had all grades of j'oung. The red-footed species was found nesting in large heavy
bushes ; the nests, which were composed of pieces of dried twigs loosely placed
together, from 3 to G ft. from the ground ; only a single egg was found in a nest.
The old birds were induced to leave their nests with great difficulty, and then only
fluttered to the ground, and in most cases disgorged their last meal. The naked
parts around the eye in the young birds, together with the bill, were black. The
blue-faced boobies nested on the ground ; several sets of two eggs were taken.
There were many frigate birds flying over the island, and occasionally one would
chase a booby, tormenting it until it disgorged. The ravens were quite numerous,
and several specimens were secured, although they were more wary than the other
birds. Those secured were in very poor plumage.* The doves were very numerous
and tame, all of them being secured with the auxiliary barrel. They were found all
over the parts of the island that were visited. It is the Zcnaiilura clarionensis.
The wrens were also very abundant. They had a pleasant song, and were also very
tame. Several nests supposed to belong to this species were found in the bushes
about 3 ft. from the ground. The burrowing owls t were found abundant, and a
good number of specimens were secured. Their burrows extended down several
feet in the light sandy soil of the island. The blue-faced booby builds no nest ; eggs
laid on the ground in a slight depression. Two species of snakes wore found. They
* Unfortunately none were preserved I— Ed. f Speotijto cunicutaria rostrata.
( 106 )
appeai-ed to be (jnite common. Two species of lizards were also secnii'il : tliese little
fellows, measuring about (iiti. in length, were very nnmerons among the rocks, where
they jumped or ran actively about when approached. Large turtles and fish were
plentiful about the island, and one large turtle was harpooned ; some turtle soup
and carry made from it proved to be very good. [Green sea turtle.]
./(//'/ 4. — Repeated the same operations as on tlie previous day. Secured an
addition of many of the boobies' eggs and specimens of the birds, which we knocked
off their nests with sticks. One species of spider, black, and spread legs, all about
1 in. Three species of butterflies,* several grasshoppers, bees and wasps. Left
Clarion at 3.30 p.m.
July o. — Commenced to skin the birds that had been secured. AVeather very hot.
July 6. — Skinned boobies. In the evening one of the sailors crawled out to
the end of the flying jib-boom and caught a red-footed booby which had been resting
there most of the afternoon.
Jiili/ 7.— Finished putting up Clarion Island material. It rained yesterday for
the first time since we set out.
July 8. — Weather very hot with a little wind. All worked on the boobies' eggs.
The eggs varied a great deal in size and shape, and presented all stages of incuba-
tion. A few tropic birds flew around the vessel.
July 9. — Weather very hot.
July 10.— AVeather very hot. G a.m., temperature Sif in cabin, S4' on deck.
Had a shower at noon, but it cleared oflf and became as hot as before in 30 minutes.
Saw two petrels, which approached nearer to the vessel than any seen before.
The flight resembled very closely that of a bat. Noticed many flying fish. They
flew from 50 to 150 ft. at a time. They usually flew against the wind, or quartering
to it. They frequently strike the water in their flight, resembling a shell skipping
on the water.
July 11. — Rainy — a little breeze.
July 12. — Rain. A good breeze started in at 9 a.m., and continued all day and
night. The temperature of the water at 4 a.m. was 80°.
July 13. — Saw a pair of albatross in white plumage. Breeze continued all day.
July 14. — Rained most of the time between S and 12, and then wind died ont.
July \n. — Calm prevailed most of the morning, and rain at intervals. Breeze
freshened in the afternoon.
July 16. — Large school of porpoise passed the vessel at about 4.31) a.m. Con-
siderable rain.
July 17. — Quite a big sea on in the morning, and the decks were kept drenched
by the spray and the water that came through the scnpiiers. Breeze continned very
steady all day.
July 18. — Fine steady breeze all day.
July 19. — Fine breeze. A frigate bird came around during the morning watch,
and spent about five minutes in trying to eat the truck on top of the main mast.
July 20. — Early in the morning a flying fish came aboard. A school of por-
poise passed under the bow. A fine breeze all day. AVeather very chilly in the
evening. Saw a large turtle.
July 21. — AVeather about the same. Saw another turtle.
July 22. — Breezeless. The mate struck a couple of porpoises, but failed to
secure them.
• One Pajritiit trintux (? subsp.) and two LijeaeintJaf .
C 107 )
J■^^(»/ 23. — Fair breeze all day. At noon wc were exactly two iiuadred miles
from Culpepper Island, Galapagos group.
July ■Z\. — Made very good progress. Came within fifty miles of the island.
Birds were nnmerons.
Jubf 25. — Found that the vessel had drifted during the night, and that we wore
sixty-five miles from the island. Made very slow progress, there being very little
wind. Birds were numerous. Two species of tern observed (Anous stolidus galapa-
gensis and Sterna J'uliginosd) — one very abundant — and large flocks of them flew
around the vessel, uttering their harsh cries. The black-headed gull, peculiar to the
islands (Creagrus/iarah/s), was also out in numbers, and frigate birds, tropic birds,
petrels, shearwaters, and sandpipers were noted. In the afternoon a flycatcher
(Myiarc/ius) came aboard and lighted on the rigging, where he was caught in a
net by Harris. The bird seemed very tired, and had evidently come a long way.
We came in sight of Culpepper at about 3.45 p.m., it being then about fifteen
miles distant. The island was very bold and rocky in outline. As the distance
diminished, cactus could be distinguished on the top and sides, and the white guano
of the birds. The sides were almost perpendicular, nearly everywhere. On the
top small bushes were seen. There were several caves in the lower parts of the
Culpepper Island as it appeared fifteen miles off.
sides. Thousands of sea birds were flying over the top of the island, the air being
fairly black with them. After running in close to the island, the vessel was put
about, and we stood off for the night.
Ji/li/ 26, — From there we had drifted off a long distance with the current.
Wenman Island was the next land sighted, and it resembled Culpepper in general
outline. We steered for Culpepper, and arrived there about 8.3U a.m., where
Harris and Hnll wore put off in tiie skifi", while Beck and myself remained on the
schooner, which stood off and on near the island, it not being possible to anchor.
Saw several seal (probably the fur seal), which swam around the vessel several
times, coming up every few seconds to breathe. iSaw one small turtle, 2 ft. long,
and a shark. Saw a very few adult male frigate birds (entirely black), the j)ropor-
tion being 1 to 5D of the grey or younger plumage.
The little jietrels were much tamer than those observed farther out, some of
thi-m approaching within five or six feet of the vessel.
Harris and party returned with a seal, some shearwaters, petrels, boobies, bhu'k
and white terns, frigate birds, gulls; and also some land birds — -doves, several species
of finches, a sandpiper, mocking bird, and one warbler. Birds of several species
were breeding. Frigate birds had tlieir nests on the ground between the rocks, there
being only one egg. The black tern were nesting in the rocks along the shore-
( 108 )
Iguanas of all sizes were abuiulaut. The seal was the onl}- one secured ont of six or
eight seen. No insects were seen except a small fly.
July 27. — Skinned birds all the morning. Immediately after dinner wc got
ready to go ashore, Beck and myself taking our gnns. After a long and hard pnll
against cnrrent, wind, and tide, we were landed at the same point as yesterday's
party. Harris shot two seals, one of which managed to got into the water, even
with two bullet-holes throngh him. Doves {Xe.iopelia galajjagensis exsul) were
very numerous, and conld bo killed with stcmes. The finches were also very
abundant, and seemed to like e(jually well the bare rocks along the shore and the
vegetation higher up. Two or three specimens of the warbler were obtained. A
slate-coloured tern {Anous sfolidus galapat/cnaiiC) was as thick as conld be in some
places, nearly covering the io\n of the rocks. The nests of the frigate birds,
composed of twigs, were jjlaced among the rocks everywhere, while the young
boobies kept up a continual squeaking from their nests in the bushes. Several
shearwaters' eggs were taken. The one nest that I fonnd was under a rock, almost
N.E. SIDE OF Culpepper Island.
(All the collecting was done on the slope to which the arrow points.)
concealed by a pea vino. The cliff all the way up was covered with terns, gulls, and
frigate liirds. Some smaller crabs were feeding on young birds that had met with
an untimely end. Shot a couple of red-billed tropic birds {I'liarthon aethrn^iis),
which were in much better plumage than those secured some time back, the bills
bemg redder and the tail feathers longer.* Many sharks were observed. The gulls
were very numerous. The island is composed of sandstone and lava. It is rather
dangerous in getting about in parts, on account of the softness of the stone, which
sinks beneath one's weight. Shot twenty more birds — doves, finches, warblers, and
one frigate bird. Left the island about 5.45, and reached the vessel at dark.
July 28.— Skinned birds all day.
July iiit. — All of ns started to Culpepper before 0 a.m. Hull and myself were
landed witli instructions to get some frigate birds, boobies, gnlls, etc. Harris and
Beck kept around the shore awhile, and picked up three tropic birds, some terns
and petrels. Immediately after we landed Hull and myself saw a large seal. When
* Those found ne.ir 'larion Island were P, ruhricaudo. — Ed.
( 109 )
first seen he was asleep, but onr footsteps awakened him, and he straightened np
and looked at us rather curionsly, and then began to move towards us. I got a
little on one side and pnt a charge of No. 4 shot through his head, which made
him bellow loudly. Hull finislied him with another shot. Iguanas crawled around
the rocks with an awkward movement ; all that I saw moved slowly. At lunch
we all met again. The other party brought in a fur seal. After lunch I caught
a few crabs, which were numerous.
Later on I went with the mate of tlie vessel on a dove hunt, on one of the side
hills. We managed to kill a dozen with stones. Beck saw an owl, resembling our
American short-eared owl. We left the island shortly after, and skinned a few birds
before snpper. It was quite interesting to watch the frigate birds chase the boobies
and shearwaters, trying to make them disgorge tlieir last meal. The frigate birds
frequently kejit up their chase five minutes or more, pursuing their victim closely
wherever it turned. Gulls numerous. We collected quite a number. They had a
pecnliar way of commencing their cry : first making a sound resembling greatly the
chirp of a cricket, the note then resembling that of other gulls. The tropic birds
kept up a continual screaming.
Juhj 30. — Skinned birds all day.
Wenman Island.
July 31. — Sailed to Wenman during the night. Early in the morning started
out in a skiff. The water around the island was very smooth, and near the shore was
fnll of brightly-coloured fish — some lilue, green and yellow, and others striped with
various colours. Large sharks followed the boat everywhere, and at times as many
as ten could be seen (sizes 8 to 10 ft.). At the first landing-place a fur seal
appeared, and upon being shot fell down near the water, where he was secured later,
after a few blows with a club. The first shot started several more seal out from
the rocks. Ignaiuxs of all sizes were sunning themselves. Gulls {('. furratus),
terns {A. galajHiyfiiiiis), and frigate birds were very abundant. The boobies were
also fairly numerous. After pulling along the shore and starting out some fifteen
or twenty seal, we landed, and after a short climb reached the top of the island.
Cactus was very abundant. The top of the island was covered with bushes about
C ft. high, in which were nesting boobies and frigate birds. Some of the frigate
birds had the gnlar pouch swelled up as large as a two-quart measure, looking
exactly like a blown-up bladder, bright red in colour. Finches were very
abundant, there being about as many as were seen on Culpe])per. Mocking
birds {Xeiioinimits) were more abundant than on the latter island. Doves were
evidently quite scarce, only ten or so being seeu. Several specimens of Vertkidea.
( 11" )
A heron resembling the green heron was obtained, aiul several tattlers observed.
Ill one spot on the top of the island we found abont a dozen trees, 20 ft. or so high,
resembling somewhat our wild apple. No insects were noticed on Wenman, with
the e.xception of one grasshopper. The little shearwater found on Cnlpepper was
found here also. The island consisted of three parts — viz., a small high rock, a
low bare rock of considerable size covered with vegetation, and the main island (the
only one visited to-dav). This was much the same in appearance as Cnlpepper ;
one end was covered with vegetation, cactus bnshes, grass, and a few dried dead
trees ; the rest, as far as observed, was merely a narrow rocky ridge. We saw here
a couple of doves on the side of the elifl', evidently jietfing water. Probably enough
rain-water is caught in the hollows of the rooks to sustain what birds live on the
island. Shot altogether abont si.xty birds, which we skinned after getting back to
the vessel.
Aug. 1. — Harris, with the mate and a sailor, went to the island after seal,
while the rest loaded cartridges and attended to other matters. They brought back
several seal.
Aug. 2. — Owing to lack of wind we were not able to land. There being no
anchorage, the vessel has to lay oif and on, standing off for safety several miles at
night, and the wind dying out could not sail back.
Aug. 3. — Not much wind ; we were unable to get to Wenman. In the
afternoon Hull and Beck went out in the skiff. Harris and myself remained on the
schooner. Together we got over twenty birds — petrels, shearwaters, and terns.
They secured also a large green turtle, which they found asleep and shot.
Aug. 4. — All got into the skiff and went to Wenman. At first Harris and
Beck climbed up the side of the island — the low flat one— and ou the top, which
is level, found birds (land) very plentiful — the same species as found on the main
island. We saw quite a number of fur seal aronnd the sides of the island ; then
proceeded to the main island, but were nnable to land where we wished, on account
of the very heavy swell. At the same place where we lauded the previous time
there was a better chance, although the surf was very heavy there. After eating
luncheon we went ashore. Hull and myself climbed to the top, and collected a
dozen birds each. Stayed there a little over an hour, and theu put back to the
schooner, securmg a turtle on the way. There were many iguanas of all sizes.
Among the rocks two species of sea urchins were found, and quite a number of
shells. Harris found a centipede about 4 in. long. I noticed several small sea
auemones in a small jiool among the rocks. Fish were very ])lentiful, especially
one species, averaging lu to lo lb., which were so abundant that a skiff-load could
be caught in 10 to 15 minntes (looked something like a cod). They were an
e.Kcellent fish for eating. Noticed some of the finches climbing (in a bdoby's liaek
and pecking in the feathers — probably in search of jiarasites. Saw three finches
on one booby at a time. Red-footed tropics, tattlers, and black tern quite abundant
ou \\ euman. Saw no tracks or indications of tortoise. Ujion reaching the vessel
we headed for our next port — Abingdon.
Aug. 5.— Skinned a few large birds that were left over — one that fell to my
share being a frigate bird. Length, 4 ft. ; extent, 8 ft. No wind during the day.
Aug. 6. — No wind. Had drifted farther north than Culpepper. Vessel headed
S.E. made several miles directly N.W., owing to strong current.
Aug. 7. — Drifted abont generally ; not able to take observations, as there was a
thick fog.
( 111 )
Aug. 8.— The morning was very cloudy, and the snu when rising looked very
much like a fire opal. First one half appeared, then the other, but one half being
visible at a time. It arose from the water, and disappeared in 3 or 4 minutes. A
little wind, but made slow progress.
Aug. 0.— Calm prevailed during the morning, but in the afternoon a good
breeze sprang up, which lasted until 12 at midnight. Passed through the largest
school of porpoise since starting — a thousand might be a fair estimate.
Aug. 10.— A little wind early in the afternoon, which gradually freshened to a
six-knot breeze. Saw a sperm whale at 5.15 p.m. The man at the wheel sighted
land — probably the northern end of Albemarle.
Aug. 11. — Drifted around all the morning, the wind having died out during the
night. Albemarle was still visible. In the evening sighted Abingdon Island.
Aug. 12.— The wind, which had continued all night, nearly died out in the
morning. At dawn Abingdon came into view, but the morning was misty, and it
did not show up plainly. The breeze freshened again a little later, and at 9.30 a.m.
Jl»f-ff ■■:■-■■■■■
Abingdon Island.
the island was plainly seen. At 12.30 the mate and one sailor took tlie skiff and
started to sound. They found an anchorage about 300 yards off shore. Many
seals, large turtles, and sharks could be seen from the vessel, together with several
species of birds new to us, including the gull {Larus fuliginosus), and one pelican,
which Harris shot with the rifle. In its pouch were found about twenty-eight small
fish (" sardines "). At 3.25 p.m. the anchor was drojiped, and sails furled. It then
being about supper time, we postixmed going to the island till next day. On a
small sand beach to the left of the anchorage a number of seals were playing, now
wandering up the beach, moving their heads from side to side at each step, and then
rushing into the breakers head first. In the water they swam on one side or on
the back eiiually well, coming up every few seconds with a puff to take breath.
Frequently they jumped out of the water from underneath the swells, exactly like
the porpoise. Their cry while playing on the beach resembled at different times
the bark of a dog, bleat of a calf and of a goat. Some land birds were heard, and
a hawk was noted sailing over the island. The side of the island visiljle from our
anchorage was well covered witii vegetation, bushes, etc. While sounding a shark
took the lead from the end of the line. There were several little sand beaches at
( 112 )
the foot of tlie low cliffs, and a rocky beacli a\\ the way along. A song resembling
that of the cricket was noticed during the evening coming from the sides of
the cliff.
Aiiff. 1 3. — Went ashore at a landing place about 1 i mile above the anchorage, at
7.30. The island was covered with several kinds of cactus, some tall, with thick
trunks. There were also trees of good size, which were either entirelv bare, or
covered in part with long moss [orchilla]. Bushes averaging 4 ft. in height.
Finches of several kinds were very abundant, and the dove (^Xeaopelia qdhipaqcnsis)
was everywhere. Hull counted thirty-five in one tree. Several Pi/rocepliolus
were seen, and some M'/iarcItus, also a few Camarlo/ncliun. Hawks were i[uite
abundant, and fjuite tame. Two species of lizard were obtained, both of which
were quite common. The entire northern end of the island is bare land. I lost
myself, but I got aboard the schooner at 5.30 p.m.
Auy. 14. — Skinned birds all day. Mate went ashore in skiff, and brought back
some shells and urchins.
Aug. 15. — Went ashore a little after 9 a.m., at the beach opposite our anchorage.
Secured a lot of shells, clubbed spine urchins, and one small green-spined urchin,
and black-spined urchins, the clubbed spine urchin being very abundant. Chitons
were also very abundant, and three species of star-fish were secured, one of which
was common. Sea-anemones were abundant on the rocks, and several species of
pretty coloured fish hid in the little rock pools. Iguanas of several sizes, including
many large ones, fairly covered the tops of the rocks, and now and then a seal
pushed its way in through the surf. Harris shot several birds, including three of
the little heron, and a sandpiper. Towards 5 o'clock the lines were dropped over the
side, and fish bit lively ; several heavy ones were landed.
Aug. 10. — Prepared the urchins, star-fish, etc., in the morning, while the rest
went to the south end of the island. On their return began to skin birds, I working
at it till supper time. The weather was very pleasant.
Aug. 17. — Started to Friday's landing, and began collecting. Secured a heron
{Butorides), gnll {Lanis), tattler, and ten or more finches. Noticed the finches
feeding on cactus leaves, which had fallen to tlie ground. These must be almost
moist enougli to take the place of water. Also noticed ten or fifteen black iguanas
{Ambli/rkynchus cristatus) in the water swimming towards a rock (which was 100
to 150 ft. from shore). They were about 25 ft. from it. The rock was covered on
the top with the iguanas. Tlie mate caught some very pretty " bottom" fish.
Aug. 18. — Went to " Drowne's Landing " (as the boys named it, in remembrance
of my misfortune), secured about twenty birds each, and left the island a little
after 10.30, reaching the vessel in time for dinner. In the afternoon pulled up the
anchor, and about 3 set sail for Bindloe, which was to be seen plainly. General
conclusions regarding Abingdon are as follows : Abingdon is an irregular rocky
island covered with more or less vegetation, except on the northern end, which is
a barren lava bed. The vegetation consists of trees varying in size from 8 to 40 ft.
in height, bushes of several kinds, and several varieties of cactus. Iguanas and
two species of small lizards were very abundant ; hair seal, fish, and turtle are also
abundant. Noticed a lurid reflection in the sky last night, which was thought to
be a fire of some kind on James Island.
Aug. 19.— Nearly got out of sight of land. Fi.\ed up a few birds that were
left over. Loaded ammunition, cleaned guns, etc., all tlie morning. Came in sight
of Bindloe again at 2 p.m., and sailed right nj) to it, tiie wind living down when wc
( 113 )
were a short distance off the north end. The isLind is like Abingdon, the north
end covered with lava.
Auff. 20. — Tacked around the island all the morning and the first part of the
afternoon, there being a fine breeze. Came to an anchorage at 4.30 p.m., on the
north side of the island, in 11 fathoms. There were several sand beaches along
the shore, on which hair seal were playing in numbers. Procellaria, Aestrelata,
and Puffinm, two species of boobies, frigate birds, tattlers, black terns, gulls (Lwrus)
were seen around the vessel. In the evening, soou after snpj)er, Harris, with a
couple of sailors, went ashore in the skitf after a large hair seal, which we saw
waddling up the beach ; but it managed to escape.
Aug. 21. — Went ashore at 6.30 a.m. collecting. Found Certhidea, Xi'somimiis,
and two species of Geospiza quite abundant. One other Geospiza and Camarhjnchus
also occurred, but were more scarce. Specimens of the warlder and Mi/iarchns were
taken. I got a jjair of oyster-catchers, and noticed " wandering tattler," curlew, heron
(small), and turnstone, all of which, except the heron, were shy. The dark gull
{Larus) was quite common. Numbers of the hair seal, together with big iguanas,
lay on the rocks, sunning themselves. A long vine, covered with beau pods of large
size, was very abundant. No shells or other marine animals were found on the
rock or anywhere near the landing ; but on the sand, from 25 to 40 yards back
BiNDLOE Island.
from the water's edge, the tests of a green spur urchin were abundant, about two
hundred licing picked up. I saw no insects except grasshoppers. Two species of
crabs were quite common. Turtles seemed quite plentiful along the water's edge.
Aug. 22. — Went ashore at 6.30. Harris and Hull set out to cross the lava,
while we went down to the beach. Found the sea urchin tests abundant in spots,
together with crawfish shells, also dead shells of several species. Saw turnstones
and yellow crowned night heron. Mate picked up a cocoanut on the beach, and
bamboo poles (?) were quite frequently seen (on beach). Went aboard quite early.
Other party returned at 3 p.m., bringing two specimens of another Camarbjnckus,
one new sparrow, and one flycatcher (Pgrocep/ia/us).
Aug. 23. — Went on shore early and picked up a few birds. I got eight mocking-
birds and another oyster-catcher, tiame on board quite early. Hauled the anchor
and set sail. Just before dinner weather very rough, and all our jiarty felt rather
bad, but Beck, Hull, and myself skinned part of the birds.
In general character Bindloe Island is a barren lava field, covered in patches
with vegetation, thorn bushes, trees, and grass, but no cactus — tliis being true of
north and south end. The two small finches were numerous, also the Certhidea
and NesomimiM, but the rest of the laud birds were rather scarce.
Aug. 24. — Weather very rough. The vessel had been heading east by south all
night with a good breeze, in S2)ite of which fact it made fairly good time east by
( 114 )
iiortli. Same weather continued all day, and the main (leek was kept coiitiuually
wet. Bindloe was in sight all the afternoon. Kather ehilly.
Auff. 2o. — Fairly strong wind blowing, bnt sailed all day without seeing land.
Aug. 26. — Condition of affairs about the same.
A'i</. 27. — Still sailing without any result. Our position at noon was 82
miles from Tower Island, the island bearing south-west. Temperature at 5 p.m., 69'.
Witnessed a most beautiful sunset : the sun a clear ball of fire, descending rapidly
into the ocean, the sky all around being a beantifnl shade of red. Saw whales
spouting near tlie horizon.
Aug. 28. Fine day. Came in sight of Indefatigable Island alxiut noon, and
towards night the outlines showed up quite distiiutly. Tuwer Island also in sight.
lu the evening a light, without doubt a live volcano on James Island, was plainly
seen near the horizon, making a beautiful sight, the sky all around being a lurid red
with a large blaze in the centre.
Aug. 29. — I awoke to find the vessel surrounded by land ; James, Indefatigable,
Duncan, Jervis, Daphne, Guy Fawkes, Albemarle, Seymour, and Crossman (?)
islands being visible. Onr destination was Conway Bay, on Indefatigable Island.
A little wind most of the morning, which gradually strengthened. Indefatigable
Island apjieared to be well wooded. The volcano could be plainly seen smoking on
^-'^
Indefatigable Island.
James Island. The Guy Fawkes and Daphne islands were merely good-sized rocks,
with some vegetation. Came to anchor in Conway Bay (4i fathoms of water) about
o p.m. The water was very clear, objects on the bottom being easily distinguished.
Saw several seals around the vessel. Noticed pelicans, frigate birds, shearwaters
{Astrelata), boobies, and an owl {Asia).
Aiig. 30. — Went ashore on Indefatigable early in the morning. Good beaches
all along the shore. Found bu-ds very abundant, several kinds of Geospiza,
yesomi)nu.i, doves,- warl^lers, flycatchers, Certkidea, and several species of Cama-
rhijnchus. Water birds were (luite numerous. Saw a number of pelicans, little herons,
boobies, curlews, tattlers, and oyster-catchers. Hawks were very abundant, and a
pair of oyster-catchers that Harris had shot attracted a flock of half a dozen. They
soon ruined the pair. The island was thickly covered with tall cactus, trees, vines,
and bushes, tint was passable in some places. A fine little lagoon near the landing
was bordered on two sides with mangroves. The rocks along the shore sheltered
many sea-slugs and club-spiued urchins. Weather rather warm. Came on board
about II a.m. Skinned birds all the afternoon. An owl fli'w around the vessel in
the evening.
Aug. 31. — Went ashore early, and got many birds. A small rat was taken, one
of the three seen. Beck and Hull pulled two hawk-billed turtles out of the water
and landed them hitrh and drv on the beach. When the boat came after us about
( 115 )
uoou we got them aboard, together with a sack of crawfish which we caught about
the rocks. Had the crawfish for snpper ; the}' tasted like our lobsters.
Sept. 1. — Weut ashore oarly. I got Pi/rocephalus aud Certhidea, and found a
hawk-billed turtle on the beach, which I turned over and dragged uji high. Beck
got two rats like the one secured yesterday. Several ducks and a couple of r.iil were
taken in the salt-water lake near the shore. There was quite a flock of ducks (teal),
which were very tame. Beck brought in about twenty-five doves, which he had
killed with stones.
Sept. 2. — Went ashore early. Harris and Beck went down the beach to some
salt-water lagoons after ducks and waders, while HuU and myself ranged along the
beach in the other direction. I had very poor luck, getting one S Pyrocepkalics and
and a couple of the little green herons, which I knocked over with stones. Harris
and Beck brought back two stilts, two curlews, two tattlers, a turnstone, and some
ducks. (Several rail were also taken in the afternoon. The captain, mate, and
sailors started off, and the mate brought back two eggs of the great blue heron, the
remains of a set of three which he took from a nest 8 ft. up in a small tree.
Sept. 3. — Started out at 7 a.m. in the yawl-boat, the captain, mate, one sailor,
aud the four collectors making the party. Leaving the vessel, we sailed along the
N.W. shore of the island. The shore presented quite a contrast of sand-beach and rock,
with the bright green of the mangrove trees, many patches of which were seen.
After sailing a couple of miles, we entered a little slue, which resembled very much
a New England stream, e.xcept for the diiferent character of the vegetation which
lined its sides. There were mangrove trees, with their branching roots ; cactns,
some resembling huge cucumbers joined together, and others tree-shaped, 8 and
10 ft. high. Several great blue herons peered at us from their nests in the tops of
the mangroves, while the dignified-looking pelicans swam around us in small
bunches. A sail of a few more miles, and we reached a long sand-beach, where we
stopped to lunch. A group of seals, the largest seen thus far, furnished a good
scene for a picture. Soon after lauding one of the sailors and myself weut into the
interior on a dove hunt, aud managed to secure fourteen ; they were not very plentiful
at this end of the island. On our return the mate cooked the doves, the rest of the
luncheon was got out, and dinner began, every one enjoying it immensely. At about
3 p.m. the boat was shoved off again, and we set sail for home. It was cold and wet
work getting back, this disagreeable part lasting nearly four hours ; but arriving at
last, a fine hot sujjper completed the day.
Sept. 4. — Left Conway Bay at 9 a.m., and started over to Snncan. Harris went
ashore on Duncan in the afternoon. Reported birds quite scarce. They could find
no anchorage.
Sept. 5. — A very busy Sunday. Immediately after breakftist Harris, Hull, and
myself set out to visit a crater on (or uear) the top of Duncan. Ou lauding we
proceeded in different directions, so as to cover as much ground as possible.
Sparrows were plentiful — I shot a good many ; also two sjjecies of Camarhi/uchus
and a Certhidea. After a long walk I arrived at the edge of the crater at about
11 a.m. Harris was already inside. We climbed down the side, I should say
260 feet, and reached the bottom, which was level aud covered all around with thick
bushes on the border. Grass, 2 feet high or more, covered the entire centre.
Geospiza, Certhidea, and Camarhynchus were abundant, and occasionally Fi/ro-
cephalm and Mt/iarchus were seen. Soon after reaching the bottom I heard Harris
calling out that he had caught a tortoise. Hull and myself got there as soon as
( HO )
possible, aud we tied the tortoise up. The grass was lull of tortoise trails, and we
set out in search of others. Harris found two more, and Hull and myself caeh two.
We turned them all over, and weighted them down with heavy rocks. After fi.xing
the last one, we revisited the first and found it loose. This made it necessary to
revisit the others, which we did, finding that they had all got loose. We weighted
them down again with more aud heavier rocks, and returned to the starting-place.
Some of the tortoise which we found feeding were eating the blossoms from a
creeping vine, rising upon their forelegs and stretching their necks out to full
extent. The odour from them reminded me very much of that from an elephant.
After tramping about so much and lifting so many heavy rocks, we were very tired,
but had to brace up aud climb out of the crater, and walk to the shore over a long
distance of broken rock. The crater was quite | mile in diameter, with a very flat
bottom, surrounded by a high wall or embankment, making it resemble greatly
pictures of the old lionian amphitheatres. Arrived on board at G.'.M), very tired and
very thirsty.
Sept. (3.^>>ailed back to our anchorage in Conway liay last night and laid here
all day. Skinned birds aud fixed things np.
^^-jeS^^
'-'ff;
^ ^ 'M^
\-;,^W
Ddncan Island, showing where the Toetoises were found.
Sept. 7. — Another hard day's work. Got uj) at 4.45 a.m. aud started to heave
up anchor. Sailed over to Duncan Island. Had l)reakfast at (J.;in, and went ashore
soon after, starting immediately np to the crater, with poles, ropes, etc., to get the
tortoise out. Managed to recover our tortoises of last Sunday, some of which liad
got away. Found one dead, a rock having fallen on his neck during his struggles
aud shut off his wind. Found one more, making a total of eight. The work of
making them fast lasted till about ;^ o'clock, when we started for the shore with a
tortoise strung on a pole between each two men, one of the sailors and myself
taking one. It was very hard getting them np the side of the crater, walking being
so rough and thorns so plentiful. But this was nothing to be com]iared with going
down on the other side, which was very steep and terrible walking. The sailor had
on a pair of wooden clogs, which soon began to cliafe his feet. After a long time
spent in tumbling over lava blocks, tearing through thorn bushes and other such
pleasantries, we reached a jjoint as near the shore as we could, tied the creatui'es up
securely, and left them. Now came a long walk before we could get to the skill'.
We were all so tired, having had nothing to eat since breakfast, that the distance
seemed terribly long. It was a rough road, up aud down, over broken lava aud
through thorns. Reached the skiti' about 0 p.m., every one being well tired out. A
{?ood drink of wine and water was served with the lunch that was in the boat. We
( in )
got aboard the schoouer a little later. Tbis was the hardest day's work thus far,
with the possible exception of last Sunday's. The trip was very hard on the
tortoise also, and they acted as if " played out." Two of them being set down close
together got their poles somewhat tangled up, and by the way they opened their
mouths at each other it looked as if they were going to have a fight.
Sept. 8. — We went ashore quite early, and started immediately for the crater,
after looking in vain for more tortoise for a short time. The mate took a small
one on his back. Harris and myself, Hull and Beck carried one swung on a pole
between us, and we started for the boat by a much easier route than yesterday, and
got two of them right aboard the skiff. The other one and the three brought down
yesterday were tied up in a sack, one at a time, and then lowered down to the skiff
from the top of a bluff 75 ft. high. Getting them into the skiff, at 4 p.m. we were
aboard the schooner with six live tortoises. The small one which was found yesterday
appeared to be nearly dead when visited to-day. The soil at the bottom of the
crater is full of cracks in places, showing that probably during the wet season there
is water there. There were several rocks with depressions in their tops, and the
prints of tortoise feet near them showed that the animals probably relied on these
places for their supply of water during the dry season. It rained last Sunday while
we were in the crater, and in one of these holes quite a little water had collected.
Beck knocked over a penguin with the boathook, and we got the bird on board in a
lively condition. He could walk finely, standing up on his feet, sometimes using
his tail as a brace, more often not — waddling along at times quite rapidly ; he kept
his wings well away from his body, and pointed down a little in advance of it.
Sept. 9. — Went ashore at about 8 a.m., or rather started at that time, it being
a long pull to the island. Harris, Hull, and Beck carried the guns, while the mate
and a sailor (Herman Jahiike) and myself were to bring down the two tortoises.
We got into the crater at about 11 a.m. ; picked up the bones of a tortoise that had
been found some time before. We saw a snake that was about \k ft. long, slender
and blackish, with white rings. The mate noticed it first iind called me, but I only
arrived in time to sec it disappearing under the grass, from which we were unable
to dislodge it. The mate was afraid of snakes. We ate lunch in the crater. Just
as we were commencing, Harris brought in a small tortoise which had escaped lust
Sunday, the one first caught. The mate claimed that this one bit him while he was
tying it up. After lunch we sturted out of the crater, a sailor and myself carrying
the large dead one on a pole, and the mate the live one in a pack on his back. We
got down to the bluff' in good time, when we lowered them down, and then climbed
down ourselves. At a little after 4 p.m. the rest of the party appeared, bringing in
another dead tortoise and the small live one, the sack of bones, and some birds.
15eck carried a big tortoise from the other side of the island, and reported seeing
five others in a gulch on the other side of the crater, three of them being larger
than any secured thus far. He said that one of the big ones was feeding on an old
dead cactus. We got on board after a long pull, and started over to Conway Bay,
where we anchored at T p.m.
Sept. 10. — Skinned birds all day ; worked on penguin in the afternoon, and
think it by far the greasiest bird that I ever handled. A short-eared owl (J.</o
yalapagensis) was taken in the evening. The bird came aboard and sat on the
guy rope, which held tiie end of the foreboom, evidently prospecting for turtle meat.
Sept. 11. — Skinned the two tortoise and a hawk-billed turtle — a long and
tedious job.
9
( IIH )
Sept. 12 (Snnda}-). — A general clearing np. Beck and Harris went over to
Eden Island in tlie skifif ; brought back a few flowers and a couple of crabs. The
two sailors killed six hawks {Buteo t/alapagi'iis/s) with pieces of rock.
Sept. 13. — Got up at 4.3u, and, after having coftVe, hoisted anchor and set the
sails. Weather very foggy, and fine rain. We sailed over to Dnncan, went ashore
rather late, and all hands started at once for the crater, the idea being to work
over the other side of it, and look for the tortoise that Beck had seen as well as
others. We found in one of the craters (a section so thickly covered with bashes
that it had not been so carefully examined) a good-sized tnrtoise. This find altered
the plans somewhat. The mate and the sailor took the tortoise on a pole, I a
sack of bones and their surplus baggage, and after eating luncli started back, the
others having gone on. AVe reached the skiff after a long walk, the others arriving
at about the same time. They reported six tortoises tied up, and the remains of
another fonnd. We got aboard the vessel about 0 2).m., and sailed for Conway Bay,
coming to anchor at 7.30.
Sept. 14. — Got up at 4.30, and, after having coffee, lioisted the anchor and set
sail for Duncan. We got ashore quite early, and started for the top of the island,
carrying tent outfit and provisions for Beck and Hull, who were to camji in a little
valley on the other side of the top. We got to their camping place after a long
climb, partly through thick brush. We put up the teut and lunched. Just as we
began to descend into the valley we found four tortoise, and Beck and the mate, who
had separated from us a little, found three more, making thirteen in all tied up in
the vallev. Leaving Hull and Beck in their camp, we took the two big tortoise
which the mate and Beck had foimd, these being the nearest to the skiff. It was
terrible work carrying them. We had no shoulder pads, the carrying poles were
too short, and the tortoises grew terribly heavy. We got them half-way down, and
had to leave them, tying them fast. We then made the rest of the descent quite
easily, and got to the vessel in time for supper. We headed for Conway Ba}',
anchoring shortly after 6 p.m. It was decided that the only way to get the tortoise
out would be for the mate and myself to take a tent outfit and plenty of provisions
and water, and join Hull and Beck on the island, the rest of the party remaining
to care for the vessel at Conway Bay.
Sept. 15. — Hoisted anchor and sailed to Duncan. The mate and myself left
the vessel and pulled ashore, with tent and supplies. We anchored the skiff in a
splendid little bay, where hair seals, pelicans, and boobies abounded. We stored the
water and sur])lus provisions in a cave near the shore, and made up two packs of
the remainder. The stin was out in full force when we commenced the long climb
to the camp, but we pressed on and reached it about 2 p.m. After a short rest we
pitched the tent, and then went out and brought a good-sized tortoise to the camp.
The mate prepared supper — doves, fruit, bread, butter, and coffee. It was dark
very soon, and we retired early. Short-eared owls hooted about us continually
during the night.
Sept. 16. — Arose at 5 a.m. and had breakfast : then both jiarties started for
the first station with a big tortoise. Reaching there, the mate and myself started
down for the beach after water and provisions, there being only half a canteen
of water to leave the others for their morning's work. We got to shore in
50 minutes, and started immediately to pack up. The mate took the five-gallon
breaker of water, and I the knaj)sack, well loaded with canned fruit, meat, sardines,
bread, sugar, butter, coffee, rice, etc., and three canteens of water. We started back
( 119 )
right in the heat of the clay, aud the mate's load soon exhausted him. We decided
that I should go ahead and get to the boys with the water in the canteens, while he
came on by short stages. I reached the camj) about 1 p.m., very tired by the long
walk in the snn. Beck and Hull had carried oat three tortoises to the first station.
We lunched, and later the mate reached the camp. Hull aud myself got a good-
sized tortoise into the camp in the afternoon (the farthest away), while Beck brought
in a little one on his shoulder. A little later Beck and myself took one of the big ones
around the trail to the first station, while Hull brouglit another little one into the
camp, aud the mate got several. We sat around the camp-fire awhile after supper,
and then retired.
Sept. 17. — Both parties started immediately after breakfast to the first station
with a big tortoise. Hull aud Beck then started to work some half-way down to
the shore, leaving the mate and myself to carry the remainder of those about the
camp to the first station. We brought out another big one on the pole, and then
each of us took a small one on our shoulders. After dinner the mate took another
small one, and I the knapsack, with some extra provisions, empty jugs, etc., and
went from the camj) half-way down to the shore, leaving them there, as we barely
had time to get back before dark.
Sept. 18. — Arose about 5 a.m., it being then quite rainy. After breakfast we
got the tents, blankets, etc., packed up, and started for the shore, Beck and the
mate each taking a little tortoise, while Hull and myself carried the tents, etc., all
on a pole. Arrived at the shore, after liuite a short rest we started up again to
bring down some more tortoise. Beck and the mate went uja again after dinner,
bringing down two more. Meantime Hull and myself got the stuff' packed up, the
tortoises in the boat, and things arranged for leaving. We then took the skiif,
leaving the camp outfit ashore, as we were to return on Monday. The schooner had
left Conway Bay some time before, and was (piite close by the island; and in a short
time we were all on board with our seven tortoise. Tiie weather at the camp on
the top of the island was damp during the evening and the first jjart of the night.
It usnally started to rain at 'Z to 3 a.m., and at o, when we awoke, the whole top of
the island would be covered with fog. In the middle of the day the sun made work
very uncomfortable, so that we tried to do most of our work in the morning and
evening. Numbers of Geospizae and Nesopelia came about the camp feeding,
and occasionally a hawk appeared. Owls (A.sio) in numbers came around during
the night. Uats were quite numerous, and Beck caught several in traps.
Sept. 19 (Sunday). — Bested.
Sept. 20. — Went ashore quite early. We pitched tents and went up to the first
station ; brought down two tortoises half-way, ate a little lunch we had taken up
with us, and took a short rest. We went up to the first station again and brought
the tortoise down to the shore. The mate cooked a good supper of rice, cofiee, meat
(canned corn beef), and bread and butter, canned fruit for dessert. We sat around
the camp fire till 8 o'clock. The seals kept up a continual noise all night.
Sept. 21. — Had an early breakfast, aud all went to the first station. The mate
and myself brought a tortoise down to the camp (moved down to shore). While
Hull and Beck brought one half-way and returned for another, mate and myself ate
lunch, then went to half-way station and brought another one down to the shore.
Meantime Beck and Hull got theirs down. It was getting late in the afternoon, so
we lay off for the remainder of the day.
Sept. 22. — (lot up early. After breakfast we went up to the half-way station
( 120 )
auJ brought dowu two tortoises ; went up again immediately and brought down
two more. Had dinner and took a rest. At about 3 p.m. we went up again and
brought down two more, which made the last of the twenty-nine tortoises from
Duncan Island.
Sept. 23. — Did not get up quite as early. After breakfast I worked a little
aronnd the beach, turning over rocks for marine animals ; then secured several
lizards. We got the eleven tortoises down on tlie beach. We then put six in the
skiff together with the outfit. Beck steering, the mate and myself pulled to the
vessel, which had come over from Conway Bay. We got aboard all right, and
shortly after the rest of the tortoise and Hull were taken aboard. Then we headed
off for Jervis, and anchored at the north side of the island at 5 j).ni. We are
doubtful if more than two or three tortoises are left on Duncan Island, because our
party covered practically all the part of the island where they would be found.
Sept. 24. — Went ashore on Jervis Island. Fine beach, with a little lagoon
right behind it, aronnd the edge of which we found tracks of a tortoise, but were
unable to find it after thoroughly searching the island. There is more soil on tin's
island than on any visited thus far. We secured about ll-J birds in all.
Sept. 26. — Skinned birds all day.
Sept. 26. — Heaving anchor in 45 fathoms of rope and chain, and seftin;,' sails.
We got through before 10 o'clock, and sailed over to James Bay, James Island,
where anchor was dropjjcd at 1.30 p.m. Harris, the captain and mate wentasliore to
look for fresh water, which was marked on the chart. They returned in a couple of
Lours, being unable to locate any. Harris brought back a skull, a cross, knife, and
pair of sandals — part of the remains of a man which he found in a cave. The
skeleton was lying in a cleft in the rocks, with some brush piled uj) near by. A
cloth was rigged up, evidently to keep the sun and wind off. The knife was stuck
in the ground near by. Several walking-sticks, remains of boobies, tortoise, etc.,
were lying around.
Sept. 27. — AVent ashore quite early. Landed at a fine sand beach. Immedi-
ately behind it was a salt-water lagoon, j)artly crusted with salt. Harris shot a
flamingo here. Saw tracks of hogs and donkeys, also evidences of human beings
having been on the island within a short time. The travelling was very fair, but a
good deal of dry brush made it difficult in many places. Fair-sized trees were
numerous. Found Ccrthidea and doves. Several species of Geospha (quite
numerous) and several species of Camarhi/nchus.
Sept. 28. — Went ashore same time as yesterday. Collected till In.iin. We
saw a species of crab on the beach which roam about in large bands, evidently
gathering food from the breakers as they roll up on the beach.
Sept. 29. — Beck and Harris started as soon as it was light for the interior of the
island, carrying provisions, blankets, etc., thinking that they might remain over-night
on shore. Hull and myself went ashore at the usual time, aud collected about 15
birds each. In the afternoon the ca])tain, mate, and steward went around the point
of the island, where they found the remains of a huge camp — large enough to
accommodate 30 to 40 men— evidently the camping site of some Government
surveying party. They found broken crockery, an inkstand, spoon, iron hoops, etc.
The tent stakes — couches — were also lying around. There was one grave marked
with a good-sized cross, bearing initials which could not be deciphered by them.
Harris and Beck returned to the beach just at dark, and were at once brought aboard.
They had penetrated si.\ or seven miles into the interior, which they jn-onouuced a
( 121 )
thick tropical jungle. They saw a couj)le of fine donkeys and al)ont a dozen pigs ;
the latter being very common. The trees at first were large and covered entirely
with moss. Farther on they were uml)rella-shape, covered with moss and orchids,
and so interlaced with vines, etc., that it was impossible to force a passage throngh
them. They proceeded here along a donkey and pig trail, which led to fresh water.
They found several mnddy pools where the pigs came to wallow, and the whole
country was so damp that they conld not light a fire. Beck killed a small pig and
brought back the hind quarters.
Sept. 30. — Skinned a few birds that Beck and Harris had brought along, then
got up anchor and headed for Sullivan Bay (James) -, wind being very light.
Oct. 1. — Vessel in about the same position as yesterday, there being no wind.
In the evening quite a breeze sprang up, and we sailed along nicely.
Oct. 2. — Arrived at Sullivan Bay early in the morning. A more barren place
conld scarcely be imagined. Hardly an3-thing was to be seen except rough bare
lava. The vessel lay-to while we went ashore. We got into a little green patch
and collected about forty birds, which were in very poor plnmage, due to moulting
in part.
Oct. 3. — There was a good breeze in the morning, and we beat along the N.E.
end of Indefatigable Island, making short tacks ; looking for the Pnerta-de-
I'Aguada, which was put down as being somewhere on this end. We came to
anchor on the Gordon Hocks, on the east end of the island, in ly fathoms of water,
about 3 p.m. AVhile coming to this anchorage we sighted a small boat with men in
it near the shore, and it caused considerable excitement — they being the first we
had seen in four months. As soon as things were fixed on board the skiff was got
out, and Harris, Hull and myself went over to find the little craft, which had
disappeared behind a small island near the mainland. It soon reappeared, and we
saw it contained three men. We got alongside in a few minutes, and in response
to our query, "Speak English?" one replied, "I used to"; and we saw that
he was an Englishman. He said that his name was Thomas Levick ; that he had
lived on the islands for 29 years, and now belonged to a small colony which had
been started two months since on C'harles, or, as he called it, Florianua Island.
He was now on a short trip among the islands ; had been out IT days, and was to
start back for (Charles almost immediately. With him were two men : one an old
Portngnese, who could speak some English, and the other a Sonth American. We
invited them aboard. It was readily accepted, and we all had supper during the
evening. Mr. Levick gave us the following information. " Terrapin or tortoise
were eartremely common on the southern end of Albemarle, and there had been
some on Indefatigable, James, Abingdon, and Duncan ; bnt they had been abont
exterminated on all these islands. That dogs, fierce and large, were abundant
on James, C!hatham and Indefatigable. That there was a large fresh-water lake,
and that limes, plantain and other fruit grew on the high mountains in the centre
of Indefatigable. That Barrington was infested with goats. That Charles Island,
the finest of the group, had for a long time been nninhabited, on account of a certain
old Spaniard having been killed there by convicts. It possessed fresh water, pigs,
cattle, donkeys, fruit, etc., and was going to be rapidly colonised. That Chatliam
had a large plantation of sugar cane and refineries for its manufacture. That the
population of ('hatham consisted mostly of convicts, but that the soldiers there kept
them in check. That the wateriug-jilace was on the S.E. end instead of the N.E.
end of Indefatigable." (We tasted some of the water that came from there, and it
( 122 )
was qnite brackisli). He also said that the absence of iguanas on InJefatitrable and
James Islands was due to the wild dogs, which came down to the shores to eat them,
as they also do the turtle and young tortoise. Their boat was made fast to our
stern, and after 8 o'clock we turned in.
Oct. 4. — Had breakfast quite early, at which our visitors joined us ; aud then
each i)arty got into their boat and left the schooner, sailing in different directions.
We landed at a point quite near, and then collected. The country was very
rocky ; a great deal of brush quite green. Birds were numerous, bnt poor in plumage.
Altogether theri> were taken :55 that could be saved. In the afternoon we got under
way for Barringtou Island.
Oct. 5. — ( 'ame to an anchorage on the X.E. side of liarrington. After dinner we
went ashore on a goat hunt. Found a good trail and fair walking. Went about three
miles inland, finding a number of goats, and killed three. Cut oif their hind quarters
and brought them down. Noticed for the first time the large land ignauas {('ono-
lop/ii/g snljrrigtatus) which live in holes. Killed one large one, which was a dirty
white colour. Birds not numerous ; noticed small sandpipers, turnstones, swallows,
Certliidca, mocking birds, and two species of Geospiza. There were the remains of
quite a large camp on the beach, around which were scattered the remains of iguanas,
goats, and seals.
Oct. 0. — "Went ashore quite early after birds. Found ( 'erthidea quite plentiful.
Beck brought in several iguanas, and said that he had 24 more uj^ in the hills, a short
way off. After dinner wo skinned birds, while Beck, the mate, and a sailor brought
down the rest of the iguanas. The iguanas run as long as 4 ft., and some weigh about
10 lb. He found these specimens all in one colony, two and sometimes three
in one hole. The holes varied considerably in depth and character — some 1 or 2 feet
deep, others running underground 10 feet or so, and then slanting down, say, 5 feet.
(Several of the females contained eggs, which were larger than hens' eggs in size.
The burrows were in a sandy soil. I examined two stomachs : they contained
vegetable matter. They tried to bite when caught. The usual method of collecting
was to take hold of the tail, jiull them out of the hole, and knock them on the head
quickly with a stick.
Oct. T. — Breakfast at 0. Soon after, Harris, Hull and Beck started for the shore,
leaving me to fix alcohol and skin some 30 iguanas taken yesterday. Finished, say,
a dozen or more when the party returned with a snipe, rat, several lizards, and some
birds. After dinner resumed work on the iguanas, finishing by 4 p.m. Out of the
30 only 5 are males. Of the remainder one-half contained eggs, varying in number
from S to 15 : white in colour. Examined most stomachs, finding vegetable matter,
principally cactus.
We had some iguanas and the eggs for supper. They were rather tough, but
tasted good. The eggs were all 3'olk, acd like the hen's in taste.
Oct. 8. — Went ashore early, and started immediately for the " iguana village."
Caught 10, which we kept alive, and brought down some dead ones. They opened
their jaws savagely when seized by the tail, but were unable to bend their bodies
sufliciently to bite the holder's hand. We went on board for dinner, after which we
skinned the iguanas, and also some gulls and a booby. At about 4 p.m. hove
anchor, and got under way for ('hathani Island by sujiper time. Out of the last lot
of iguanas only 2 were males, making only 7 males in all.
Oct. 1). — lieachid an anchorage in Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, about noon
Near to us lay another vessel, a Columbian, whose captain was accompanied by
( 1^3 )
several island officials. The jwlice commissiouer and the lighthouse keeper soon
boarded us. The former brought a package of letters. The guests were entertained
in our little cabin. The Ecuadorian captain could speak English, and he gave ns
quite a lot of information about tlie island. It seems that the past week was a
holida}- time for them, and that they are going to have a big time to-night. Harris,
Hull, and the captain went up with these people to Seuor Cobos' place. The mate
and myself went ashore. The lighthouse keeper, a young Spaniard, and his comrade,
had a house built of bamboo mats and tin combined. They had a couple of old-
fashioned rifles and some " machetes." They could not speak English (nor we
Spanish), but we managed to talk all the same — by sign language ! The keeper
showed us round. There was a graveyard near the beach ; all graves were marked
by crosses. There were a couple of good-sized warehouses, and that was about
all. We saw several natives, one a woman, who was quite good-looking. We
noticed a good many empty shells of Chiton, and found out that they eat the
animal.
Oct. 10. — Sunda}'. Dressed up in our best and went ashore. The mate. Beck,
and myself walked up to Progresso over a very good road. Birds were numerous,
especially Geospi.me. We noticed martins, cuckoos, Pi/roc('phalns, and Cama-
rhyiichus. As we neared the settlement we came to vast fields of sugar-cane. Later
on we learned that Cobos had over 1000 acres planted. Vegetation tropical. Large
cacti, lemon, orange, and banana trees. The tropical fruit which they call
" papaios " * and castor oil beans were also common. There are some other tropical
fruits here. One they call y-yava consists of a large pod, with eight or nine beans
or seeds in it, surrounded by a pleasant-tasting'pulp. Coffee and a tropical substitute
for potatoes grow here. We soon reached the settlement, which consisted of a
number of low thatched huts, which were filled with natives. It being a holiday —
having nothing to do — they came around us in crowds. They were a general
mixture of Columbians, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Spaniards, etc., and crosses between
the entire lot. A few of the women were fair-looking, also the Spanish boys, but
the rest were a hard-looking crowd. As near as we could find out, the population
was 225 men and 40 women, all of them virtually subjects of Sefior Manuel I. Cobos.
Saw a pen with several Galapagos (tortoises) in it alive. Bananas, 20 cents a
bunch; lemons, 10 cents per 100; "yuccas" (potato substitutes), 1 cent per lb;
water, 5 dollars per 500 gallons. There was quite a large sugar refinery here, and
huge vats of sugar and juice standing around. One man said they turned out 3 tons
a day. There were a good many hens in the village, and I saw one turkey-
Donkeys were plentiful, and out in the green fields were a large number of cattle .
We returned at noon to the ship.
Oct. 11.— Went ashore early, and shot about a dozen birds each. Cobos came
to dinner, an hour late, accompanied by a bodyguard of one soldier. He left shortly
after dinner, Harris and Hull going back with him. Beck and myself finished the
rest of the birds.
Oct. 12. — Beck and myself went ashore quite early, shooting about a dozen
birds each. Just as we got through, Harris and Hull came down the road. They
had collected quite a number of nice birds, swallows (our barn swallow), cuckoos,
martins {Progne modesta), sandpipers, and some Pyrocepkalus. Worked on birds
the rest of the day.
Oct. 13. — Hull and Beck went collecting; I worked on alcoholic stuff. On their
* C'arica papaya.
[ 124 )
return we all worked, and put up about 50 birds — mocking birds, finches, and several
Camar/ipichi/s, Pt/rocepknlus, and Certhidea.
Oct. 14. — Breakfast early, and then all four started for the ranehe of Scnor
Cobos on foot. Tliere was some misunderstanding abont horses, and we found that
we could not get away till noon, so we accepted his earnest invitation to breakfast,
and then set out to see his coffee plantation. Onr trip took us through long groves
of banana trees and other tropical fruits. The scenery was beautiful : large green
trees, tropical vinos and jilants, little jwols of water — all of which, combined, fnlfilled
my idea of a tropical paradise. Black Camarhjncid and Pyrocephalus were
abundant here ; Certhidea also quite common. There were big flocks of tnrnstone
on the pasture lands. "We got back in time for the 11-o'clock breakfast. Had a
very good meal, with the best chocolate that I ever tasted. We noticed them
making rope of the threads of a kind of cactus which grew about the place. Prognc
were numerous about the house. After breakfast we got the horses, and in company
with a nephew of Cobos and his book-keeper we started for the top of the island.
The land was all open, and looked like good soil. It was a rather up-and-down ride,
but we reached the big fresh-water lake, in the bottom of an old crater. It was so
foggy that we could not see over 60 yards. They said it was half a mile in diameter.
There was a flock of teal on it. We heard a curlew and a plover on the way up.
We rode around the lake, and on our return had supper with Cobos, returning to
the vessel after dark. It was very dark, but we found the shore and then the vessel,
and were soon aboard.
Oct. 15.— Awoke very sore, the result of yesterday's riding ! Hull, Beck, and
myself made up 40 birds secured yesterday. Water, " yuccas," and bananas were
brought aboard.
Oct. 16. — Hull, Beck, and myself went ashore early, and got 20 birds each.
Beck got a dove and & female bobolink (Dolichonyx orijzivorus). The dove was the
only one seen on this island by us, and the first bobolink recorded for the group
since Darwin's visit. We went on board before dinner, and had the birds put up by
supper-time. We gave our mail to Captain Barnhoff to post in Gnyaquil.
Oct. 17. — Harris started up to the hacienda of Senor Cobos about 5 a.m., to see
about water, and returned shortly after dinner in company with Cobos, his nephew,
and another gentleman. They remained a short time, and then all but Cobos were
put aboard the other vessel bound for Gnyaquil. They immediately weighed anchor
and sailed. After putting Cobos ashore we did the same.
Oct. 18.— There had been no wind during the night, and the strong current had
taken us off the island so far that all day was spent in getting back.
Oct. 19. — Vessel lay to on the north side of the island. We went ashore at
7.30, and started collecting. Birds not numerous, and mostly (reospizae. Two
species of Camarlii/nchas were taken. Beck and myself each got a Certhidea. A
few Nesomimus were taken at a little pool near the shore. Five or six martins
were taken. Boobies were very plentifnl. We noticed some nesting. One nest
contained two eggs badly incubated. I say nest, but there was no nest, the two
chalky eggs being laid on the bare ground. Very hot in the middle of the day.
Oct. 20. — At sea ; the weather abont the same. Up to noon we made very little
progress, bnt came in sight of Hood Island at supper-time.
Oct. 22. — Got up early. The vessel was within 5 or (! miles of Hood Island.
We got to work on the tortoise, and had it finished before dinner. The vessel came
to anchor in Gardiner Bay, Hood Island, at VK'M) a.m. After dinner we went up to
( 125 )
Fig. 1.
the top of the island on an inspection tonr. The country nearly all rocks, covered
with dry vegetation — quite thick in places. Huge lizards were abundant, and a
number were taken. We got two snakes, the largest about 3 ft. long. Birds not
numerous, and many in very worn plumage. I saw Certhidea, mocking-birds, and
three species of (jfeospiza. One hawk was seen. Doves very numerous. We
collected several black tern,
and the sailors killed a yellow-
crowned night heron (JVi/cta-
nassa). Beck brought back
two goats from a flock of
twenty that he saw.
Oct. 23. — Went ashore
early after birds. Returned
at 11 a.m. with about 50
small birds, two hawks, several
oyster - catchers, a booby,
sanderling, gull, and a lot of
lizards ; also several black iguanas. We skinned all the birds before supper,
with the exception of the two Iiawks, it getting too dark to work. In the
evening several short-eared owls came out to see us, and I knocked one down
with the spreader of the yawl-boat.
Oct. 24 (Sunday). — Skinned a
hawk before breakfast, after which
Hall finished the other. I skinned
the owl, spent another hour in fi.xing
up things, and took a vacation the
rest of the day. I fed one of the
tortoises with banana peel, which it
took from my hands.
Oct. 25. — Shot 20 birds each, and
returned at 9.30 a.m. AVe skinned
birds all the rest of the dav. In the
afternoon the mate and sailors went
off on a goat hunt, but found no goats. They reported, however, a big albatross'
rookery, and brought in several eggs of the albatross.
Oct. 26. — Up early and started for the rookery. We separated after going
inland for some distance, the mate and a sailor after a goat, and the rest of us
for albatross. We
reached the first lot
soon. They were a
mile or more inland,
on a smooth patch
of ground. Some of
the groups contained
a dozen or more indi-
viduals. They were very tame, like the boobies, but some attacked us in a savage
manner. We noticed a very curious and interesting habit which seemed to be a
pastime of theirs, and resembled fencing as near as birds could imitate it — their
beaks being the foils (Figs. 1 to 6). In every direction birds were fencing in pairs.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
( 12G )
They would stand opposite each other, and throw tlicir heads up in the air (Fig. 2);
then make two or three prelimiuary bows and parries, and after fencing a minute or
less, one would throw up its liead and utter a note with his bill wide 0{)en (Fig. I),
and then assume the first position again. The other would follow the example, and
the same jierforraance would thus
be gone through with many times.
The eyebrows are very prominent
on these birds, also their breasts.
Their walk is a peculiar waddle,
like the " swagger " of a " bowery
tongh." We found the rookeries
scattered all around — some near
the shore, others well inland.
Before flying they had to run
some 30 yards to get a start. "We found quite a number of eggs during the
day, all of which were addled. Harris, Beck and myself left Hull and a sailor
soon after finding the first albatross, and started for the S.E. end of the island.
Albatross were scattered all along the route, there evidently being several thousands
of them on the island.
On reaching the S.E. end
we found sea-birds very
abundant: gulls {Cre-
iignis) were " thick " ;
frigate birds extremely
abundant and breeding ;
boobies ; yellow-crowned
night herons, and the little
blue herons {Butorkles) ;
black terns ; and tropic
birds which were nesting in the rocks. We noticed that the young S»hi vehonxi
had dark brown eyes instead of the yellow eye of the adult. The black iguanas
{Amblyrhynchus cristatua) were very abundant in some places, there being a hundred
in a square 3'ard (see Plate V., right-hand lower corner). We ate lunch hero,
and then started liac'k
along tlie shore for the
vessel.
Oct. 27.— Skinned
birds all day, putting
up 10 albatross, 4
tropics, and an owl ;
also blew a few of the
albatross' eggs. The
albatrosses were very
fat.
Oct. 28. — All hands except the captain and cook took the skiff and went towards
the E. end of the island, bound on a big bird hunt ; landed at a point about two
miles up shore, and dragged the boat out high and dry. Then we started across to the
S.E. shore, and there commenced to collect. Shot several oyster-catchers and yellow-
crowned night heron. Beck caught a number of red-billed tropic birds among the
( 127 )
rocks, some ol" which liad eggs. After lunch started back along the shore, taking in
trojnc birds all the time, aii<l at one point laying in a number of Ci-eagrus. By the
time that the skifF was reached we had some 50 birds and a lot of eggs — the eggs
being two species of booby, alliatross, tropic birds and gulls. There was a big surf
running on the S.E. side, whi(^h looked magnificent. The heavy rollers would dash
against the rocks, sending the spray 50 or more feet into the air. Had quite a time
Seals on Hciod Island.
getting the boat launched, but got back to the vessel by supper time. Had some
quarrels with the sailors, but the mate sulidued them quickly.
Oct. 29. — Skinned birds all day, putting up all the large ones secured yesterday.
Oct. 30. — Blew eggs most of the day, and at 4 p.m. we hoisted anchor and left
Hood Island ; headed for Gardner Bay.
TODNG OP SULA PISCATRLX WEBSTEKI.
Oct. 31 (Sunday).— No wind during the night, and we were ten miles off Charles.
There was a little wind in the morning, and Harris, Hull and myself went ashore
on Gardner's Island, near Charles Island, after dinner. The island is quite small
— about two miles in circumference : it is liigh, and for the most part its sides are
steep, perpendicular cliffs. Wo found one place where we could get up, and this
was none too easy — quite a steep climb over slippery glazed rocks. On top the soil
was a coarse gravel, and covered thickly with bushes and cactus. Birds were not
jilcntiful, but we obtained about 50, Several Geospizae, Mi/iarchus, Dendroica,
( 128 )
Nesopelia, Camarhynchus an<l St'-wmimus tri/asriatiis .' Tho latter wero quite
j)lentiful. Sea birds were abnndant, some of them breeding. Saw frigate birds,
black tern, boobies, tropic birds, Pujlixux, Acsfrrlnfn, and jictrels.
Kor. 1. — Made anchorage at Charles Island about Hi a.m. Harris aud the
captain went ashore at once, returning at dinner time, bringing quite a boat-load of
people, including M'Gill, who has charge of the colony, two overseers, aud four
senoritas. Soon after M'Gill's son, Antonio, came out in a little " dug-out." The
women were very kind, but naturally very inquisitive. Our bread was a novelty to
them. It seems that to-day is " All Saints' Day," a holiday with them, and no one
working. The visitors remained till about 2 p.m., when we all went ashore. In the
first boat the mate and myself took the ladies. I remained ashore while tlic mate went
back for the rest. I accepted an invitation from the ladies to visit the jirincipal house
— a square affair with tin roof and plain board sides. There I met several men. All
hands joined in trying to entertain me, and, considering my ignorance of Spanish
and theirs of English, they succeeded well. Soon after the other boat-load was
landed, and we were entertained in fine style by M'Gill. There were several
" shanties " in this settlement, all of the same character, " S(piare aff"airs with tin
roofs." There was much dried beef and fish stored away. Had some oranges, the
first seen since leaving San Francisco. Here was a pen with some 40 tortoises, a
nnmber of them in good condition. They had some young flamingoes, canght the
previous night, and already tame. Donkeys and dogs were plentiful. We spent
the afternoon ashore, returning in time for sujjper witli Captain Levick, our old
acquaintance of Indefatigable Island.
Kov. 3. — Up early, and loaded ammunition before breakfast. Went ashore, and
started immediately for the interior with Levick for guide. Went about si,\ miles
inland. A very fair road, which narrowed in some places to a mere path. There
was much vegetation, mostly large green thorn trees. Higher up there were a good
many lime and orange trees. We picked some fruit from both. At the first watering
place, about a mOe inland, was a little garden witli several kinds of vegetables.
Here also was a place where they were " jerking beef." There were about a dozen
men cutting up the beef and drying it. The second watering place was much
higher up. Water at both places very good. At the second place there was a
cave where an old Yankee had passed the life of u hermit. It was nicely fitted up,
seats, shelves, and fireplace chiselled out of solid rock. Pijrorephulus were very
abundant about this second watering place ; Catnarhi/nchus also quite plentiful,
aud (ireospizae abnndant all the way up. Around the second watering place water
birds were plentiful — curlew, ringed plover, and turnstone. On the way back saw
some wild cattle and a few wild donkeys.
Nor. 3. — Went ashore and collected about Go liirds. Harris was attending to
arrangements for entertaining some of the islanders whom we had invited to take
supper with us. Arranged a table on the main deck with a tarpaulin spread over-
head, with flags of America and Ecuador for drapery. The guests arrived at 4 p.m.
M'Cjill and son, Cajitain Levick, and several other gentlemen and ladies. We sat
down to supper at once, and in spite of our limited means for conversation, had a
very pleasant time. After supper the band (consisting of myself and my flute !)
played several dirges, and I then went into the cook's galley aud played for them
dance music. The music and the dance did not seem to hit well, but they all
enjoyed it. At 7,30, after many " bnenas nochcs," our guests left us, inviting us to
colfee with them in the morning.
( 129 )
Nov. 4. — -00116016(1 about 45 birds. Had tlieiu uii by 2.30 p.m. Then we blew
some eggs collected some time previous.
NoK. 5.— Started for the top of the island, taking lunch, intending to remain all
day. Reached the summit in good time, and separated. All hands returned by
4 p.m. Hull and Beck obtained some Certkidea* probably a new species. Harris
secured a bobolink. I took one of the swallow.s that resemble the barn swallow,
the third taken on this island; also four specimens of the Camarhi/ncktis — the only
ones taken here thus far. Beck found a nest of Pyrocephalns containing one egg
and one young bird.
Nov. G. — Skinned yesterday's birds and cleaned guns. Loaded cartridges, etc.
Noi:. 7 (Sunday). — Went ashore after breakfast. Remained on land a couple of
hours, said " adios," and went on board. Captain Levick came with us. After
dinner hoisted anchor and sailed around to " Post OfHce Bay," and dropped anchor
there, taking only an hour or so to make this change.
Nov. 8. — Went on shore early, collectiug. Visited a lagoon near the shore,
where it was said tlamingoes could be found, but saw only one. There were a hundred
or more teal in the place, also stilts, sauderlings, black-bellied plover, turnstone,
yellow-crowned night heron and curlew. Captain Levick was carried back in the
yawl boat.
Nov. 9. — Got up at 3.15 a.m., hoisted anchor, and sailed for Albemarle Island.
Weather a little rough. Got over to Albemarle and anchored on the S.E. side at
2 p.m. Saw Lams J'liUginosiis flying around the vessel.
Nor. 10. — Got up at 5.30 a.m. and went ashore. Lauded in a little cove where
a fresh-water stream entered into the ocean. The Laras fuliginosus were very
numerous about this place. The banks of the stream were lined with a thick growth
of mangroves. Among these trees were a large number of yellow-crowned night
herons (Ni/ctanassa violacea). Saw several of the great blue herons (^Ardea herodias),
one of which we shot. It was very difficult travelling through the brush, and we did
not get very far inland. The brush was thick, and so interlaced with vines and
thorns as to be almost impenetrable. Secured Mi/iarchus magnirostris, Nesomimm
parculus, Certhidna oUcacea, and several species of Camarhi/nchus and Geospiza.
Harris and Beck killed several flamingoes. Beck secured a Gallinula.
Nov. 11. — Hull, Harris, and Beck went on shore collecting. I remained on
board, and skinned tliree flamingoes and some herons left over from yesterday. At
noon the party returned with two flamingoes, a white egret, herons, gulls, etc., which
we skinned in the afternoon. They also brought in an immense black iguana,
measuring 49'50 in. from tip to tip.
Nor. 12. — Started early to penetrate into the interior, hoping to go as far as the
growth of green vegetation. Beck and myself went together ; he carried a gnn and
I the machete. We landed a little to the west of our usual place, and started out
N.W. We got into such a thick growth of brush near the shore that we were
unable to get through it, and had to back out and go to the west, where it was better.
All the way, as far as we went, the character of the ground was about the same for
the most part — rocky, with little ridges and valleys. Occasionally we met little
patches of a few hundred yards where the walking would be very fair. We fonud
tortoise and cattle trails quite numerous, and by means of these and the machete we
made good progress. The vegetation changed gradually the higher up we advanced;
taller trees and more green bushes appeared. We got several miles inland (estimate
* It is a new furm, Certhidea olivacea ridytcayl nobis.
( 130)
5 to 7), and ate luncli on the top of the only hill near. Around the base of this
hill the vegetation was unite tropical — green and tliick hnish, trees covered with
long hanging moss, and long creepers hanging down from their tops and inter-
lacing the wliule. After lunch we went over the hill on the north side to the edge
of some green trees. There were two kinds of trees, one with a long narrow pointed
leaf, the other with a leaf smaller and l)roader. The former was very dark green
in colour, and the other a light green. There was considerable soil here, and a
cattle trail going throngh. We saw but one bunch of cattle, which ran by us on
our way up. We were delayed a great deal by our tortoise investigations, and it
was quite late when we started back. Beck carried the gun, machete, and a bag
of tortoise eggs. I had a live tortoise (perhaps 15 lb.) in one hand and a basket
of tortoise eggs and birds in the other, and a lot of tortoise eggs tied up in my
undershirt over my shoulder. We started back at a lively pace, and by the time
that we got within a mile or less of the shore it became necessary to increase it still
more in order to reach the shore before dark. The ground was covered with long
creeping vines, which every step would catch about the feet and triji ns. In spite of
this we reached a point within a few hundred yards of tlie shore in fair time.
There our trouble commenced. We got into a thick patch of green vegetation,
which in our tired condition it was almost impossible to get through ; but we finally
reached the edge of the mangroves, where we expected to find a path, but we were
sadly mistaken : when <at the very edge of the mangroves, we were walking ten feet
above the ground, supported by the matted brush. By tliis time we could hear the
rest of the jiarty in the skiti' not far oti', and we tried to go through the mangroves
to meet them. AVe finally did so, by wading through the water up to our hips, and
by climbing over the mangrove roots ten feet high — a very ticklish travelling after
dark 1 Once more aboard, a change of clothes made life more comfortable. To-day
some information was obtained in regard to the breeding of the tortoise. The
interest of K. H. Beck and myself was first aroused by finding considerable quantities
of broken eggshells scattered around about a small hole in the ground, as if they
had been dug up and the contents eaten by some animal — probably dogs. Mr. Beck
found the first fresh nest. It was situated in a little patch of dirt at the foot of a
rocky bluff, and contained eight eggs. After this several such nests were found,
containing eight to twelve, and in one instance seventeen eggs, nine or ten being tlie
usual number. With one or two exceptions, the eggs were deposited in well-beaten
cattle trails, sheltered from the direct heat of the sun by the thick vegetation on
both sides. There were slight signs of the holes ; a very slight rise from tlie
surrounding level, and a somewhat fresher look to the dirt, was all that dis-
tinguished them. They were about a foot in width and dej>th, and were round in
shape. The dirt immediately around the eggs was soft, but the upper crust, of 3 or
4 in., was extremely hard, as though matted down by some heavy weight, perhaps the
body of the tortoise. The eggs were laid in layers, and closely together; from 3 to
0 eggs comprised a layer, which was sej>arated from the next by a lining of dirt.
All eggs secured were fresh. It is very possible, although not certain, that one
tortoise lays in several holes. The finding of 4 or o holes witJiin the radius of 10 ft-
or so in many instances leads to the conclusion that one tortoise lays from 40 to 50
eggs, some of whicli thus are likely to escape the ravages of enemies. Tortoises
were found in close proximity to several nests.
jS'oc. 13. — llemaiued aboard all day. Finished skinning the iguanas, and
blew tortoise eggs. It was hard work blowing the eggs. We had some of
( 131 )
the contents saved for supper, and made into omelet. The}- were richer than
hen's eggs.
Not. 14. — Snnday. Toot a rest. Saw a tiger shark in the morning, 8 to lu ft.
long.
Nor. 1.5. — Started off in the yawl boat, and went up the west shore. Obtained
nine flamingoes and a few Nesomimus, boobies, penguins, and a few waders and hawks.
^Ve saw several white egrets, but could not get them. Returned at sujjper time.
The flamingoes were wading iu a slim}- ooze. In doing so they would sink in about
0 in., up to the tarsus. When shot we had to wade into this ooze to recover them.
In one case Beck got in up to the breast — a very disagreeable business. On coming
out we would be covered with muck, and would have to scrape it off as best we could,
there being no water near to wash in.
Noi:. 16. — Skinned birds all day. Harris went off in yawl to find out about
anchorage at " La Tortnga," on Albemarle Island.
Soc. 17. — Skinned several iguanas and sea turtle. Got under way in the
afternoon, during which operation the kedge anchor was lost. Sailed around to La
Tortuga, and came to anchor about 2 miles from here.
Nov. 18. — Went ashore near a deserted hut, where we left onr surplus baggage.
Soon after landing we sighted some cattle within 300 yards of the shore. Although
several shots were fired, they got away. There was quite a grove of plantain trees
here, and we picked several bunches of bananas. Harris and myself started inland,
while Hull and Beck followed the shore, working the lagoons. There were some fair
cattle trails leading inland through the brush for some distance: but these finally
ceased, and we had to give it up. We started back for the shore, but got lost, and
it was noon when wo reached it, coming out about a mile below the hut. Found land
birds very scarce, but took a few Gfospi^a and Nesomimus. After lunch I started
down the shore, and got several teal, gulls, a heron, stilt, turnstone and sandcrling.
Teal were very numerous. Beck got two flamingoes and a blue heron. We left for
the vessel about 3 in the afternoon. Turtle numerous and breeding here.
Noc. 19. — Up anchor at o a.m., but the wind died out, and as the current set on
shore had to drop it again. Then we kedged her out again, using a bag of sand in
place of the anchor lost. Wind starting, we headed for Iguana Bay.
Noc. 'M. — Sailed up to " Iguana Cove " with a good breeze, but the captain
refused to anchor there, considering it dangerous. We took the six iguanas which
we brought alive from Barrington Island, and skinned them. They had apparently
taken no nourishment since capture, and were gradually starving. All females, and
contained eggs.
Nor. 21. — Sunday. Intended to go ashore and collect, but the vessel had
drifted off during the night, and was becalmed 15 miles off.
Nor. 22. — Calm all day ; made no progress. Hull, Beck and myself went out
in the skiff and secured about 25 birds, mostly Procellaria.
Nov. 23. — Quite a breeze. We managed to get to Iguana Cove by dark, but
not in time to work.
Nor. 24. — Wind had almost died out, and we were quite a distance off the
island again. We tried to beat up to Iguana ( 'ove, but failed, so set sail for Tagns
Cove. This makes several days they have spent trying to get near enough to
Iguana Cove to put off in the boat.
Nor. 25. — Quite a little wind, and we managed to get as far as the N.E. end
of Narborough by night. There we were becalmed for a while — just long enough
( 132 )
to prevent us getting into an anchorage. The whole conntry was very rough-
looking, mostly bare lava, with here and there a little low brush. Narborough was
nearly all barren, a few patches of mangroves near the shore, and a few small
patches of low, dry bushes. AVe hove-to for the night.
Kor. 2C).— Got into Tagus t'ove shortly after 1 p.m. : iiuite a nice little
anchorage. Tlie cove was formed by part of aii old crater. Water very dee|) ;
anchorage about half-way in, lOfatlioms. We pulled along theshoro in the skiff some
way. Wo fiiund fresh water running down the sandstone in several places ; some
little holes in the rocks holding 10 to 20 gallons. It is said a vessel pnt in here
out of water, and, seeing the water oozing down, they cut the places in the rock to
catch it, thus obtaining a supply. Penguins and boobies very numerous, also black
terns {PtiJIinnii Hulmlaris) and small herons. Black iguanas quite plentiful. (Jiiite
li few land birds, mostly tleospiza.
Nor. 27. — Early ashore collecting. Hills very steep, but walking good— mostly
smooth sandstone and some soil. We found land birds, except Gcospi.:a, rather
scarce. We got ten small birds and two hawks. We saw quite a lake right behind
the cove, separated from it only by a comparatively small ridge of lava. We got
back to the vessel by 10 a.m., and skinned birds all the afternoon.
Nov. 28.— Rather a busy Sunday. We got up at 4.30 a.m., and at 5 had coffee.
Then we four started for the top of the mountain. We made very fair progress for
the first three miles, the walking being very open. As we proceeded higher the
brush thickened, and made it much slower progressing. Finally, when we "ot
half-way uj) in distance, and abont four-fifths in height, we made a halt. From
here Beck went on to the top, where he found a huge crater, about 1000 ft. deep
by 2 miles wide, mostly bare lava. The rest of us started back, taking a few birds
and one small snake. No tortoise seen. We got back to the vessel in time for
supper, Beck arriving later.
Xoc. 20. — Skinned yesterday's birds, and loaded ammunition in the morning.
In the afternoon Hull and Beck went after sea birds in the skiff, while Harris and
myself went on shore. Harris intended to get some land birds. I collected some
20 lizards and large grasshoppers, a species which occurs throughout the group. I
noticed a few dragon-flies, but could not catch them. Beck and Hull collected a
number of black terns, shearwaters, gulls, boobies, etc. Harris had another chance
at a falcon, the one which he saw and shot at two days since. Unfortunately his
gun missed fire, and it escaped.
Noi:. 30.— Skinned birds all the morning, doing about 40 fair-sized ones.
After dinner Harris and myself went along the shore in the skiff after urchins.
We found four species, all quite abundant. On the bottom, about 3 ft. under water
at low tide, we found some magnificent jairple urchins, with sjjines about 4 to 0 in.
long. We found four species of star fish, and gathered a lot of sea urchins. Some
IS penguins taken later in the afternoon.
Dec. 1.— Skinned penguins all day, each of us doing six (Hull, Beck, and
myself)— a long job, as the birds are incredibly fat. Wind was blowing strong in
the morning, reminding us of December gales at home.
Dec. 2. — Harris, Hull, and Beck went over to the watering place, and thence
inland, collecting small birds. They returned at noon with 00 birds. I remained
on board and cleaned 175 or so urchins, and dried some star fish. In the afternoon
skinned birds.
Dec. 3. — Skinned balance of birds, loaded ammnuition, and had a "eneral
( 133 )
cleaning np and packing. In the afternoon we went around Turtle Point to a sand
beach, hoping to get some turtle and shore birds. We shot an oyster-catcher, which»
with a green heron, some tnrnstone, and ringed plover, were the only birds seen"
There were some .small shells and sea beaver on the beach. We got two turtle
from this beach. When leaving we passed another little beach, and seeing three turtle
there, the mate, Beck, and myself landed on the rocks, it being too rough to go
in with the boat. We brought the turtles down to where they conld be hauled out
to the boat with a rope. We landed on the rocks again, and farther along cauglit
several big iguanas. Collected six boobies, five pelicans, some Lams, one ( 'rengrna,
and a few others. We noticed a large crab, of the kind most abundant here, eating
a somewhat smaller one of the same species. When disturbed he took his victim in
one claw, retreated quickly several feet, and resumed his meal.
Dec. 4. — Skinned birds all the morning. The pelicans skinned easily. In the
afternoon Hull, Beck, and myself went off in the skiff for iguanas. There was a
big snrf running, and we found it hard to make a landing. AVe secured about ten
good-sized iguanas.
J>er. 0 (Sunday). — Rested.
Dec. 6. — Uj) early, and started in the yawl boat for the small patch of vegeta-
tion on the north side of Ifarborongh Island. Not much breeze at first, but it
gradually freshened, and we made the distance, eight miles, in fair time. There was
a big snrf running, but we managed to make a landing. We saw several specimens
of a bird, probably a cormorant, and secured three.* The birds were wild, and kept
in close to the breakers, so that no more could be obtained. AVe found land birds
scarce and wild. We collected a few specimens of Geospiza, JS'esomimus, Dendroica,
Certhidea, Myiarchus, Camarhjnchiis, and Nesopclia. Several hawks were seen.
Black iguanas were common on the rocks, and we found probably a new species of
land iguana, of which we collected 32 specimens. They resembled those taken at
Barrington in general character, but were highly coloured with different shades of
red, yellow, and white. t They had holes in the gravel similar to the Barrington
Island specimens. AVe started back at 1 p.m., picking up another cormorant.
Dec. 7. — Skinned birds all the morning, and iguanas the rest of the day.
Average length of the Narborough Island species, oS'.'iO in. They were females
for the most part, and considerably smaller than the males. Most of Vae. females
showed no signs of breeding ; only one contained seven partly developed eggs.
We saw a small bat in the evening. This was the only one seen. It appeared
dark, and about the size of the common one of New England.
Dec. 8. — Skinned iguanas all day. Just as we were getting through, about
4.30 p.m., a vessel came in sight around the point, and headed up the pass l)etween
Albemarle and Narborough, which was followed by another and smaller one. They
came in the cove, and were soon anchored alongside of us. They proved to be the
British man-of-war Leander and the torjjedo destroyer Virago.
Dec. 9. — Hull, Beck, and myself started off in the skiff after iguanas, turtle,
cactus, etc., to Albemarle. We collected about 15 good-sized iguanas and some
small ones. We pulled along the shore a couple of miles or so, and found a little
sand beach, with several turtle on it. There was a big cucumber-cactus here also,
and we laid in all that the boat would hold. It was smooth water when we landed,
* Phalaerocorax harr'm.
•j- This is evidently a new form, differing by its remarkable coloration, and may be named Cviwlophn^
luhcrutatitt j)ictm aubnp. nov.
10
( 134 )
but by the time we were ready to start it became qnite rough, and we had some
trouble in getting out. We returned to the vessel. In the afternoon several officers
and midsbiiimeu from the man-of-war came aboard. They had many qnestious
to ask.
J)i'c. lU. — Two officers from the gnnboat came aboard at s a.m., bringing iiuitc
a lot of books for ns. Soon after the two shij)s headed out, taking our mail.
Dec. 11. — Did little else but try and get under way. The wind was light and
baffling, and all our labour was to no purpose.
Dec. 12 (Sunday). — Tried again to get out of the cove, with no success. We
poisoned the turtles that were skinned two days since.
Ih'c. l:H. — Managed to get out of Tagus Cove late in the morning. AVe started
fur Tower Island with a fair breeze round the north end of Albemarle. We skinned
a few iguanas in the afternoon : one was &J'cmale with eggs. The egg was spherical,
about 1 in. in diameter.
Dec. 14. — Skinned iguanas all day. We sighted a vessel in the afternoon,
which appeared to be making for Tagus Cove, but did not get nearer than 8 or
10 miles of her.
Dec. lo. — Skinned iguanas all day. Weather very hot.
Tower Island.
Ihc. 10. — Skinned iguanas, finishing them. Weather hot : a little breeze.
Dec. 17. — Fair breeze. We came in sight of Abingdon towards noon. Calm
during the first part of the night.
Dec. 18. — Calm nearly all day. We had a little rain, the first for a long time.
We packed up some stuff in the morning ; noticed three or four of the Culpepper
tern around the vessel in the eveniusr.
]>ec. 19 (Sunday). — A good breeze all day. We sailed up to the north side of
Abingdon Island. Bindloe was in sight the last part of the day.
J>ec. 20. — Good breeze. Out of sight of land all day. At 4 p.m. Tower Island
bore S.W.— 68 miles.
Dec. 21. — Good breeze all day. Tower Island in sight most of the time, but
could not get near it.
Dec. 22. — Condition of affiiirs abont the same. Tower Island in sight.
Dec. 23. — Good breeze all day. Out of sight of land. A large school of
porpoise came around the vessel towards the evening. The mate struck a couple,
but the harpoon pulled out both times.
Jhc. 24. — Some breeze all day. We found that we were quite a way south of
Tower. We could see Chatham in the distance.
J>ec. 25 (Christmas !) — Not much wind in the morning early. We sighted
Tower Island soon after breakfast, and sailed up to it, coming to anchor at 2.3U p.m. ;
( 135 )
and soon after Hull, Beck, and mj-self went ashore after cactus for the tortoises.
Tower Island. Noticed ( 'reagrus, tropic birds, boohies, black terns, frigate birds,
shearwaters, petrels, and Larus fnliginosus. The shore on the N.E. end is rather
bold — steep bluffs and a small black sand beach. At breakfast the captain put a
Christmas present at each plate — some chocolate sticks for Beck, and four cigars
each for the rest of us. This, combined with some " ha-ha," was onr Christmas
celebration. We have sailed 1000 miles since leaving Tagus Cove.
Dec. 26. — Harris, Hull and myself went ashore collecting. The walking was
very fair, principally smooth lava. Cactus was abundant iu patches, and gum trees
10 ft. high. Birds plentiful, especially Ce.rthidea and Xesomimi/.'i; found several
species of Geospiza, the Deiulroica and -Xesopel/a ; red-footed boobies were nesting
iu bushes all over the island, and we collected quite a number of eggs. Also saw
yellow-crowned night herons, frigate birds, petrels, short-eared owls and Lanis.
Hull found the eggs partly developed in a large-billed Geospiza that he skinned. I
collected some 30 birds. Hull and myself skinned 1.5 each in the afternoon. Saw
no iguanas except small ones. Noticed some small grasshoppers and one small
butterfly.
Dec. 27. — Skinned birds all the morning. Dinner a little early, and went
ashore collecting ; took about 35 birds each. Tramped over a considerable part of the
island. In character the island is the same all over. Got a few red-footed boobies'
eggs. Also one egg of Crcigrus. Hull shot a cuckoo, but failed to lind it. Took iu
two boat-loads of cactus for the tortoise. Returned to the vessel at 7 p.m. This
was our last day on the Galapagos Islands. We reached San Francisco again on
Feb. 8th, 1898. "
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS AND ARTICLES ON THE
FAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, REFERUED TO IN THE
FOLLOWING PAGES.
J. Gould. — Eemarks on a group of ground finches from Mr. Darwin's collection, with
chai-acters of the new species. In I'roc. Zool. Soc. Loiul. 1837, pp. 4 — 7.
J. Gould axd Charles Darwin. — Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle " during the years
1832—1836, vol. iii. Bii-ds (1841).
P. L. ScLATER AND OsBERT Salvin. — Characters of new species coUectecl by Dr. Hab"-! in the
Galapagos Islands. In Proc. Zool. -S'oc. Land. 1870, pp. .S22 — 327.
OsBERT Salvin. — On the Avifauna of the Galapagos Archipelago. In Traits. Zool. Soc.
Loml. V. ix., pp. 447—510, 1876.
Theodor Wolf. — Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln, Heidelberg, 1879.
Charles Darwin. — Journal of Researches, etc. Edition of 1890. Chapter xvii., pp. 397 —
427.
A. R. Wallace. — Islaiul Life. Edition 1892. Chapter xiii. pp. 275—291.
W. L. and p. L. Sclater. — T/ie Geography of Mammals, pp. 53, 54 (1899).
E. Ridgway. — Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago. In Proc. U. S. Sat. 3/its. v. xix. pp.
459 — G70, 1897, and previous articles of the same author.
G. Baur. — On the Origin of the Galapagos Islands. In Amer. iVaturalisl, 1891, pji. 217—
229, 307—326.
G. Baub. — Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln. In Beilage zm- Miinckener AUgemeinen
Zeitung, Febr. 1—4, 1892.
G. Baur. — Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln. In Biolog. C'erdralblatt, 1892, pp. 221 — 250.
A reprint of the former article.
( 136 )
G. BiUK. — ^The Differentiation of Species on the Galapagos Islands and the Origin of the
Group. In liiolog. Led. Mar. Biol. Lahorat. WoocVs Hull, 1893, pp. 67 — 78.
G. Baur. — New observatious on the Oiigin of the Galapagos Islands. In Amer. Naturalisl,
1807, ]>|i. 661— G80, 864—896,
G. Baur. — Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago: A criticism of Mr. Robert Ridgway's
paper. In Amm: Naturalist, 1897, pp. 777 — 784.
A. Agassiz. — The Galapagos Islands. In litM. Mus. Compar. Zool. v xxiii. pp. 56 — 75
(1892).
A. GuNTHER. — President's Anniver.s;iry Address, In I'roc. Linn. Sue. Lund. Oct. 1898,
pp. U— 29.
IV.
GENERAL REMARKS ABOUT THE FAUXA OF THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS.
To the zoologist the Galapagos Islands are " classic gronnd." Their natural
history was unknown until they were visited by the Beagle. It was here that
Darwin made many of the observatious, " the importance of which in their bearing
upon the study of natural science has never been eiiualled." * Since Darwin's time)
however, large collections have been accumulated, chiefly by Dr. Habel in 1868,
by the naturalists of the Albatross in 1888 and 1891, by Messrs. Baur and
Adams in ISUI, and now by the expedition under Mr. Harris. This material is per-
haps larger than any material ever brought together from any area of similarly small
dimensions. Although we must admit that we are still sadly in want of biological
observations upon many of the birds, and of all knowledge of the nidification and
eggs of the land-birds, we can hardly believe that this vast material is " still too
fragmentary to warrant any serious attempt to solve the problems to which Mr.
Darwin first called attention." t If such collections are not sufficient to throw light
upon these problems, no collections will ever do so; and we cannot see how the
discovery of five or six more subspecies of land-birds, or of some more accidental
visitors, can alter our present conclusions. If we are not able now to solve some of
the prol)lems alluded to, then we are afraid it is not want of material that prevents
our coming to satisfactory conclusions ; but we are then either not able to deduct
sufficiently from the material at hand, or no accumulation of zoological specimens
will ever help to answer our questions.
As it is, we cannot spare our readers a short discussion on the origin of the
Galapageian fauna, and we hope that our conclusions may be found to be acceptable,
although we cannot e.xplain everything, and although we do not for a moment
think that ours will be the last word upon the subject.
There are two theories : viz., that of Darwin, Wallace, and most other
naturalists, that tlie islands were uplifted from the ocean, and never were in con-
nection with the continent of America, or with each other ; and that of Dr. Baur,
who said that the islands were once connected with America and with each other,
aud were submerged in or after the Eocene period. Both these views must be taken
into earnest consideration. The geology of the Galapagos Islands shows that their
formation is ijuite different from that of the ojjposite mainland of South America,t
* Salvin iu Tram. Ziml. Sue. Lvml. \'ol. IX. p. 4iil.
t Ridgway in Proc. C.S. Xat. Mus. Vol. XIX. p. t59.
X Agassiz in Bull. Mtis. Conip, Zotyl. Vol, XXIII. pp. 5(5-74.
( 137 )
the intervening sea declines to I51JI) and 20U0 fathoms, and is ahuost devoid of
shallows and smaller islands towards the mainland. Geological evidence, therefore, is
entirely opposed to a former land-connection of the Galapagos Islands with America.
The flora has an undoubted American character, although the proportion of species
confined to tlie islands in question is enormous.* The fauna represents most
difficulties. Darwin t says : " Bnt it is the circumstauce that several of the islands
possess their own species of the tortoise, mockiug-thrush, finches, and numerous
plants, these species having the same general habits, occupying analogous situations,
and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that
strikes me with wonder." Indeed, a wonder it may be called, that islands so close
together, and aj)parently with the same natural conditions, have so many repre-
sentative forms. Such facts were almost unknown, or at least not properly
understood, at the time of Darwin's exploration ; but nowadays they are well
known to every naturalist. A similar differentiation of forms — one form representing
other closely allied ones on different islands — is now known to exist in every group
of islands, apparently more pronounced in groups of greater age than in geologically
younger groups of islands. Let us take for e.xamples the Drepanidae, Phaeornis,
Chuskmpis, and Moho in the Hawaiian arcliipelago, the whole fauna of the Malayan
and Papuan archipelago, especially the birds, marsupials, lepidoptera, the fauna of
Antilles and the Philippines, the parrots of Curasao, Arnba, and Bonaire, the birds
of the Marianne and Caroline Islands — in fact, the fauna of almost every archi-
pelago or of any detached islands on the earth's surface. Only the fact that the
various islands are so very close to each other | makes the case of the Galapagos
more striking.
Dr. Baur § discusses the question how this " harmonic distribution " has come
about. He maintains that there is only one explanation — namely, that the islands
were in former times connected, forming a large and continuous mass of land, the
volcanic rocks which now form the islands having been elevated on the latter. At
that time, ho says, the number of species found there was small. Then this mass
of land became submerged, and the few original species which inhabited the whole
area, having become restricted to the former mountain-tops, now islands, became
diflerentiated in many different forms through isolation. This theory sounds very
sensible and probable, but, if applied to the Galapagos Islands it must equally be
applied to most other island-groups where similar phenomena exist, as we have
explained before. Dr. Baur is convinced that the differentiation of so many forms
on the various islands could never have taken 2)lace through the accidental arrival of
individuals. The necessity of this deduction, however, we cannot see. It is doubtless,
in our opinion, quite as intelligible, that the various islands have been populated
from one island, where an ancestral form was living. Thus, they were reached
at various times, and b3'-and-by, through isolation, the separated colonies became
slightly changed, without the necessity of assuming a submergence of a great area,
the existence of which is opposed to geological observations and theories. In
fact, the differentiation, as found in the various forms, seems more explainable if
we accept that they have reached their present home at various times, because their
* Darwin, Journal nf Rrsearch'Sy p. 419 (Edit. 1890).
t t.e. p. 423.
X «.<!. p. 423.
§ "The Differentiation of Species in the G.alapagos Islands and tlie Orit^in of the Group." liostun
(in liinhig. Led.) IS9o, and in American XatHrali.it, 1891, p]i. 217-29 and 307-30),
( i:^8 )
characters arc not liarmonions, as wo <lo not, for cxaniplc, tiinl all forms darker or
paler, larger or smaller, on the same islands.
The next, and evidently the more imjiortant (|uestion, is, whence came the
inhabitants of the Galapagos. "We believe, with Darwin and others, that there
can be no doubt that the whole fanna came from America.
The one or two species of rats, and the one bat, have their nearest relatives in
South or Central .America.
The relationship of the resident birds is as follows : —
Genus jyesomimus : Peculiar to the grouj), though closely allied to the jmrcly
American genus Mimns, in fact hardly generically separable (p. 142).
Genus Dentlroica : Purely American (see afterwards, p. 147).
Genus Certhidea : Peculiar to the group. Somewhat uncertain, but eviilently
nearest allied to American forms (see afterwards, p. 14JS).
Genus I'rngne : Purely American (see p. 151).
Genus (i>w/,i.:a : Pecnliar to the group. Evidently nearest related to Guirnca
and other purely American forms.
The Dolickonyjc is probably only a visitor. C'onspecitie with the American form.
Genus Mijiarchus : Purely South American.
Genus VyrocfplmUis : Purely American. The two forms may almost be called
dwarfed forms of the mainland species.
Coccy::us : The same as in South America.
The Strix has its nearest relative in South America (Ecuador. See afterwards,
p. 202).
The Asio is pecnliar, but nearest to the cosmopolitan Asia accipitrinus.
The Jiuteo is nearest allied to the North American Btitro s/ra/nsoiu', which
wanders in winter all over South America.
The Freijata is indifferent, being a widely spread marine form.
The Pelecunus is the Western American form.
The Stdae are more or less peculiar or Western American marine forms.
The Pkuethon is indiiferent.
The Ardea is North American.
The IJerodius is North and South American.
The Butorides is very closely allied to the continental American form.
The Syctanassa is purely American.
The Phoenicopterus is not one of the South American species, but the one
inhabiting the coasts of the ( 'aribbeau Sea, Florida, the Bahamas, etc.
The Voecilonattu is closely allied to /'. hnlmmensis, which, according to
Salvadori,* inhabits the " Bahamas, Antilles, and the whole of South
America, with the Falklands, but is not found in Venezuela, Colombia, and
Ecuador."
The .n'enus Xraojiolia is peculiar to (lie Oalajjagos, but nearest related to
American genera.
The Rails {Creciscus) belong to an American genus.
The Hnenmtopus is ])ecnliar, but evidently nearest to American forms.
The Spheniscus is a jiccnliar species, but nearest akin to a Chilian species.
The Oceanites, FroccUuria, Ocennodroma, Puffimts, Aestrelata, Diomedea,
Anous and Gulls are indifferent, being marine.
The Phalacrocorax is quite peculiar, but not of value for our present question.
• Cut. II. Ilrlt. Mu«. Vol. XXVII. p. -.'SI.
( 139 )
The number of North American migrants is very great and remarkable. The
Hi'tcractitis is the form breeding jirobabi}' to the north of Alaska (?), bnt it is
certainly misleading to call it a " Pacific " form,* as it merely extends its wanderings
over parts of the Pacific Ocean.
The result is that the whole ornis, as far as it is not indifferent on account of
of its being pelagic or cosmopolitan, is American or more or less closely allied to
and conseipicntly most likely derived from American forms.
The " obvious leaning toward certain Hawaiian dicaeidine forms " t, which
Ridgway surmises does not exist, and the " possibility of a former land-connection
of the Galapagos Islands with the Sandwich Islands, either continuous or by means
of intermediate islands as stepping-stones," does therefore most certainly not
become a factor in the problem.
Considering the distance from the American continent, the great number of
species peculiar to the Galapagos, although remarkable, cannot be astonishing. |
The footnote on p. 235 (in the Edition of 1890) of Darwin's Journal of Researches,
based on a manuscript note of Dr. Sclater, is erroneous, for neither Strix puneta-
tissima, nor Pyrocephalus namis, Otus galapagoensis and Zenaida galapagoensis
inhabit the American continent. On the contrary, progress of research has shown
that the number of species and subspecies confined to the islands is far greater than
it was believed to be.
The Lacertilia are of undoubted American origin, although — ^especially the
marine Amblyrhynchus cristatus — local and of considerable interest.
The Giant Land-Tortoises offer the greatest difficulty. Nearly all authorities
agree that it is not probable that they have crossed the wide sea between the
Galapagos Islands and the American continent, although, while they are helpless
and quite unable to swim, they can float on the water. If their ancestors had
been " carried out to sea once or twice by a flood and safely drifted as far as
the Galapagos Islands, "§ these ancestors must have been numerous on the
continent. It is absolutely necessary to have palaeontological evidence, before we
can answer the question whether they existed on the Soath American continent
or not ; and the examination of fossil or subfossil bones if any were found on the
Galapagos Islands would also, perhajis, have most important results. At present
we cannot, therefore, fully answer the qnestion of the origin of the Giant Land-
Tortoises on the Galapagos Islands.
The insect-fauna of the Galapagos Islands is naturally very poor, but there is
nothing in it to oppose an American origin.
The number of the land-shells is not very large. There is said to be some
slight similarity with Pacific forms (Darwin, ^c-. p. 416), but it is doubtful if
further researches will admit this fact as at all important ; and, besides, we
firmly believe, that the distribution of small land-shells on islands is not an
important factor for zoogeographical problems, the easy transportation with
drift-wood, bamboos, or by floating on the water, disqualifying them to a
great extent.
♦ Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Miis. v. XIX. p. 4G3.
t Ridgway, t.c. p 467.
X On the other band, we have instances where enormous di.stances have not caused any such
remarlcable differentiations— for example, on the Azores. Here, however, <lifferent winds, currents^
different geological age and other circumstances have produced quite iliffercnt conditions. Cf. Wallace,
Inland Life.
§ Wallarc, Ixland Lifr, p. 279.
< 140 )
We have thus seen tliiit tlu' Ijirds — which not only fnria tlie Imlk of the
inhiibitants of the Gahijiagos lshin<ls, but which are most important for zoo-
geograjihical considerations, since they cannot easily be distrilmted iuvohmtarily,
resisting as they do the winds and currents to a great extent — as well as the rest
of the animated nature of this group of islands, is either evidently of American
origin, or not opposed to it. As far as the birds arc concerned, they can all have
reached the (Jalapagos witliout a former land-connection. The question therefore
arises, are we justified to assume, on account of the presence of the tortoises, a
former land-connection, and the disajjpearance of vast areas of land, here as well as
between Africa, Aldabra. and the Masearenes ? It seems more natural to assume
the disappearance of a great stock of animals, the remains of which have survived,
through favourable circumstances and the absence of enemies — men and beasts —
on outlying marine islands, than to assume the disappearance, in comparatively
recent times (i.e., in the Eocene period or later"), of enormous land-masses. On the
other hand, if great islands and mountain ranges have been uplifted, others might as
well have — and we know they have — been submerged. Palaeontological researches
and many more soundings in the ocean seem to be of much importance for the solution
of such jiroblems. At present we can only come to the following conclusions : —
I. The entire fauna of the Galapagos Islands derived originally from
America.
II. It is uncertain whether there has ever been a land-connection between
the various islands and between the islands and the continent or not.
Now to return to the ornithology of the group. There are several interesting
facts which should be mentioned. The absence, with few exceptions, of brightly
coloured species, and the prevalence of sombre forms, is striking, but can be
understood from the sombre aspect of the sunburnt rocks and the vegetation. A
peculiar feature is the quantity of birds found in the dress of immature individuals.
This is most apparent and has often been comnieuted on among the Geo.^pizae. It
is nut, however, confined to the genus Geoapi^a, but is e<iually found in the genus
Certhidea. Of Stila piscatrij- websteri, which breed in great numbers in white
plumage on Clarion Island, while greyish brown individuals are rarely seen there,
hundreds breed on the Galapagos Islands in a grey-brown dress, very much like
that of the young birds, but paler. White specimens of this t'itda are very rare
on the Galapagos Islands. The Anous {Anou.i atoUdus golu/xii/ciisix) resembles
somewhat an immature Aiioxs stolidtts having the crown somewhat darker, and
quite dark birds are numerous.
The reason for this peculiarity is not known, but one might suggest that it lies
in some want of strength, or a somewhat arrested development.
The great tameness of the birds has been mentioned by most visitors to these
islands. We find the same on other oceanic uninhabited islands, most of all
on Laysan, where it is quite stupendous.*
With regard to the affinities between the fauna of the various islands, we find
that the birds of those islands which are nearer to each other are generally much
more allied or identical, while the more distant islands have many less forms in
common. This of course applies almost only to the land birds. In many cases
Narburough, Albemarle, James, Jervis, Duncan, Indefatigable and Barrington have
the same forms, in others at least James, Jervis, Duncan, and Indefatigable. The
* K't, SchauiDsland, Drei Monate auf thier KoralUnimel, and Rotbscliild, Avifauna of Linjsan, I'art
( 141 )
more outlying islands, Chatham, (Jharles, and Hood, and again Bindloe, Abingdon,
and Tower, as well as Wenman and Culpepper, have generally more ditFerentiated
forms. Abingdon and Bindloe have aj)parently almost always the same subspecies, if
the species is found on both. The ornis of Hood and Tower is very poor in the number
of species, but very different. Wenman and Culpepper have also very few species
of land l)irds, but they are nearly all different from those of the other islands. The
Xesomimiis of Wenman, however, we cannot distinguish from that of the central
islands. Wenman and Cnlpepper have often, but by no means always, the same forms.
Botli Wenman and Cnlpepper are as yet apparently insufficiently explored.
Narborough and Albemarle have the same forms, as might be expected from their
close proximity, but the Xesomimns seems to lie quite different, although closely
allied. These facts seem not to have been explained before ; in fact, only a large
material could help to show them.
The evident affinities with tlie North and Central American ornis (cf Phoeni-
copterus ruber, Haetnatnpns galapiigensis (very closely allied to //. frit~(tri from
Lower California), Ardea herocliaa, and perhaps Myiarchus and Dendroicu) are easily
explained by the tendency of northern forms to migrate in a southerly direction,
while tropical forms do not actually migrate. Analogous facts are observed in the
( 'anary and Cape Verde Islands, where a great proportion of European forms is
found. The southern hemisphere has evidently sent hardly any colonists to the
Galapagos Islands. The only striking example of these is Spkeniscus menJicnlns.
This is by far the most northern home of any member of the order Impennes,
which is entirely restricted to the southern hemisphere. No species is known to
cross the equator, only three reach as far north as Pern, Rio Grande do Sul, and
South Africa, and Spheniscus mendiculus alone lives on the equator. Of no other
resident bird can we confidently say that it can only have been derived from the
southern hemisphere. Even migrants from the south are not known to occur,
with the exception of the alleged occnrrence of a single specimen of Querquedula
cersicolor (see p. 203).
It has been thought to be possible that the larger islands might have different
representative forms in various parts. Especially of the large island of Albemarle
the probability has been suggested, that tlie birds of North- and South-Albemarle
might differ, as the tortoises from these parts are recognised as two different species.
Oar collections, however, do not support this idea, but they seem to prove that only
one representative form is found on every island.
Salvin has also raised the question, whether the elevated interior portions
of the islands, where " clouds usually hang over the higher mountains, where the
moisture is far greater than on the sea-shore, and consequently the vegetation is far
more luxuriant," were inhabited by different birds. Mr. Harris and his companions
did not find tiiis to be the case, but they found the same subspecies in suitable places
in the various parts of the islands.
During our work we have had most assistance from Mr. Kidgway's admirable
work on the Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago. Principally we agree with
Mr. Ridgway in going as fiir as possible in distinguishing, and consequently naming,
as many forms as jwssible ; and we fully bear witness " that the real promoter of
chaos and enemy of order is the ' lumper,' and not his nuich maligned co-worker,
the ' hair-splitter.' "
Our material, consisting of not less than 3073 skins from the recent expedition
under Mr. Harris, and the Baur collection of about llno skins, is by far the largest
( 142 )
hitherto hronght together. Besides this, wt' have had constant access to Goidd's
and Salvin's types in the British Museum. It is therefore natural that we have, in
some cases, come to conclusions different even from those of the latest authority,
ilr. Ridgway. In all, or nearly all such cases, we found that it has been the weight
fif our large luaterial which altered the decision. The instances where we deviate
from Ridgway among the most difficult grouj), the Frini/illidae (genus Geospi^a),
are not numerous. The various sjiecies of l'i/rof<'/jhalus described by Ridgway
could not be recognised, nor could we possibly separate the Certhideae from the
central group of islands. In the gemis Sula good work has been done by Harris'
party in collecting for the first time, ajipareutly, specimens of what had been called
Sida cyanops. It is not .S'. c>/anops, but the rare Sida ranegatn. The Galapagos
Islands are its breeding-place.
Perhaps the most extraordinary discovery is the flightless Phalacroe.orax
harrisi Eothsch. Dr. Sharpe has placed it in a new genus which he called
Xannopterum, but we do not see the necessity of doing so. The Dionvdea breeding
on Hood Island, hitherto believed to be B. exulans, is /'. irroratu, formerly only
known from the type-specimen in the British Museum.
We have for the first time used trinomials for the local forms of the Pnsseres.
If trinomials are used everywhere else, there is no reason why the birds of the
Galapagos Islands should V)e deprived of this most useful form of nomenclature.
In cases where certain individuals of representative forms are hardly, if at all,
distinguishable, but where a series is easily separable, the recognition of subspecies
is inevitable. Our material has generally left very little doubt to us, whether we
should treat a form as species or subspecies. In cases where we could not easily
decide, or where our material has misled us, we must trust to future explorations
for a modification or correction of our present arrangement.
The advent of men has apparently not yet influenced the ornis of the Galapagos
to a great extent. It is only on Charles Island that we can confidently say that the
Xesom-mi/s fri/asciatus has disapjieared, and where probably at least one or two
thick-billed finches have become extinct. As the earliest settlement of men has
been on Charles Island, and as we know that they had no regard for the birds —
sailors, finding the tameuess of the birds strange and novel, used to take a cruel
pleasure in knockuig them down with sticks — we are probably right in ascribing
these disappearances merely to human influence.
It is to be feared that the progress of gnano-digging and cultivation, and the
fact that cattle, goats, horses, asses, pigs, dogs and cats have become wild on
various islands (see Wolf & Baur in Ann^r. Xatiiralist, lf<01, p. 318), will influence
the status of the ornis ere long, and we must therefore consider it rather fortunate
that such large collections are already safely preserved, especially in the museums
of Tring, London, and Washington.
V.
THE BIRDS OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.
Genus NESOMIMUS Ridgw.
This genus has been separated from Mimus on account of its longer and basally
more compressed bill and longer tarsus, but these characters are hardly sufficient
for generic separation, the longer tarsus especially being a very weak character.
( 143 )
Mr. llidgway remarked that there are two groups " whicli in a more exact sense
might lie considered as species, the several allied forms being more properly
subspecies." Four or five groups would be even more natural, ^V. trifasriatus,
N, macdonaldi, and parndus with affinis standing rather by itself. Ridgway
mentioned eight species ; we are now able to recognise eleven different forms.
In all the species the inale has a longer bill and is generally a little larger than
the female, but similar in colour.
1. Nesomimus trifasciatus ((iould).
Orpheus Iri/ascititiis J. Gould in P. Zu,,l. Sof. Lund. p. 27 (1837).
Miimis trlfascMtuH, Gray, Zool. Voij. Bmgle, III. Birds, p. G2. PI. XVI. (Charles I.) (1841).
NfsomhmtR trffasciafiis^ Ridgway, p. 483 (18G1).
This species is easily recognisable by its large size and broad blackish brown
baud across the chest, interrupted and concealed in the middle. There are, however,
not two bands, as one might expect from Ridgway's " key." The wing-coverts
have very conspicuous large white spots. The wing of the male is 128 — 13u mm.
long, the tail 123 (about — most specimens being in worn plumage, with the tails
much abraded), tarsus 40, exposed culmea 26 — 27 mm. The same measurements
in the fefnale are: Wing 110^120, tail 115 (approximately), culmen 2.5 — 26,
tarsus 38 — 40 mm. " Iris seal-brown, tarsi, feet and bill blackish."
No specimens of this species have been collected since Darwiu's visit to the
Galapagos, where it was found on Charles Island, and the two skins iu the British
Museum are the only ones known from that island. Neither Dr. Habel, the
naturalists of the Albatross, nor Messrs. Baur & Adams met with this bird on
Charles Island. Our collectors did not find a Nesomimus on Charles Island, where
it is probably now extinct ; but on Gardner Island, a little islet close to Charles
Island, they found N. trifasciatus rather plentiful. At the time of their visit
(October) they were in woru plumage, and no young birds were met with.
Of all the species of Xcsomimas this is one of the most distinct ones, aud it differs
from all the others in the colour of its iris, which is of a rich seal-brown, while all
the other species have a greenish or pale yellow iris. One of our skins has a few
white feathers in the crown.
2. Nesomimus macdonaldi Ridgw.
N. mncdonalcli, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. XII. p. 103. fig. 1 ; XIX. p. 484 (1890).
Easily distinguished from N. frifrisciiiftis by the markings on the breast, wiiich
is not crossed by a wide interrupted black band, but only by an area of dark brown
spots, the crop-region too being crossed by a band of smaller dark brown sjxits,
separated from the other row of spots by a narrow unspotted whitish belt. The
feathers of the upper parts have more distinct brownish grey edges, so that the
npper surface has a much paler aspect.
The bill is very long in adult males. " The iris is yellowish."
The home of this bird is Hood Island, where five skius were collected by the
Albatross, and where Baur & Adams caught about half a dozen, one of which they
skinned, while the others reached us in spirits.
Our collectors found them common. They were in rather worn j)lumage in
( H* )
October. Dr. Banr procnred also a specimen on (iaidner Island, near Hood Island,
a small island in front of Gardner Bay. This island has nothing to do with the
other Gardner Island, near Charles Island. This latter one is marked on the chart,
the one near Hood not. Dr. Baur visited only Gardner Island near Hood Island,
Harris' expedition the one near Charles Island. The existence of these two Gardner
Islands has led Mr. Kidgway to make his note on j). 4s4, doubting Dr. Banr's state-
ment that he got X mwdomdiH on (Jardner Island. The specimen is not lost at
Guayaquil, nor are most of the other specimens said to be lost by Mr. Hidgway.
Mr. Ridgway has evidently only received for examination the skins and a small
portion of the spirit-specimens. Dr. Banr lias now published a carefnl list of the
specimens actually lost by him at Guayaquil, and all the other spirit-birds are in
our collection.
3. Nesomimus adamsi Uidgw.
.V. (ulams,, Ridgw.iy in rvoc. V.S. Xal. .U„.<. XVII. p. .358 (1894) ; XIX. p. 487 (1896).
{Mimus imliiiiiitix partim Gould, .Sundevall and Ridgway 1.S89.)
This mocking-thrnsh is an inhabitant of Chatham Island, where it has been known
to exist since 1841, bnt was then confounded with X melanotis. It differs, however,
clearly from the latter in having a more or less developed black lino on each side
of the throat, under the ear-coverts, sometimes running up to the base of the bill.
Across the chest a dusky shade, in which are a number of brown spots, thus forming
an indistinct band across the chest. There are, however, a few specimens in which
this band is hardly indicated at all. The ear-coverts are just as black as, but
certainly not blacker than, in S. melanotis. The pileum is often, but not always,
ligliter than in X. viehmotis. In the young the feathers of the back and rump are
broadly margined with i)ale rusty cinnamon, and the foreueck, chest, and sides of
body are thickly spotted with black, as in a European song-thrush. " Iris yellowish.'"
It is somewhat arbitrary whether this form is placed in the same section with
T. macdomdiU or with S. mehmotia : we have therefore not given it a trinomial
name for the present, although it is hardly more than a subspecies. We have the
tj'pe and three skius from Dr. Banr, as well as some spirit-specimens from the
same collector, and Harris' party found the bird common on Chatham Island.
They were in good plumage in October. Some skins are strongly wasiied with
buff, but this is evidently due to some external process.
4. Nesomimus melanotis personatus Uidgw.
N. persoiiatus Eidgw. iu Ptoc. L'.S Xal. .)/us. XII. p. 104 (1890) ; XIX. p. 488 (189C).
This form is very mucii like S. melanotis mdatwtis, but differs in being slightly
larger and darker above, with the flanks more tinged with brown. .Sides of the
neck less widely white. " Iris yellowish."
This form was discovered on Abingdon by the naturalists of the Albatross.
Messrs. Baur & Adams obtained several which were put in spirits of wine, and
Mr. Harris' exj)edition met with it on the same island, where it was not rare.
( 145 )
5. Nesomimus melanotis melanotis (Gonld).
Orjifieun melanntls, Gould in Pmc. Znul. Hoc. Lmid. p. 27 (without locality) (1637),
Miiiiun melanotic Gould, Vni/. Beagh, III. Birds, p. G2. PI. XVII. (Chatham and James Is.) (1841) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. BHI. Mus. VI. p. 349 (1881).
Nesomimus m., Ridgway in Pn,c. U.S. Nat. .l/«,--. XIX. p. 489 (1896).
This is by far the best known species of Xesomimus. It is known from
Indefatigable, Jervis, and James Islands. Mr. Harris' part}' also found it fre-
qnently on Wenman, one of the two small detached northern islands. This is one
of the most peculiar phenomena in the distribution of the Galapagos birds ; but we
may state that we have most carefully compared our five series, and do not find any
constant character at all to distinguish the Wenman birds from those of Jervis,
James, and Indefatigable.
Another interesting fact is that no Xesomimus was found on Duncan Island,
although diligently songht for. We have a large series from all the four islands.
6. Nesomimus melanotis carringtoni W. Rothsch.
-V. curringtum W. Rothsch. ia Bull. B. 0. Club (October) (1898).*
Very closely allied to X. melanotis melanotis, but distinguishable by a longer
and slenderer bill, shorter wing and generally paler upper surface. Wing shorter,
and tips to rectrices larger than in ^V. bauri. Wing S 1U8 — 111 mm., ? 1911 —
104 mm., tail 6 110 — 115, ? approximately 105 (all worn), exposed culmen cJ about
28 mm., ¥ about ^0 mm. " Iris yellowisli."
Former collectors did not mention a Nesomimus on Barringtou Island ; Messrs.
Baur & Adams, however, say that they procured specimens there, but they were
lost. The new collections contain a good series of this form.
Eight specimens in Tring Museum, including the type.
The name of this form has unfortunately been misprinted, as it should of course
have been sjjelt with a b.
7. Nesomimus melanotis huUi W. Rothsch.
N. huUi, W. Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club. p. 52 (May 1898).
Differs from S. melanotis melanotis in having the buffy-white tips to the
primaries — and still more those to the secondaries — decidedly wider, and in having
a very distinct monstache-like line of black spots from the base of tlie mandible to
the neck. Dimensions as in ^V. 7nelanotis melanotis.
This form was found abundantly on Culpepper Island. It is named as a
compliment to Mr. Hull, one of the collectors of the expedition.
Six specimens in Tring Museum, including the type.
8. Nesomimus melanotis bauri Ridgw.
N. bniiri, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nd. .l/ii-?. XVII. p. 367 (1H'J4). XIX. p. 492(189fi).
Differs from X. melanotis melanotis in having a longer bill, lighter sides of
breast and body, smaller white terminal spots to the rectrices, and in having a
monstache-like line of blackish spots along the sides of the throat. It differs from
X. melatiotis personatus of Abingdon Island in being much lighter above, the colour
• Nesomimus harringtonensis nom. nud. Baur, in Amer. lYaiuralist, 1897, on list between pages 780
and 781, without description, must be added as a probable synonym. The specimen obtained was really
lost at Guayaquil.
( 146 )
of the Dppcrside being about the same as iu X melanotis melanotis. Dimensions
hardly less than of N. tndauotis pi'isonatus, bnt the dusky black streaks on the
flanks are much narrower than in the latter. "Iris yellowish."' Wing c? 116 —
121 mm., ? 110—111 mm.
Messrs. Baur & Adams discovered this species on Tower Island, where it was
also found abundantly by Harris' party. The Triiig Museum possesses the tj-jie
(which has been in spirits), and a good series collected by Baur's and Harris'
parties.
0. Nesomimus melanotis bindloei Hidg.
N. hindlnei Ridgway in Pruc. U.S. Xat Mm. XVII. p. 358. XIX. p. 492 (1894).
Very similar to X. Tnelanotis bauri, but smaller, with the tarsus generally 2 or
'A mm. longer, the lesser wing-coverts with slightly lighter tips, ear-coverts more
uniformly black, moustachial line of spots on sides of throat less distinct, while on
the other hand there are generally some small black spots on the sides of the neck,
under the ear-coverts and sometimes even on the chest. Discovered by Baur it
Adams, and found to be common on Bindloe Island by our collecting party.
The Tring Museum possesses the type and ten others from the Baur collection,
in addition to a good series of the new collection. 3 wing, 108 — 117 mm. ; ? wing,
103— lOT mm. (average 103).
10. Nesomimus parvulus parvulus (J. Gould).
Orphrus prmulus, J. Gould in Pr"C. Zool. Sue. Loud. p. 27 (18.37).
MiiMis iKirmdus, Gray, Zool. Voy. Beogle, v. III. Birds, p. 63. t. 18 (1841).
Nesomimus parvulus, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 491.
Easily distinguished from X. melanoti.i by its smaller size, especially its
shorter and somewhat less curved bill, generally paler colour of the upperside and
more brownish, paler striped ear-coverts. A brownish shade across the chest is
visible in most specimens. Wing of c? ad. wing 111 — 113 mm., exposed culmen
18 — 21 (average 20) ; ¥ ad. wing 104 — 109 mm., exposed culmen 17 — 20'o (average
18). The colour of the upperside varies much, some specimens being much darker
than others.
This species is abundant in North and South Albemarle.
11. Nesomimus parvulus affinis W. Kothsch.
N. affinis, W. Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. C p. 53 (May 1898).
Very closely allied to K. pan-ulus pamdtis of Albemarle, but above darker and
deeper brown than even the darkest ^V. parvulus parcnlu.s. The stripes on the sides
of the body are generally broader and darker. White spots on wing-coverts smaller.
Measurements as in S. parculug parcultis.
Discovered by Harris' expedition on Narborough Island. Six skins in the
Tring Museum.
Key to thk Foums ov the Genus .Nesomimus.
J /Breast crossed by an interru])ted baud of dark brown spots : 2.
( Breast not crossed by a band of brown spots : 4.
,, f Wing under 115 mm. : JS'.adanisi.
(Wing over 115 mm. : 3.
( 147 )
g JS ides of chest blackish brown ; X. trifasciatus.
(.Sides of chest white with browu spots : N. macdonaldi.
, f Bill smaller : 5.
(Bill larger : 6.
'Above lighter, with more distinct pale edges to the feathers and larger white
I tips to the wing coverts : X. parvulus.
Above much deeper brown with less distinct pale edges, tips to wing-coverts
smaller : N. p. affinis.
fUnmp distinctly rufous : N. m. bindloei.
U\'ump not distinctly rufous : 7.
_ (Whitish tips to the remiges much wider : X. m. huUi.
lAVhitish tips to the remiges much narrower : 8.
^^ (■ Darker above : 9.
I Paler above : 10.
rGenerally larger, flanks darker, sides of ueck less broadly white : N. m.
f. I jjersonatus.
j Generally smaller, flanks a little lighter, sides of neck broader white :
'- N. melanotis.
'Wing longer, tips to rectrices smaller with distinct brown shaft line : N. m.
bauri.
Wing shorter, tijis to rectrices larger and without dark shaft-stripes : N. m.
carringtoni.
10. \
Genus DENDROICA Gray.
Dendroica Gray, List. Gen. B. App. III. p. 8 (1842).
Tlie genus Itemh-okn is largely represented in North and Bliddlc America, the
W'est Indies and the most northern part of South America, while the other parts of
South America are greatly frecinented by migrants from North America, bnt have
no resident forms of the genus. The Galapagos Islands are inhabited by one
species, which has no very near ally in South America, but rather in the West
Indies.
1. Dendroica aureola (Gould).
Sylricola aureola Gould, Zool. Beagle, III, Birds p. 86. PI. XXVUI. (1841).
Dendroico, uureohi, Sharpe, Qit. B. Brit. Mus. X. p. 282 (1885) ; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Loml.
IX. p. 473 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. .l/«.s. XIX. pp. 465, 493.
We have this species from the following islands : — Culpepper, Wenmau,
Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Duncan, Inde-
fatigable, Chatham, Charles, Gardner and Hood.
The affinity to P. petechia of Jamaica is remarkable. D. cureola differs from
the latter in having a more intensely orange-rufous, much darker pileum, in being
generally slightly darker on the back, and in having the wing generally one or two
millimetres longer. Specimens from Gorgona Island, on the coast of Colombia,
and ( 'ocos Island are quite like those from the Galapagos Islands. The species is
also said to occur at Guayaquil (Baur & Adams) and in Peru (Solzmann &
Raimondi), but we have not seen continental specimens.
D. rufoinleuta of Curasao, Bonaire and Aruba has the crown still deojier, of a
( 148 )
rufons-chestuut brown, and is much smaller. 1). (inroaipilla Hidgw. from (Jriiiid
Cayman is ajiiiarcntly only ilistiuguishable by its lighter crown, and perhaiis slightly
shorter wing. The differences between D. petechia of Jamaica and D. anrorapilla
are extremely slight and apparently not constant, unless the latter is of a somewhat
darker oreen above. We have no D. (jumHachi to compare. All these forms arc
evidently only of subspecitic value.
Genus OERTHIUEA tiould.
Certkiflia, Gould in Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Loud., p. 7 (1837).
Gould described this genns as belonging to the Fringillidae. Messrs. Sclater
and Salvin (cf. Somencl. Ae. Seotrop. j). 10; Trans. Zool. Soc Land. v. IX. p. 4T(i;
Cat. B. Brit. Mas. v. XI. p. 27) placed it in the t'oerebidae, subfamily Darnidinae,
near Datnis and Conirostrtim; Mr. Ridgway {Proc. U. S. Sat. Mas. v. XIX. \). 407)
considers it to belong to the Mniotiltidae. We find it difficnlt to decide between
Mniotiltidne and Coerehidae, as we find the bill to agree well with some Dendroicae,
and also with some of the smaller forms of Dacnis, while the wing, in which the
first primary is considerably shorter than the second and third, agrees more with
the Mniotiltidae than with Dacnis. A very close and thorough examination of the
anatomy of a good many Mniotiltidae. ( 'oerebidae, and Certhideae will be necessary
to decide finally the position of Verthidea and of the value of a number of Passerine
families, the division of which is at present a great " crux ornithologiae."
We have been obliged to unite several of the species recognised by Ridgway in
the central group of islands. Ridgway's material was very insufficient.
1. Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould.
Crrlhiiira oth;imi,(io\M in Pruc. Zool. Soc. I.onil. (1837) p. 7, Zool Vny. Bniijh; III. Birds, p. 1(1(1.
pi. XLIV.; Sclater, Oil. B. Brit. Mus. XI. p. 28: Ridgway in Pmc. P.S. Xat. .Uiis. XIX. p. 498.
Certhitim sah-ini, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. .Uiis. XVII. p. X,S, XIX. p. .'.(K).
Certhidea albemarki, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. XTII. p. 3G0, XIX. p. 500.
In this, as well as in other species of the genus, the perfectly adult birds in full
colour (probably the nuptial dress) are as rare as we have found them among the
finches. The adult ?nal(' in full dress is as follows :— Upperside pale olive, pileum
and hindneck more olive-grey, runij) and upper tail-coverts lighter and more
yellowish-brownish ; wings and tail dusky brown, outwardly edged with light olive,
inner webs of remiges edged with whitish grey; npper wing-coverts broadly bordered
with light reddish brown, under wing-coverts white, strongly washed with buft' and
yellowish cinnamon ; short superciliary line, extending to about 4 mm. beyond the
eye ; chin, throat, and foreueck bright rufous cinnamon ; remainder of under surface
creamy bufi', with an olive tinge ; sides washed with olive brown ; breast with more
or less concealed spots of bright rufous cinnamon ; under tail-coverts washed with
rufous cinnamon. Wing, o5— 57 mm.; tail, 37— 4(i ; bill, from nostril to tip,
7 mm. The adult Jhnale seems to have the wing mostly a little shorter, not
exceeding oG mm., mostly 54 to 55 only ; the abdomen paler, more whitish ;
and it seems from our large series that the fetnale never assumes such a largely and
bright rufous cinnamon area on the throat and foreneck as the adult male, although
some of the females have a certain amount of cinnamon colour on the throat. The
immature birds of both sexes are much paler, and without a shade of rufous ciunamoii
anvwhere.
( 149 0
We have altogether received, and have before us uow, 17(i skins of Certhidea
olivacea — viz., 10 from Jervis, 12 from Narborongh, 35 from Iiidefatigabh", 45 from
various places on Albemarle, 28 from Duucan, and 46 from James Island. We are
unable to detect an}' differences between the specimens from the various islands, the
dilTcrences of colour assigned to Ridgway's C. saldiii and alhenarlei being due to
difi'erent age of the sjiecimeus, the larger bill of C. mhiid being not in the least
borne out by our material.
2. Certhidea olivacea luteola Ridgw.
Cei-thkha luteola, Ridgway ia Pioc. [I.S. Xat. Mas. XVII. p. 360, XIX. p. 501.
We have a large series from Chatham Island, including the type, and find that
the birds from there are closely allied to C. olivacea oUeacea, but differ in being
generally more olivaceous on the back, and distinctly darker and somewhat more
olive beneath. It seems also that the bill has a tendency to be darker, for many of
our sj)ecimens have perfectly black bills, while of the enormous series of C. olicacea
olivacea not one has a really black bill. None of our C. olicaoea luteola — all collected
either in June (Baur) or October — has a rufous throat, but some freshly coming
feathers in one of our iiialei show beyond doubt that a red throat is sometimes
attained !
This form is only known from Chatham Island. ^
3. Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi subsp. nov.
The Certhidea of (Jharles Island differs much from C. olicacea olicacea and
G. olicacea luteola in the much lighter under-surface, which wants the olive tinge. Its
upperside is perhaps more brownish-greyish, but this is difficult to say for certain,
as all our .specimens are in abraded plumage. The throat is of the same rufous-
cinnamon, but appears to be more rusty, as it is on a lighter, less olive ground, and
in lighter surroundings. The rectrices, which have only very narrow light brownish
tii)s in C, olicacea olicacea and C. olicacea luteola, have whitish tips of 1 to IA mm.
in width. The bill of most of our si^ecimens is deep black, and is perhaps generally
a little stouter. We have only ten skins from Charles Island. One of these
is in its first plumage, which differs much from the dress of the adult bird. It
is above dark blackish brown, on the pileum almost uniform black, on the
back, rump, and ujiper tail-coverts with broad light brown edges to the feathers,
which are again very narrowly fringed with black on the utmost tips, all the featliers
ashy grey at their bases. Wings and wing-coverts similarly edged, more rusty on
the latter. Feathers of underside ashy grey at base, then dark slate-colour and
rusty buff on their tips ; throat patched with blackish slate-colour, caused by the
greater extent of the slaty colour in the middle of the feathers.
In the colour of the underside C. o. riil(j)cai/i resembles C. cinerascens, but is
not so white, and the adult malea have a red throat, which is ajiparently never
assumed by C. cinerascens.
Named in honour of Mr. Robert Ridgway, to whom we owe the best work on
the birds of the Galapagos Islands.
4. Certhidea olivacea becki Rothsch.
Certhidea beckl, Rothschild iu Bull. B. O. Club. VII. p. 63 (May 1898).
The form of Certhidea found on Wenman Island by the Harris exj)edition, iu
August 1897, differs from C. olicacea olicacea iu being darker above, darker and
II
( 150)
browner on the chest, flanks, aud sides of breast. The wing is a little longer-
measuring ;">(> to nearly oO mm. in our males, und 52 to ."14 mm. in onr females.
(\ 0. hechi is much more closely allied to C. 0. fusca from Abingdon and Biudloe
Islands than to C. 0. oUcacea, but differs in being still a faint shade darker above
and especially on the sides and flanks. The wing is longer, as in C. o./usca it does
not exceed .")4 mm. in the largest males. The bill of C. 0. hecki measures 8 to 9 mm.
from nostril to tip. The throat has a distinct ochraceons patch in one male and an
ochraceous shade in iy/o females before us. We are not able to say if this colour
would be as bright and widely spread as in adult males of C. 0. oliracea, if a
larger series from the proper season were examined.
We have only ten si)ecimeus from Wenman.
This form is named in compliment to Mr. Beck, who accompanied the expedition
as collector.
5. Certhidea olivacea drownei Rothsch.
Certhideo ,lr,nc,Ki, Rothschild in Bnll. B. (I. Club. VII. p. ;A (May 1898).
Only two specimens, both marked " S" were procured on Culpepper Island.
They are very much like ( '. o. herki, but the sides of the breast arc darker, more
olive, and the pileum is darker, the darker blackish bases of the feathers being
somewhat extended. They seem also to be considerably larger. The wing of one
measures 62 mm., that of the other 57, but we believe the latter to be a Jemale,
although it is marked " c?." The bill from nostril to tip is 9 mm. in one, 8 in
the other, but the bill seems to be rather wide at base. The throat is somewhat
ochraceous in both.
A larger series would be desirable to confirm this subspecies. It is named as
a compliment to Mr. Drowne, another of the collectors.
6. Certhidea olivacea mentalis Ridgw.
Certhidea mentalis, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVII. p. 359, XIX. p. .504.
This is a most doubtful form from Tower Island. Mr. Ridgway has separated
it from its nearest ally, C. fiisca, on account of its being, as he states, " rather
smaller, colour darker "and less olivaceous, the under parts dull light olive-greyish,
becoming pale buffy on chin and under wing-coverts." Unfortunately all the
specimens from Dr. Baur's collection seem to have been in spirits, therefore the
slight diff'erences in colour are not of much importance, and our new series of about
thhiy specimens, skinned on the spot, are all in such dreadfully abraded, worn
plumage, that they are quite unfit for comparison with regaril to colour. There
is no appreciable dift'erence in size. It is, however, remarkable that all the
specimens from Tower, collected in December, except one, have black mandibles,
and of those of Dr. Baur's, shot early in September, two have blackish, the
others brownish white mandibles, while in our large series from Abingdon and
Bindloe, collected in August, there is not one with a blackish mandible. This
character, on the other hand, is probably seasonal. The buff colour on the chin
may be a character peculiar to the Tower form, but this is as yet not certain, as we
can only see it in four of the typical specimens collected by Dr. Baur. Freshly
moulted' material, and if possible from the same season, both from Tower aud
Abingdon or Bindloe Islands, will be necessary to decide finally about the form
inentalis.
( 151 )
7. Certhidea olivacea fusca Scl. & Salv.
O-rlhidm fusca, Sclater & Salvin in Prm: Zool. Snc. Land. (1870, pp. 323, 324) ; Salvin in Trans.
Zuul. Sue. Loud. IX. p. 477 ; Sclater, Cut. B. Brit. Miis. XI. p. 28 (1886) ; Ridgway in Pr;c.
U.S. Xat. Mus. XIX. p. 502.
Tills form is decidedly paler below than the other siib.sj)ecies of C. olicacea, and
less olivaceous above and beneath, and the adult male does evidently never acquire
the tawny, cinnamon, or ochraceous throat, chin, or superciliary line. The bill is
generally rather longish, measuring 8*3 to HI mm. from nostril to tip of upper jaw.
In about fifty skins from Abingdon and Bindloe before us, there is none with a
wholly black bill.
C. 0. fiLica is common on Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, and specimens from
the two islands arc iudistingnishable.
8. Certhidea cinerascens cinerascens Hidgw.
Certhidea cineriiHceiis, Ridgway in Pror. U.S. Xat. .l/«s. XII. pp. 105, 119, 127.
Certhidea olivascens (lapsus calami), Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. .Uus. XII. p. 124.
Certhidea cinerascens, Ridgway in U.S. Sat. Mus. XIX. p. 503.
This form differs so much from all the preceding ones, by its much paler under-
snrface, which is brownish white, its more greyish back and generally shorter bill,
that it will probably be necessary to keep it (together with bifasciata) specifically
distinct from the oliracea-gvomp. The bill does not exceed 8*5 mm. (from nostril to
tip). The rectrices have very narrow white tips, which are widest on the outermost
rectrices, where also the inner web is bordered with white, the upper wing-coverts
have pale whitish-brown edges. Unfortunately our series, which is collected in
October, is in very abraded, worn plumage, but it seems that the throat is never
rufous or ochraceous at all, but the breast has a buff tinge in the middle.
This form is known from Hood Island, and we have also one from Gardner
near Hood Island.
'J. Certhidea cinerascens bifasciata Kidgw.
Certhidea bifasciata, Ridg^vay in Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. XVII. p. 359 ; XIX. p. 3o4.
Nearest to C. cinera.)sceii,s ciiwrasceiis, from which it differs in being still whiter
beneath, being almost pnre white with a buff tinge, and with two fairly distinct
whitish bars across the wing, formed by the wide almost white tips to the middle
and greater upper wing-coverts. Only found on Barrington Island. ^
The iris of all Certhideae is brown.
Genus PROGNE Boie.
Prorjne, Boie in Isis p. 971 (1S2G).
Pltaeojtroijiir, Baird, Heriew Ainer. B. p. 283.
This genus is spread over the greater parts of temperate and trojiical America
and 'West Indian Islands. One species peculiar to the Galapagos Islands.
( 152 )
1. Progne coucolor Gnuld.*
Hivumlo coiicoliir, Gould in Prof\ yCooI. Hoc. Lund. p. 22 (1837).
Ptoijne i-oiiciilor, Salvia in Tninx. Zoiil. Soc. Loud. IX. p. 470 ; .Sharpe, Cat. li. Brit. Mia. X. p. 17fi;
Sharpe & Wyatt. Monograph SimUows, II. p. 4G3, pi. 90.
Hirunilo iimclfKla, Xrboux in Rev. Zwtl. p. 291 (1840).
Progne mnilexla, Gould, Zool liaigle, III. Jiirds, p. :i9, pi. f> ; Kidgway iu Proc. U.S. Xiil. .I/hs.
XIX. p. 505.
This species ilifters from F. subis (= purpurea) in its consideraMy smallci-
size, the wing of the adult mole not measuring more than 130 mm., and generally
less, and in the absence of tlie concealed s])ot under the wing. The underside oftlie
Jemnlf differs widely from tliat of the Jr/nfi/r of /'. ■■<i(/jis, being deep sooty brown
without any white.
Darwin discovered this swallow on James Island (not Chatham Island, as
quoted by mistake in Caf. li. Brit. Mii.'<. X. p. 170), Xeboux obtained it on Charles
Island, Townsend on Indefatigable, where it had also been seen by Habel, Baur
{American 2ial(iralist, Ls'JT, p. 783) mentions it from Barrington (teste Ncboux),
and we have received a beautiful series of twenty-six skins from Charles, Chatham,
and Albemarle Islands.
" The iris is brown iu both sexes, feet and bill black."
Genus HIRUNDO L.
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Hirundo rustica erythrogastra Bodd.
Hitundo tifijthrogastcf Bodd. Tail. PL Enl. p. 45 (1783 j.
Five skins of the North American swallow were procured iu October and
November on ( 'harles iuul < 'hatham Islands. Tliey are doubtless migrants from
the north.
Genus GEOSPIZA .J. Gould.
(Plate VI.)
Geospiza, J. Gould, in P. Zuol. Sur. Land. 1837. p. 5 (Type : G. nuiynirustiis).
Cactornis, J. Gould, ilnd. p. G (Type : C. srandens).
Camarhiinvhus, J. Gould, ihkl. p. tj (Type : C. pxilttirnlti).
Platyspiza, Bidgway, in P. f/..S. Xal. J/».s-. XIX. p. 54r, (IHHC).
Oiclospiza, Kidgway, ibid. p. .540 (1896).
In the Catalofpie of Birds Dr. Sharpe recognised the three genera created by
Gould in 1837, but Mr. Kidgway, in 1894 and 1890, united Geo.ynza and Cnrfor//i.s
for good reasons, keeping, however, Camarhynchm separate, without, in our opinion,
sufficient reasons, and created two new generic names {Cactospizu and /'/(if>/.spizi/),
without need and to no practical purpose, as he did not even use these terms in his
nomenclature. We cannot see the use of subgeneric names, as they are, by universal
agreement, not to be used in nomenclature. If it is convenient to separate gronjis
within a genus they may be named a, h, c, or groups with longer, intermediate or
* The name concolor has been rejected on account of the existence of a I/iruiula coneolor of Sykes in
1S32. As, however, Sykes' cJiirolcr belongs to another genus, there is no logical reason for rejecting that
name. The disturbing jiaragraph •' once a synonym always a synonym " i.s a great mistake if ado]jted in
similar cases. We are not accepting tliis custom, and one of us has already elsewhere written on
the subject.
( l-"^--^ )
shorter bills, as the case may be; but names which are not to be nsed are, in onr
opinion, an unnecessary bnrden in snch cases. Onr reason for uniting Camarhi/nchus
with Gfiospiza is, that we see abont the same intergraclation in the form of the bills
of that supposed genns with the genus Qcospiza in Eidgway's sense, as we saw
between Cactnrnis and Geospiza in the old sense. We cannot ndmit the coloration
as a generic character, not only because in our case it would bring the yonng of
some of the species in another genus than the adult males, but we cannot see that, in
ornithology, it can be used as a generic character in any case, as the sexes and ages,
and sometimes seasonal plumages, differ so materially in many Ijirds, and abnormal
colorations, such as albinoes, are rather frequent. Mr. llidgway admits that he
"indeed finds himself quite unable to give precise characters for the genus
Camarhynchus" and that " the differences in the form of the bill presented by
Carnarhi/nchus, as defined by him, from Gcospiza, while perfectly obvious on com-
parison of specimens,* are extremely diflScnlt to describe, since they result chiefly
from variations of curvature in its outlines and relative proportions of various minor
details hardly susceptible of exact definition." This certainly does not sound very
convincing. Mr. Ridgway further admits that the transition from " Cactornis "
pa/l/f/tis to " Camdrhynchus " ])sitt<tciili(s is complete, but we find this to be the
same with " Cactornis" pal.l/f///s and Geospiza ; in fact, we think that "Cactornis''''
pallidiis is still closer connected with Geospiza than with Camarlti/nckus in the old
sense. Ridgway's figures (in P. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. Plates XVI., XVII.) are
very instructive, and will explain our meaning to those who have no specimens
to refer to. See also our Plate VI.
Mr. Harris makes the following observation : " The long-billed Geospizae (or
Cactornis') were observed to be more cactus-feeders than the thick-billed forms —
for example G. strcnua. Such Geospizae as strenua, jmchyrhyncha, and conirostris
were observed to be more seed-eaters than the slender-billed ones {Cactornis). The
smaller species, as fuliginosa, fratercula, and fortis were observed to frequent
the shores, of the more northern islands especially, in search of food, whereas the
slender-billed Geospizae, and those with very large beaks, were never seen feeding
on the rocky shores."
The genus Geospiza is, in the Catalogue of Birds, Vol. XII., placed at the head
of the Fringillidae, followed by Chloris and separated by ten genera from Guiraca.
The South American members of the genus Guiraca, in Dr. Sharpe's sense, are,
nevertheless, the nearest relations to Geospiza, the form of the bill being indeed
very similar between the thick-billed Geospizae, such as Geospiza strcnua and
Guiraca cyanoidcs, especially the backward extension of the cnlmen (nasal bones in
skeleton) is very much the same in these genera ; while the wing is less pointed,
the feet larger and stronger, the tail very much shorter in Geopiza. The first
primary in Geospiza is rudimentary, not visible from below, and adapted to its
covert ; the second (first long) jirimary is shorter than the third. The resemblance
with certain thick-liilled Hawaiian finches, such as Telcspiza, cannot have any
serious consideration, as indicative of real relationship.
Most of the species are well defined, others less, and some vary greatly in
dimensions and proportions. It is evident that adult black males are not equally
frequent in certain species. While black individuals are surprisingly rare in many
species, they are very frequent in Geospiza conirostris Uidgw. There can be no
doubt, we think, that all the black specimens are adult males. In the members of
* We should think uot in the case of " CactcrnU '' paUUhm
( 154 )
the old genns Camarhynchns totally black iudiviiluiils are not luiiiid, liuf it seems
that all the Geospizae and <'acfor»/t/irs in the old sense, except " Cuctonu's "
paUidiis, have the adult nwle black, with the exceirtion of the nnder tail-coverts,
wliich have white borders. The bill is only black in black-plumaged adult 7nales ;
but not in all. It seems evident that those with brown bills are less aged than
those with black bills ; but why the hitter, and in faet black individuals of most of
the species, are so rare is quite unexplainable to ns.
The variations in size are great within some of the species, and j'ounger birds
have very small bills— a fact which has more than ouce led authors to mistakes.
1. Geospiza mag'iiirostris J. (iould.
Geospha magnimslrh, J. Gould in P. Zool. Soc. Lotiil. 1837. p. 5 ; Zool. Beagle, III. Birds, p. 100,
PI. XXXVI. (1841) ; Salvin in Trann. Zool. Soc. Loml. IX. p. 478 (187G) (bill) ; Shar'pe, Cat
B. Brit. .l/«s. XII. pp. 6, 7 (fig.) ; Eidgway I.e. p. 512.
It is very strange that this largest-billed form of (inches from the whole group
has not been met with by any collector since Darwin's visit to the CJalapagos.
There are, in our opinion, only two possibilities :
(1) That this form is a larger representative of G. strenua on Charles Island.
(2) That the few specimens in the British Museum are exceptionally large
individuals of G. streiiwi.
The first theory is probably the correct one. The origin of the type-specimens
is not exactly known. Probably neither Dr. Sharpe nor Mr. Ridgway remembered
in the moment when they treated of these finches what Darwin said in his .hurnal
of Jiesenrr//e.s (new edition, 1890, p. 420) about his omission to label his collections.
He there says : " Unfortunately most of the specimens of the finch-tribe were
mingled together, but I have strong reasons to suspect that some of the species of
the snb-group Geospiza are confined to separate islands"; and again, on p. 421,
'•whereas the numerous specimens shot either on Charles or on Chatham Island
(for the two sets were mingled together) all belonged to the two other species."
It is thus evident that the locality of Chatham Island for G. magnirostria is open
to doubt. We have no donbt that all the specimens came from Charles Island.
Neither Dr. Habel, nor Baur & Adams, nor the recent collectors whose collections
are before us, found any very large Geospiza on Charles Island, not even G. strenua.
The " Albatross " only procured one specimen, which Ridgway refers to G. strenua.
Considering, however, that it is an immature bird, and that the two forms G.
magnirostri.-i and strenua are so closely allied that they dilfer only in having the
wings and bills a few millimetres larger or smaller, it is quite possible that it is
a young of G. magnirostris. It is probable that G. magnirostria is exterminated
or extremely scarce. This is qnite possible when we consider that Xeaomimus
trifasciatus has disappeared from Charles Island, and that these finches, according
to Darwin {Zool. Beagle, t.c. p. 100), did " much injury by digging up roots and
seeds from a depth of even six inches." It is therefore to bo supposed that they
were killed by the colonists, who complained of their injuries, and who first settled
on Charles Island about 1830. The locality Chatham Island is certainly wrong, for
no big-billed form has ever been found there ; and there are no early settlers who
might have killed them long ago.
The dimensions of the three black specimens in the British Museum are :
cnlmen, 26-5, 27, 27 mm.; height of bill at base, 23-5-24 mm.; wing, 91, 91,
'■••'3 mm.: tarsus, 25 mm.
( 155 )
The second possibility — viz., that G. magnirostris cannot be separated from
G. strenua — mnst be con.sidered, because the measurements of a uumber of G. streiiua
will show how mnch the}- dili'er in proportions of bill and wing ; bnt as we do not
find the combinations of a cnlmen of over 26-5 mm. and more, with a wing of 91 mm.
and more, we cannot nnite G. magnirosfrin maffnirostris and G. mar/iiirostris strenua,
as the nomenclatnrL' of these forms should probably be, under one name.
2. Geospiza strenua J. Gould.
Geospha strenua, J. Gould in P. Zonl Sue. (1837) p. 5 ; Zool. Voij. Bmijle, III. Birds, p. 100,
PI. XXXVII. (1841) ; Salvia in Trans. Zonl. Soc. Land. IX. p. 479 (1876) ; Sharpe, Cat. H.
Brit. Mus. XVI. p. 8 (1888); Ridgway, t.c. p. 514.
Geospha imchjrhyiwha, Ridgway in P. U.S.' Nat. Mus. XVIII. p. 293 (189G) ; Ridgway, t.c.
p. 516.
Ridgway enumerates Charles Island as one of the islands inhabited by this
bird, bnt we presume that the specimen procured by the '^Albatross" must belong
to G. magnirostris if it came from Charles Island. We shall see below how small
young individuals of these finches are, compared with adult birds.
Chatham Island is given on the authority of Darwin ; l)nt no such birds ever
being found there, and Darwin himself stating that he had mixed the finches up,
we must entirely disregard the statement that this species ever occurred on Chatham
Island, and we think that the type mnst have come from James Island, our skins
from there agreeing with the t3'pe of the species in the British Museum.
G. strenua is evidently not rare on James Island, for we have seen 24 sjjecimens
from there, in addition to those in the British Museum. The black mates from
James measure as follows ; —
Cnlmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal widtli of
mandible.
Wing.
24 mm.
24 „
21 „
22 mm.
20 „
18 „
13 mm.
13 „
12 „
If) mm.
15 „
14 „
88 mm.
86 „
82 „
It was first found on Bindloe by Dr. Habel. We have e.xamined 34 Biudloe
skins. The black males measnre : —
Culmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal width of
mandible.
Wing.
22 5 mm.
21-5 „
20 „
22-5 „
24-5 „
19-5 mm.
18'5 „
17 „
19 „
21 „
12 mm.
12'5 „
11
12 „
13-5 „
15 mm.) (Dr.
14 „ iBaur)
14 „
17 „
(Moulting.)
82 mm.
82 „
82 „
86 „
Habel also discovered it on Abingdon Island. Tt is evidently very common on
( 156 )
Abingdon, as we have received not less than 39 skins from the recent expedition.
The black males measure ; —
Calmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal width of
mandible.
Wing.
24-5 mm.
21 mm.
14 mm.
1(V5 mm.
84 mm.
22 „
20 „
11 „
15 „
84 „
25-5 „
21 „
13 „
18 .,
85 „
22 „
21 „
13 „
16 „
83 „
24 „
21-5 „
12 „
IG „
88 „
23-5 „
20 „
13-5 „
15 „
84 .,
Indefatigable is also known to be inhabited by G. s/renua since Habel's expe-
dition. It w.Ts also fonnd there b}' Messrs. Banr & Adams, and we have altogether
received 11 specimens from this island, bnt not a single one is a fnlly adnlt )ni:i/i'.
We are giving the measurements tirst of the largest of onr specimens, seconilly of
onr blackest 7nrile, which is abont half black. The measurements are : —
CnlmeD.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys,
Ba-sal width of
mandible.
Wing.
25 mm.
24 „
21 mm.
19 ,,
14 mm.
13 „
17 mm.
15 „
84 mm.
(Damaged.)
Tower Island is also inhabited by G. sfreniin. Specimens from Tower, collected
by Messrs. Hanr A: Adams, were described by Kidgway as belonging to a new
species, which he called G. pachijrhynchu. Specifically they belong doubtless to
G. strenua, bnt it is true that most of the Tower specimens are ratlier large. As,
however, they are reached or even eclipsed in nearly all their measurements by
specimens from other islands, we cannot at present separate them even snb-
sjtecifically. If a large material of adnlt males should confirm the constancy of this
form, it would have to be called G. strenua pachijrhyneka. The 3 black males of
the 9 we have examined measure as follows : —
Culmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal width of
mandible.
Wing.
25-5 mm.
24 „
26 „
22 mm.
22 „
22-5 „
13 mm.
12 „
13-5 „
17 mm.
17 „
17-5 „
87 mm.
87 „•,
89 „•
Jervis Island is .Tnotlier home of this finch. Baur & Adams and the recent
collectors must have fonnd it rather common there, for we received altogether not
less tlian 2(1 sjtecimens, and black males were rather fretjueut among them. They
are generally not very large, bnt so variable and so close to specimens from other
( 15T )
islands, some f'nil}' reaching the latter in all
sei^arate them. The black males measure : —
dimensious, that it is impossible to
Cnlmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal width of
mandible.
Wing.
23 mm.
21 mm.
13 mm.
Ill mm.
87 mm.
24 „
22 „
13 „
1' „
84 „
23 „
19 „
11-8 „
15 „
88 „
24 „
21 „
13-5 „
' IS „
86 „
23-5 „
18-5 „
11 ,>
14 „
83 „
23 „
21 „
11-5 „
14-5 „
83 „
2:i „
18-5 „
12 „
14 ,
85 „
22-5 „
20 „
12 „
15 „
83-5 „
21 „
19 „
11 „
14 „
82 „
21-5 „
19-5 „
12 „
14-5 „
Banr said that on Albemarle Island he procured specimens of Gcospizu mngni-
rosfn's. These were, according to Jlr. Eidgway, lost in a box at Gnayaquil, a
statement which, as Dr. Banr himself stated afterwards, arose out of some mistake;
probably on Dr. Baur's side, and in fact we found these specimens in a bottle in
spirits. They are clearly not 6r. magnirostria, but G. strenua. One of the two shot
by Dr. Banr at La Tortuga is very large, the other very small. AVe have examined
0 skins from Albemarle (La Tortnga, Dr. Banr, Tagus Cove, recent expedition), and
find the black malffs to measure as follows : —
Culmen.
Basal depth of bill.
^, Basal width of
^'°^^^- maudible.
Wing.
24 mm.
22 mm.
14 mm. 1 10 mm.
( Moulting.)
(Dr. Baur, La Tottu^ga.)
"9 „
17 „ i:imm. 13 „
(Dr. Baiir, La Tortulga.)
83 mm.
23 „
19 „ i Vl mm. 15 „
83 „
24 „
21 „ : 13 „ 15 „
83 „
From Duncan Island we have only seen three yonng individuals in grey
lilumage. They have fairly large beak.s (cnlmen 22 to 24 mm.), and we have no
doubt belong G. strenua.
From Barrington we received only one specimen, a fairly black mah', but witli
tlie bill deep brown, reddish brown on the mandible, and tiie abdomen streaked witli
greyish brown. It measures : —
Culmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
Basal width of Wine
mandible. ^'
22 mm.
19 mm. i 14 mm.
15-5 mm. 86 mm.
( 158)
From Wenman Island we have also one single male only, but it is unite black.
It measures : —
Culmen.
Basal depth of bill.
Gonys.
l^asal widtli of
mandible.
Wing.
24 mm.
22 mm.
14 mm.
16 mm.
86 mm.
We slionld most certainly have expected a new species from Wenman Island,
bnt we can see no reason whatever to separate our specimen from typical Geospiza
strenua.
While the differences in size between the 7n(tles and/emales are very small, the
young birds are mucli smaller than old ones. The accompanying figures will
illustrate that these differences occur alike in the various islands, and also that they
cannot satisfactorily be separated.
3. Geospiza darwini sp. nov.
This is perhaps a form originally evolved from the following species, G. coni-
rostris, but it has a much larger and heavier beak, and thus stands somewhat
between G. strenua and G. conirostris.
Adult 6. Intensely black, feathers on breast, abdomen, and back slightly edged
with olive ; it differs conspicuously from the other large Geospizae, G. maynirostns,
G. strenua and G. conirostris, by the olive rump, a character more or less apjiarent
in the small Geospizae only ; under tail-coverts whitish buff, secondaries ti])ped
slightly witli butfy white, outer edge of primaries olive. Bill comj)resscd and
rounded, like in G. conirostris, but, unlike the other species of Geospizae, alunptly
narrowed 3 millimetres from the tip and elongated sharply to the point.
Aditlt ?. Head, neck and throat black, slightly edge<l on each feather with
olive buff, rest of body blackish, broadly variegated with olive buff, wings brown
edged with dark buff. 4 c? J, 1 ? measure as follows : —
Culmen.
Height of Bill.
Width of Bill.
Gonys.
Wing.
(?•
?.
24 mm.
23 „
23 „
23 „
24 „
20 mm.
18 „
17 „
19 „
19 „
14 mm.
13 „
13 „
15 „
15 „
14 mm.
13 „
1^ „
14 »
15 „
85 mm.
83 „
82 „
86 „
i 84 „
Hab. Culpepper Island, Galapagos.
4. Geospiza conirostris conirostris Ridgw.
G. crmirostrii, Ridgway in /'. C.S. Xuf. .!/««. XII. p. loC, Fig. 2 (1890) ;.Kidgway in 1'. U.S. .\<it.
Mus. XIX. p. 516 (1896),
G. media, I. sujn-a c. p. 107, Fig. 3 (1890) ; Ridgway, /. infra c. p. 577, PI. LVII. Fig. 13 (1896).
Ridgway has separated two species of big-billed finches from Hood Island,
0. conirostris and G. media, and with only eight of the former and four of the latter
supposed species before him, this might have seemed very jilausible, but with our
( 159 )
72 specimens from Hood Island, together with one from Gardner near Hood,
there does not remain a shadow of doubt that they are one somewhat variable
species. This species is characterised by its bill being mnch more elongated and
narrower than in G. strenua, and by the prevalence of blackish colour in the fem'iles
and young birds, which are much darker than in 0. strenua, being brownish black
above and below, on the underside with whitish edges from the chest downwards.
The culmen varies in males from 24 to 18*5 mm., the basal width of maudilile from
13 to 9 mm., the height at base from 18 to 14 mm., the gonys from 13-5 to
10'5 mm.
5. Geospiza conirostris brevirostris Ridgw.
Cactomis hremroslrh, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Jfus. Vol. XII. p. 108, Fig. 4 (1890).
Geospiea brevirostrii, Ridgway op.c. XIX. p. 541.
In 1800 Mr. Ridgway described from a single immature specimen of the
" Albatross'" expedition as new a finch which he called Cactomis brevirostris, which
in 1896 he also places among the Cactomis group of Oeosjnza, comparing it with
Geospiza barringtoni. After a close examination of the figure and onr one skin
from Gardner Island (near Charles Island), we are forced to remove it altogether
from the Cactornis grouji, it being barely distinguishable from the smaller-billed
specimens (= media Ridgway cf. antea) of Geospiza conirostris from Hood Island.
There is some uncertainty about the locality of the type specimen, as Ridgway
in both 1890 and 1890 first quotes it as coming from Chatham Island, and then
several times as being found on Charles Island, again on p. 512 in Vol. XIX. of
the Washington periodical he omits it on Charles (resp. Chatham) and places the
number for it by mistake on James Island. A\'^e think the real home must be
Charles, because we have one specimen which we take to belong to brevirostris from
Gardner (near f Uiarles), which has the same fauna as the larger T'harles Island.
The only difference we can see between G. conirostris conirostris and G. coni-
rostris brevirostris is that the bill of the latter is slightly smaller and narrower.
We possess only one probably adult female from Gardner Island (near Charles
Island), collected by the recent expedition.
(We have one young Geospiza from Indefatigable which agrees with Ridgway's
description of Dr. Habel's specimen from the same island. These birds are too
light to belong to G. conirostris brevirostris, and all the measurements are distinctly
smaller.
This form, unfortunately, cannot finally be named or described, on account of
the absence of adult s])ecimens in collections, as far as we know ; but it will probably
be an unnamed subspecies of G. conirostris. See also Salvin's remark in Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond. IX. p. 481 under G.fortis.)
6. Geospiza conirostris propinqua Ridgw.
Gcos2)iza propimiua, Ridgway in Prur. U.S. Nat.Mns. XVU. p. 3G1 (1894) and .7). cil. XJX. p. 543
(1896).
Described from Tower Island, whence we have a series from Dr. Banr,
including the type and a good many from the new expedition, among them a fair
number of adult males. They agree so well with G. conirostris conirostris, that
one has to examine them very closely to discover the points of difference in the
( 160 )
Itidgwav. We can tlieretore only
The type is one of the smallest ol
ill I onr adnlt males.
Five adnlt males from the new collection measure as follows : —
sliajte of the beak so aMy puiiited out by Jlr
consider it to be a subspecies of G. conirostris.
CulmeD.
22 mm.
23 „
19 „
22 „
Height at Base.
Basal Width.
Gonys.
17 mm.
13 mm.
13 mm.
15 „
11 ..
12 .,
l.S „
11 „
11 ,.
IG „
!:5 „
10
1-i ,.
12 „
12 .,
7. Geospiza conirostris subsp. ?
We have three j'onng specimens of a Gcospiza from f'nlpepper Island which
we believe to be a form of G. conirostris, from which they differ in not being qnite
so dark, and the light margins to the feathers being more bnffy, and the beaks
appear to be a little larger, the back paler, the wing-coverts rather broadly margined
witli rnsty rnfons.
We cannot come to any definite decision without examining adnlt specimens.
8. Geospiza dubia dubia Gonld.
Geospiza ihihia, J. Gould in Proc. Zod. Soc. Lmd. pt. V. p. 6 (1837)— .?')«/. T'"//. Beagle. III. Birds
p. 103 (1841) ; Salyin in Tiwis. Zool Soc. IX. pt. 11, p. 480 (1876) ; Sharpe, Cm. B. Br.l. Mug..
XII. p. 9 (1888) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. XIX. p. 519 (1890).
The type of this species came from Chatham Island, and is no longer in exist-
ence (cf. Sharpe, I.e.). The Smithsonian Institution received a series from the
^^ All/atross" voj-age, and Messrs. Baur & Adams, as well as the Harris' expedition,
collected good series of it.
This species differs from tlie foregoing ones in its much shorter bill, and from
ll.forti.-i in its larger-sized bill.
Besides forty-seven skins from Chatham, we have five from Barrington iiml
fourteen from I)uncan Island, which we cannot separate from G. dttljia. There
is, however, no perfectly adult tnale from either Barrington or Duncan Island, and
the Barrington specimens are on an average rather small.
9. Geospiza dubia albemarlei Ridgw.
Oeo.ynza albemarhi, Ridgway in Pioc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVII. p. 3G2 (1894), »/. op. cil. XIX. p. 523
(189G) (not separated from G.fmiis).
Mr. Ridgway originally compared his G. albenuirlei with his G. media
(= coniro.<itri.s) and G. duhia GId., but afterwards, on comjiaring his Albemarle
specimens with G. fortis, came to the conclusion that they were liardly, if at all,
different, but admitted that some specimens were nearer G. dubia than G. fortis.
From the examination of a large series from Albemarle and three from
Narborough Island it is evident, however, that this form can be separated, but must
be treated as a subspecies of G. duhia, and not of G. fortis, because it is always
separable from the latter by its larger bill and wing. The differences from G. dubia
are exceedingly slight, but generally the wing is 2 to 4 mm. longer, and the cnlmen
a little more arched.
( 161 )
111. Geospiza dubia bauri HiJgw.
Geosphu hauri Ridgway iu Piuc. U.S. \„t. Mu.h. XVII. p. :j62 (1894), and op. cil. XIX. p. 518 (1896).
This form is only known from James Island, where it seems to be rare, as we
have only three skins from the Baur collection, including the type. It has a larger
beak than G. dubia ihihia., while the wing is of exactly the same length, and
therefore we do not think it can be more than subspecifically separated.
11. G-eospiza dubia simillima subsp. uov.
This form from Cliarles Island is almost indistinguishable from G. dubia
albemarlei, but the wing is from 2 to 'i mm. longer. We have one perfectly adult S,
and four immature birds.
r.-'. Geospiza fortis fortis Gould.
Ge'ispiza fnrtis, Gould iu P. Zo„l. Sne. Loiiil. p. :> (1837); Zonl. Voij. Bew/lr, III. Birds, p. 101,
pi. XXXVIII (Charles Island) ; Salvia in rmiis. Zool. Soc. Loud. IX. pi. IX. p. 481 (1876) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. XII. p. 10 (partim).
Geospiza nebulosa, Gould in P. Zuol. Soc. Loud. 1837, p. 5 ; Sharpe, Cal. B. Brit. Mas, XII. p. U
(partim).
G. fortis, Ridgway in Pmc. U.S. Xnl. Mus. XIX. p. 521.
This species is most frequent on Charles (whence the type came), Duncan,
.Jervis, James, Gardner near Charles Island, Indefatigable, Chatham, and Cowley
Islands. The specimens from Albemarle, which Ridgway {I.e.) finally united
with G. fortis, lielong to G. dubia, of which they are a subspecies, being far too big
to be G. fortis. The, birds from Bindloe, which Ridgway had not seen, and which
were lumped with G. fortis by Salvin and others, belong clearly to the same
form as those from Abingdon. They can only be separated as a subspecies from
G. fortis. We have one yoaag female from Barrington Island, which agrees iu the
shortness of its wing with G. f. fratercula rather than with G. f. fortis. It may
possibly belong to an unnsimed subspecies, but adult males are re<|nired to decide
this question.
13. Geospiza fortis fratercula Ridgw.
Geospiza fratercula, Ridgway in Pruc. U.S. Not. Mus. XVII. p. 363 (1894), id. in Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. XIX. p. 525.
Ridgway knew this form from Abingdon Island only, but our series from
Bindloe is perfectly similar. We cannot fully appreciate the alleged differences in
the form of the bill, and the only difference we can see is the shorter wing, which is
about 3 to 6 mm. shorter than iu Geospiza fortis fortis. We canuot detect tangible
differences in colour between these forms.
14. Geospiza fuliginosa fuliginosa Gould.
Geospiza fuliyiiiusa , Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1837, p. 5 ; Salvin in Trans. Zool. Soc. Land. IX.
1876, p. 482 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XII. p. 12 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX.
p. 526.
Giiospi~a jKirrulu, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 6 (1837) ; Zool. Voij. Beagle, III. Birds, p. 102,
tab. XXXIX. (1841) ; Salvin in Traits. Zool. Soc. Loml. IX. p. 483; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
XII. p. 13 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 529.
As will be seen from the above synonymy, Gould, Salvin, Sharpe and Ridgway
have separated a species called G. jxircula, which we unite with <J. fuliginosa.
( 162)
The type of " G. j/cn-viila" according to Darwiu, liad been collected on James
Island. Sbarj)e's locality, Chatham Island, for the same must therefore be
incorrect. Salvia describes and tignres specimens from Bindloe Island, which are
different, but cannot be called G. parnda. Ridgway (juotes as islands inhabited by
G. parndii, Chatham, James, Bindloe, Abingdon, but he is evidently not very
confident witli regard to the value of his G. parcula, saying that he thinks "it can
be demonstrated that the line between the two supposed species cannot be sharply
drawn." We have examined, of what we consider typical G./uliginosa : —
22 skins from Charles Island. Wings, 01 — 65 mm. ; culmeu 12 — 14.
104 from Chatham Island. Wings 60 — 66 mm. : culmeu 12 — 14'2.
10 from Hood Island. Wings about 62 mm. ; cnlmen 12 — 14. No black-
billed adult male among them.
46 from Albemarle Island. Wings, 60 — 65 mm. : calmen 13—14.
11 from Narborough Island. Wings, 63 — 65 mm. ; cnlmen 12 — 13. The
wings average rather long, but the number of specimens is so much smaller than
from other islands that this of no importance.
28 from James Island. Wings, 62 — 64-5 mm. : cnlmen 12 — 13-6. We are not
able to separate the .specimens from James Island in the least from typical
G. /ulii/i/wm.
26 from Harrington Island. Wings, 60—65 mm. ; cnlmen 12 — 14.
46 from Duncan Island. Wings, 62 — 65 mm. ; cnlmen, 12 — 14.
21 from Indefatigable. Wings, 61 — 65 mm. ; cnlmen, 13 — 14.
12 from Gardner (near Charles) Island. Wings, 60 — 65 mm. ; cnlmen, 13 — 14.
26 from Jervis Island. Wings, 00 — 67 mm. ; cnlmen, 13 — 14.
We have thus examined over 350 specimens, but in the measurements very
young birds or such with the wing in moult are not included, as they may only
help to give a wrong impression.
15. Geospiza fuliginosa minor subsp. nov.
We have examined forty-three skins from Bindloe Island, with the wing
58 — 62 mm., the cnlmen, 11 — 13-5 : seventy-three from Abingdon Island, wing,
58 — 63 mm., cnlmen, 12 — 13'5. In addition to these small differences, however,
the bill is much slenderer and more compressed laterally. The number of adult
males which we were able to measure is very small, but the material is quite
suflicient to show beyond any doubt that the Abingdon and Bindloe form deserves
the rank of a subspecies.
10. Geospiza acutirostris Ridgw.
Geosjnsti acul'iroetris, Ridgway in Pr<K. U. S. Nat. Mua. XVII. p. 363 (1894) ; Ridgway, op. cil. XIX.
p. 531. PI. LVII. fig. 21 (1896).
This species differs very distinctly from G./uliginosa and G./uliginosa minor
in its rather long, thin, straight and pointed bill. We have been able to examine
sixty-five specimens, including the type. In no other sj)ecies have we seen such a
proportion of black-billed adult black males, while black males with yellowish beaks
are very scarce. All the birds of the Harris' expedition were killed in December.
The measurements of G. acutiro.Uris are given very correctly by Ridgway.
This species is only known from Tower Island.
( 163 )
IT. Geospiza dentirostris Gould.
Gmspizn dentirndris, Gould in P. Ziml. Soc. Loud. 1837, p. 6 : Znol. fleaifh-^ III. Birds, p. 102
(1841) ; Salvia in Trims. Zool. Snc Luml. IX. p. 483 (partim) ; Sharpe, Cat. li. Brit. Mux. XII.
p. 1 1 ; Ridgway in rroc. U.S. Nat. .Vm. XIX. p. 532.
There are iu the British Museum si male and & female, which are identified by
Dr. Sharpe as (j. dentirostris. One is evidently the type. It is in our opinion an
immature l)ird, probal)ly a, female. Its culmen measures 14'7 mm.; the hill
from nostril to ti]), IU'8; wing, OS. The other specimen is a black male, and
marked on its original label "Charles Island." Its culmen measures 14'8 mm.;
the bill from nostril to tip, !)'8. The former specimen, the type, has the " tooth,"
from which it has received its name, much in front of tlie middle of the cutting edge
of the upper jaw, only a few millimetres from the tip, and the " tooth " is well visible
from above. In Admiral Markham's bird, however, the " tooth " is exactly in the
middle of the cutting edge of the upper jaw, and not to be seen from above. The
type has no exact locality marked, and no original label. Except for the presence
of the " tooth " it might almost be an immature (J. forti.s.
It is curious that neither Mr. Townsend, Messrs. Baur & Adams, nor Harris'
expedition came across such a bird, and the dissimilai'ity of the two only known
skins in the British Mnsenm forces one to suspect that they might be aberrations ;
but we must await further observations before coming to a definite conclusion
about it.
IS. Geospiza spec. inc.
We have one black male of a Geosjnza, skinned from a bird in spirits brought
home by Dr. Baur, from Chatham Island, whore it had 1 leen killed on September 8th,
1891. Its bill is almost but not (juite black. Its upper jaw has no " tooth," but in
dimensions this bird agrees wonderfully with (J. dentirostris. The culmen measures
14-.5 mm.; the bill from nostril to tip, '.»-8 ; the wing, 69. Without further evidence
we are not able to say whether this species is the same as G. dentirostris, whether
it is a h3'bri(l between one of the larger and one o'f the smaller species of Geospiza,
or whether it belongs to a hitherto unknown and unnamed species.
19. Geospiza difficilis Sharpe.
Geospiza dentirostris partim (non Gould !) Salvin in Trans. Zool. Soc. IX. p. 48.S.
Geospiza difficilis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XII. p. 12 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX.
p. 532.'
The colour of this species is generally very dark, and very brownish. Not a
single specimen has the abdomen whitish. The bill has no " tooth," the culmen is
remarkably elevated and arched near the base, and depressed again in front of the
nostril. The length of the culmen in our old males — though none of them has
a perfectly black bill — is 14 — 14-8 mm.; the wing, 63 — 64. The iris is brown.
^Ve have a large series from Abingdon Island collected in August. The only
authentic locality for this species is Abingdon Island. The locality Charles Island
for a skin from Markham must be erroneous, such a distribution being unheard of.
2it. Geospiza debilirostris Ridgw.
Geospiza dehilirontris, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mitn. XVII. p. 363 (1894) ; XIX. p. 533.
Messrs. Baur & Adams collected several of this species iu spirits, and our
recent collection contains a large series. Most of our specimens show also a
( IM )
depression on the culmen in front of the nostril, but not so well marked as in
G. (iifficilis. In size of the bill G. debilirostris apjjroaches (J. Jot tits, but tlie bill is
smaller and not so high. The culmen of adnlt males measures lii mm.; greatest
height of bill near base, 9-fi — 10 mm.: wing, 71 — 73 mm.; the tar.sns, 'M mm.;
middle toe without claw, lo mm.
21. Geospiza scandens scandens (Oonld).
Cactornh xcandom, Gould in Prar. Zoul. Soc. Lonih 1887, p. 7 ; Zmil. Voi/. lieaglc, III. Birds, p. 104,
PI. XLII. ; SaU-in in Tram. Zool. So,: Loml. IX. p. 485 (1876) ; Sharpe, Cut. B. Rrit. Mu».
XII. p. 19.
Geospiza scandens, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. .Mus. XIX. p. 534.
G. scandens scandens is only known from James Island, but G. scandens
intermedia and G. scandens fatignta are so closely allied that it is very difficult to
separate tliem. Young specimens of these subsj)ecies are not always separable.
Adult black tmdea with black bills of G. scandens scandens: culmen, 18 — Is-o mm.;
wing, 70 — 72 mm.
22. Geospiza scandens intermedia Ridgw.
Geospjza intermedia, Ridgway iu Proc. U.S. -Xnt. J/«s. XVII. p. 3tU ; Ridgway oji.cil. XIX. p. 535.
(?) Cactoniis assimilis, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml. 1837, p. 7 ; Voi/. Beagle, III. Birds, p. 105,
PI. XLIII.
The form from Charles Island differs from typical G. scandens in having the
bill slightly larger. The culmen of adult males measures 19— 21-5 mm.; the wing,
70 — 75 mm. We have it also from Gardner.
Cactornis assimilis of Gould certainly did not come from Bindloe Island,
because Darwin had evidently not collected there at all. Consequently the Bindloe
form cannot be called assimilis. The type of assimilis, an immature bird, came
most probably from Charles Island ; the name is therefore best placed provisionally
as a synonym of G. scandens ititermedia.
23. Geospiza scandens fatigata Ridgw.
Geospim fnliyatf, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. J/h.5. XVIII. p. 293 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nal.
Mus' XIX. p. 539.
Geospiza harriiiijtoni, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. .Uns. XVII. p. 361 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat.
.UiM. XIX. p. 541.
This form is very closely allied to G. scandens intermedia, but the bill and
wing is generally slightly larger, and the tarsus 1 or 2 mm. longer, while the feet
apjjear stronger and clumsier. We are not able to detect the slightest difference
between specimens from Indefatigable and Harrington Islands, thougii we have the
type of " G. barriugtoni " and two dozen other specimens from Barringtou to
compare.
We have G. scandens faligata from Indefatigable, Duncan, Albemarle, Jervis,
Chatham, and Barringtou Islands. The number of black «w/c,>( is everywhere rather
small, and generally we find a much larger proportion of adult black-billed black-
plumaged males among the few specimens of Dr. Baur's collection than among the
large series collected by the Harris expedition.
Our mules from Indefatigable Island measure : culmen, 19, 20, 20-5, 21, 22,
22'6 mm.; wing, 7u — 76 mm.
( ItiS )
Those from Albemarle : culmen, 19-2 — 21 mm.; wiiig, 73 — 75 mm.
Those from Jervis : culmen, 19 — 20 mm.; wing about 73 mm.
Neither among those from Chatham nor among those from Duncan do we
have any black adult imdeg, but the measurements of our series from both these
islands agree fully with birds in the same plumage, apparent age and sex from the
other islands.
Our males from Harrington Island measure: culmen, 20 — 21 mm.; wing,
72 — 75 mm. The shape of the bills of the type specimen and of some of our other
specimens certainly look somewhat different, as they are plumper at the tip, but
other specimens again are quite like those from the otTier islands.
24. Geospiza scandens abingdoni (Scl. & Salv.).
Cactoniis abingdoni, Sclater & Salvin in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1870, pp. 323, 326 ; Salvin in Trann.
Zool. Soc. Loud. IX. p. 480 (1876) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. XII. p. 20.
Geospiza abingdoni, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 540.
Cactornis assimilis, Salvin, t.cj, p. 486, and Sharpe, t.c, p. 18 (partim ; Bindloe, non Gould!).
The birds from Abingdon and Biudloe are no doubt the same, and it was a
mistake to identify the Bindloe birds with Gould's Cactornis assimilis, as Darwin
never set his foot on Bindloe Island. (See remarks under G. scandens intermedia.')
G. scandens abingdoni is still larger than G. scandens fatigata, the bill is
deeper, higher at base. We have, however, only a very poor series, and no perfectly
adult males.
25. Geospiza scandens septentrionalis subsp. nov.
This new subspecies occurs on AVeiiman and Culpepper Islands. It has a Very
much smaller bill than any of the other forms of G. scandens, and is evidently a
somewhat darker or rather more brownish bird, the young individuals and females
being darker and more brownish, the wing-coverts of the females being broadly
bordered with brownish cinnamon, not whitish. The young inales have the borders
to the upper wing-coverts much narrower than adult fcnudes. We have a good
number of black males, but none with quite black beaks.
The culmina measure from 14o to IG'5 mm., the wings 70 to 75'5, tails about
50, tarsus 21.
Our specimens from Wenmau cannot be separated from those from Culpepper.
(Type No. 311, Harris coll., Wenman Island, August 4th, l!?97 ; eyes brown, bill
horn-colour, tarsi and feet blackish.)
26. Geospiza pallida (Scl. & Salv.)
Oictornis paUidii, Sclater & Salvin in Pmc Znnl, iyoc. Loud. 1870, pp. 323, 327 ; Salvin in Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond. IX. p. 487 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. XII. p. 20.
OimarhytichuspaWdwi, Ridgway in Proc, U.S. Nat. Man. XIX. p. 5G5.
Cactornis hi/pokitw, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. XII. p. 109 (1890).
Camarhijnclmis productue, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. XVII. p. 364 ,-• Ridgway, op. cit.
XIX. p. 566.
This is one of the most distinct species of the genus Geospiza. AVith the
scanty material at the disposal of Sclater, Salvin, and Sharpe, the genera Geospiza,
('(irfornis, and t'amarhynchas seemed well enough defined ; and if they were, there
would be no doubt that G. pallida belonged structurally to Cactornis, but not at
all to Camarkynckus, where Ridgway placed it ou account of its coloration. In
12
( 166 )
fact, in form of the bill there is not ii jireat difference between G. scaiuiens and
G. pallida, and, as G. srandt'iis (the Cactoniis of former authors) is connected
through intermediate species with Geospiza in the old sense, and G. palliila with
the Camarlq/iKliu-s in Salvin's & .Sharpe's sense, it is evident that the three
supposed genera cannot be sejiaratcd.
G. yw//;V/a is apparently a somewhat rare s])ecies; for, althungli wo have now
thirty-nine skins before ns, this seems not much, as they are from five or six
islands, and there are not many adult males among them. Also the British and
U.S. National Museum have, if we are not mistaken, only three or four skins. The
adult male will be described below for the first time.
We have united Ridgway's Camarhjnchns hypoleMus and C. prodnrtus with
our G. pallida, the differences stated to e.\ist between these forms evidently being
of an individual nature rather than specific. The adult bird of G. pallida may be
described as follows ; —
Adult male : Hill horn-black. Upperside ashy grey, more brown on llic lower
back and rump, the centre of all the feathers blackish brown, more defined on the
crown. Wings and tail deep brown with narrow, light greyish outer and wider
almost white inner edges ; under wing-coverts white, with a slight yellow tinge.
Underside white with a very faint buff tinge, flanks shaded and faintly strijied with
brown, the chest tinged with brownish bull', all the bases of the feathers blackish
grey. "Iris brown, feet blackish." Wing, 76 — 78 mm. ; cnlmen,. 17 — 18 ; tail,
47—49 ; tarsus, 23 — 24. In some skins, especially in one almost adult male from
Albemarle Island, the cnlmen does not exceed 15 mm. in length, the wing not
75 mm. ; but as there are all intcrgradatious between these and others, the smaller
size cannot be considered as a s2Jecific character.
Adultye/«a^e : Like the adult male, but (? always) slightly more brownish and
more uniform above ; dimensions smaller. ^Ving, 73 — 74 mm. ; cnlmen, Ki mm.
The birds which are olive above and huffish yellow below are immature ones,
but it is somewhat puzzling to account for the distinct blackish brown stripes on
the lower throat, chest, and sides of the body in some of them. Neither the
apparently most adult ones, nor the most yellowish, and therefore, according to
our view, youngest of our series, have these strijies well develo[ied. These striped
birds may be the J'e males, but in that case several of our birds from different
collectious would be wrongly sexed.
We have G. pallida from Indefatigable, Jervis, Duncan, James, and
Albemarle Islands.
Tlierc is also a skin taken out of a jar of spirits said to contain Chatham Island
birds only, collected by Messrs. Baur ik Adams, but we are inclined to believe that
this specimen has by mistake found its way into the Chatham jar.
27. Greospiza crassii-ostris (Uould).
Camorliyiirhiis crassiroalris, Gould iu Proc. Zuut. Soc. Lund. 1837 p. G ; Zudl. Viiy. I3c(iijle, III.
Birds, p. lii:i, pi, XLl. (1841) ; Salvin iu Tram. Zool. Sue. Loml. IX. p. 489 ; Sharpe, Cat. li.
Bnl. .Vns. XII. p. IC (1888) ; Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nal. .!/«». XIX. p. 551.
Cumarhyiichiis rarkgaliis, Sclater & Salvin in I'roc. Zonl. Sue. Loml. 1870, pp. ,323, 324, fig. 2 ;
Salvin in Tram. Zool. Soc. Loud. IX. p. 489, pi. 85 (1876) ; Sharpe, Oil. B. Brit. Mus. XII.
p. 15 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Ifat. Mus. XIX. p. 549.
There can be no doubt, in our opinion, that Camar//ynchi<s varicgatiis is a
synonym of C. crasniroadis, since specimens from Charles Island, and the other
( 167 )
islauds whence the ty]>e of ( '. crus-^iro-striH might have come, do not differ from
those of Abingdon and Biadlue, whei'e the tjpe of C. Kariegntiu had been found,
and since we find some birds from several of the islauds inhabited by this form to
agree with the type of C. crassirostris.
We have already given our reasons for uniting the genera Geospiza and
Camarhynchus.
We have before as specimens of (/. crassirostrin (= vuriegatas) from Charles,
Chatham, Indefatigable, James, Albemarle, Jervis, Duncan, Abingdon, and Biudloe
Islands. From several of these we have no black-throated adnlt males. Descriptions
of this species are given by iSchiter & Salvin, tSharpe, and the most complete by
Kidgway, I.e. 18!t7.
The types of G. tariegatns were procured on Abingdon and Biudloe. Mr.
Towusend did uot find it there, uor did Messrs. Baur & Adams come across it, and
therefore Dr. Baur donbted the locality, declaring that " it was certainly not true "
that G. mri('(jatjis and G. haheU were ifound simultaneously on Biudloe and
Abingdon ; but we shall see that it is nevertheless true that these forms occur
together.
Ilidgway (I.e.') reprints the three descriptions purporting to have been taken from
the same sjiecimen, "the type," now in the British Museum. We have compared
the latter also, but we do nut think that it is the type at all ! This will account for
the discrepancies in the various published descriptious. The type of G.crassirosfris,
according to the descriptious and figure of Gould, and in the Voi/age of the Bcngle,
had no black crown, sides of head and ear-coverts, while the supposed type now in
the British Museum has these j)arts black, as described by Salvin, I.e.
It would perhaps seem that Sharjje (I.e.) had agiiin the real type, without a
black head, before him when he wrote Vol. XII. of the Catalogue of Birds, but the
shortness of his description leaves it doubtful.
28. G. psittacula psittacula (Gould).
Cniiun-hnimlius i)s!ltuct(I us, Gould iu Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1837, p. (i ; Zoul. Vuij. Bctiyh, III. Birds,
p. Hi3, pi. XL. ; Salvia in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lund. IX. p. 488 ; Sharp, Cut. B. Bril. Mun. XII.
p. 10 ; Ridg%v;iy in Pruc. U.S. Nat .l/i«. XIX. p. 552.
Camarhijndius rustratas, Ridgway in I'loc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVII. p. 363 (James Island).
Camarhynchus coiiqiressirostris, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVIII. p. 294 ; XIX. p. 568
( Jervia Island).
The type of G. psittacula (Gould) is said to have come from James Island.
We consider the birds from James, Indefatigable, Barriugton, Jervis, and Duncan
to belong to the same form, while we are somewhat doubtful with regard to those
from Charles Island. We. have also one very young bird from Chatham, of which
it is im]iossible to say with certainty whether it belongs to G. psitlaeula psittacula
or uot, but which does uot disagree with the latter.
(?) liO. Geospiza psittacula townsendi (Ridgw.)
Cumurhi/nchus Immisendi, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nal. .Uus. XII. p. 110 (1890).
We have only fonr skins from Charles Island, and they are sil females. Three
of them have black bills, a character not to be seen in our (api)arently) adult
females from other islauds. The bill seems a little higher, the upper jaw especially,
than in specimens from other islands.
( 168)
We ennmcratc these Charles Ishmd sjiocimens ]irovisioiially as a siihspecies
of G. psittftri/lii, hnt \\\' do not consider it an establislied turm, as a better series
may prove its identity with G. psittacula /jsittacula.
311. Geospiza affinis (Ridgw.)
Ciimarhijiiehiis affiiv^, Uidgway in Proc. L'.i-i. yut. Mits. XVII. p. 3G5 (1894) ; XIX. p. 5.i4.
Tlic form from Albemarle and Narborough Islands differs so mucli fnim
G. psittacula in its smaller size, especially of the bill and wiugs, that we, for the
present, allow its si)eciflc rank. The " rather liroadly and distinctly streaked
breast" of the tyi>e, which is before ns, is no si)eeilic character, since it is found
ill a number of immature G. psittac(ila und other allied forms.
Adult males with black bills have the entire head, neck and chest black, the
black colour developing into broad streaks on the sides of the breast. The culmen
of adult males is 12'5 — 13o mm., the wing 08 — 7:^.
31. Geospiza incerta (Uidgw.)
Caimirhi/iuhus incerlua, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. J/tis. XVIII. p. 294, XIX. p. 560.
Three skins before us I'ronl James Island, one of them the type, belong no doubt
to the form called by BIr. Hidgway C. iiicertua. They are very closely allied to
fi. ajlinis, in fact hardly differ from the latter at all, except by their apparently
smaller bills. The culmen measures 12 — 13 mm., but probably not one of these
specimens is adult. One of them is marked male, and its beak is very dark,
almost black, marked by the collector on the label as ''blackish, lighter below,"
but, although being darker on the head than the others, especially on the lores and
ear-coverts, it wants the black head.
Five specimens from Duncan are not separable from those from Jarmes Island,
but they are also females or immature males, and adult males would be necessary to
finally settle their relationship.
We have seen that the specimens from Jervis Island, which lies in the middle
between James and Duncan Islands, are true G. psittacula. Therefore, if the
Duncan and James birds are the same, we should i)robably find it also on Jervis
Island. Much better material is retjuired to decide whether G. incerta can be
separated from G. ajjlnis or not.
32. Geospiza habeli (Scl. k Salv.)
Comdrhyiwlma hibtli, Sclater & Salvin in Pn:c. Zwil. S,„: hmt. (1870) pp. 323, 325, fig. 3 in te.xt ;
Salviu iu Tniiis. Zoul. Soc. IX. p. 49il, PI. XXXVI. (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XII.
p. 17 (1888) ; UiJgway in Proc. C.S. -Va/. .1/it.s. XIX. p. u:>5.
Camarhjnchm biiiMoci, llidgway in Pmc. U.S. Not. -I/h.?. XVIII. p. 294 (189C), XIX. p. 556.
G. habeli from Bindloe and Abingdon is a very distinct form, the bill being
rather deep, the height at base lieing almost or fully ecpial to the distance from
nostril to tip of upper jaw. Length of culmen 1. ")•.')— 10 mm., wing 74 — 70 mm.
We have examined, besides those in the British Museum, twelve skins from
Bindloe and thirteen from Abingdon, including tlie type of C. hindloei, but we cannot
recognise any differences between the birds from the two islands.
( 169 )
33. Geospiza paupera (Hidgw.)
Camarhyudius priiijiei; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. JVai. Mus. XII. p. 11], XIX. p. 559.
It seems strange that this species was not fonud by Darwin and Baur and
Adams. The ^^ Alhdfros.i" had obtained, it seems, three specimens, while onr
recent expedition h.as obtained a fnll dozen, among which, however, there is only
one male with the head and throat chiefly black. The cnlmen of onr oldest birds
witli black bills measnres about IvJ'O — 13-.j, the wing abont 09 — 73 mm.
G. paupera is evidently a good species, its bill being somewhat stout and at
the same time elongated, much less high than it is in (j. psittaoila and allies.
It is only known from ('harles Island.
34. Geospiza salvini (Ridgw.)
Canmrliynchus mlrini, Ridgway in Prru-. U.H. Xnf. Mu.':. XA'II. p. ,'i()4, XIX. p. 5(jl.
The small curved-billed Geoapiza from ( 'hatham Island is ajjparently very
yellowish and huffish in all ages, and much larger than G. prostliemelas. Mr.
Ridgway has, besides seven skins in Dr. Baur's collection, examined eleven speci-
mens procured by Mr. Townsend, naturalist of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer
" A/f/atro.ss." We have before us altogether sixt3'-three skins, sixteen from the Baur
collection, forty-seven from the Harris expedition. Among these seventy-four skins
thus seen by ornithologists, there is not a single black-headed individual. As the
birds shot by Mr. Townsend were procured in March, Dr. Baur's in August and
September, Mr. Harris' in October, we may perhaps conclude that this species does
not assume a black head and throat at all ; but this is by no means certain, and it
will be most valuable to see specimens killed between October and March, and
between March and August. The adult male — if we presume it has never a black
head — is black-billed, streaked with black on the sides of the breast, these streaks
being produced liy the arrow-shaped black markings in the middle of the feathers,
and agrees with Mr. Ridgway's description, I.e. The culmeu measnres 1 1 'o — T-i ram.,
the wing 00 — 07 mm. The a,(ln\t female is like the adult ?««?<■, but slightly smaller^
the culmen not above 11— IT."), the wing 03 — 05 mm. ; the sides of the breast are
less streaked, the arrow-shaped Idack markings in the middle of the feathers being
indistinct. Some of the young birds are very boldly streaked on the underside, the
black markings being less arrow-shaped and reaching to the tip of the feathers,
while others are hardly streaked at all. Most of the latter being marked " ? ," we
snpjiose they are all female,?. The strongly yellowish tint of (t. .■^aln'/ii in all ages
is very consjiicuous if a series is com])ared with any of the other species, but some
young G. prostliemelas have exactly the same colour.
3r). Geospiza prosthemelas (Scl. & Salv.)
Camarhiiiirhux prnsthrmrhin. Sclater & Salvin in Proi\ Zonl. Snr. Loinl. 1870, pp. 32.3, 325, Rff. 4 (type
from Indefatigalile Island) ; Salvin in TnniK. Zoo!. Son. Luwl. IX. p. 490 (I87(!) ; Sharpe, Cut.
B. Brit. .MiiK. XII. p. 17 (1888) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 5G3.
As far as our material enables us to judge, we consider at present the forms
from the following islands to be what we call Geo.yn'za prosl/temela.s (Scl. & Salv.)
1. Indefatigable Island. We have before us twentv-nine skins, collected in
( l'<' )
August, September aiul October, nearly all marked as fcnmles, none with black
beak or black head.
2. Uuucau Islaud. Nine skins, no black-billed or black-beaded specimen.
September.
3. Albemarle Island. Twenty-three skins, among them six black-headed
males. Shot in July (Banr), and November (Harris, etc.)
4. Narborough Island. Four skins, one black-headed. December.
5. James Island. Twent3--six skins, five black-headod miden ; none witii black
bill. All shot in Angnst, September and October.
G. Jervis Island. Twelve skins ; none black-headed. August and ,Sei)tember.
7. Charles Island. Twenty-seven skins, of which seventeen are more or less
black-headed and black-throated. All these latter are marked " c? " ; the female
therefore does not seem to assume a black head. All November.
S. Gardner Island (near Charles). Five, all young.
0. Barrington Island. Three young individuals.
10. Cowley Island-(east of Albemarle). One young individual (Oanr coll.). If
is most peculiar that Ridg<Vay had also black-headed individuals fnmi .lames and
Charles Islands only ; but no doubt the black heads are only seasonal,'althongli ours
from Charles Islands are all killed in November, Eidgway's in April.
G. prostltcmelas is the smallest form of the curved-billed (Scospirae (Ciimu-
rhynchiis of Gould, Salvin, Sharpe, Hidgway), and young birds with little curved
bills are sometimes easily mistaken for ivery young H. fxluiinosd, while others
are very vellowish, so as to resemble G. saltini.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
c? ad. Aug. 1897 (No. 70C).
S ad. Sept. 1891 (Baur coll.).
? med. Aug. 1897 (No. 720).
? ad. Aug. 14th, 1891 (Baur coll.).
?. Sept. 1897 (No. 1304).
?. Sept. 1897 (No. 13-,':)).
i ad.! Dec. 1897 (No. 2985).
? ? ad. Sept. 1891 (Banr coll.).
? ad. Dec. 1897 (No. 2888).
S ad. ! Sept. 1807 (No. 12o.-)).
?. Aug. 1891 (Baur coll.).
(? jnn. Aug. 1891 (No. 474, Baur coll.).
I. J ad. ! July 1891 (Baur coll.).
c? ad. July ls91 (Baur coll.).
? juv. July 1891 (Baur coll.).
le 1. (? quite 3'oung, Aug. 1801 (Banr
coll.). '
These 16 figures are given to show the variation witliin one form, according to
age and sex. Figures 1, 4, 7, 8 and lo show about the largest bills in our scries,
while figures IT) and KJ show the smallest, both being young birds. Figures 17 to
20 show also the variation within one form, while figures 21 to 39 show the bills of
typical individuals of some of the other forms,
J'ig
:.'i.
Geospiza stirnua.
Bindloc L
r
2.
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James 1.
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91
Tower I.
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n
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Jervis T.
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13.
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Albemarlt
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16.
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CO
NoviTATES Z0OLOGICJE..V0L VI 1899.
1- 2. 3.
Pl.VI.
28.
s>
3'^.
29.
30.
31.
32.
'iv^, ^o4
35,
36.
37.
38.
33.
BILLS OF THE GENUS GEOSPIZA.
\5 A-wS '339
( 171 )
Geospiza conirostrits. <J ad ! Hood I. 1801 (Banrcoll.)
„ „ S fiTe ad. Hood I. Oct. Is97 (No. 2913).
„ „ S juu. (bnt black). Oct. 1897 (No. 1909).
cjjnu. „ „ (No. 1062).
„ darwini. S ad. (tj'pe). Culpepper J. July 1897 (No. Iij7).
„ (luiia. S ad. Cliatliam I. June 1801 (No. 78, Banr coll.).
„ (lubia alhcmarlei. $ ad. Albemarle I. Nov. 1891 (No. 2468).
„ bauri. $ ad. (type). James I. Aug. 1891 (No. 562, Banr.
coll.).
„ psittacula. S ad. James I. Sept. 1897 (No. 1287).
„ habeli. i ad. Bindloe I. Aug. 1897 (No. 703).
„ cnissirostris. c? ad. Albemarle I. July 1891 (Baur coll.).
„ fortis. S ad. Charles I. Nov. 1897 (No. 2230).
„ (kbilirostris. S (black, bnt bill not). James I. Nov. 1897
(No. 1352).
„ j-xmjyern. i Charles I. Nov. 1897 (No. 2349).
prosthemelns. c? ad. Charles I. Nov. 1897 (No. 2217).
„ fuliginosa. S ad. Jervis I. Aug. 1891 (Baur coll.).
„ ' e/i/f'icilis. c? ad. Abingdon I. Aug. 1807 (No. 571).
pallkhi. ?. Jervis I. Nov. 1897 (No. 1111).
„ ,, ?. James I. Aug. 1891 (Baur coll.).
„ „ cJ ad. James I. Nov. 1891 (No. 1280).
,, scandens intermeilin. S not ad. G.ardner I. Oct. 1897 (No.
2112).
„ „ „ c? ad. ! Charles I. Nov. 1897 (No. 2365).
„ acutirostris. cj ad. Tower I. Dec. 1897 (No. 2907).
Genus D0LIC!H0NYX Swains.
DaUrhn,,!).,; Swainson in Phil Mag. 1827, p. 4.S5.
Eastern parts of Nortli America ; in winter over great portions of eastern Sonth
America.
1. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.).
Fringilhi orij~.ii'nrn, Linn.ieus, Synt. Nat. ed. X. p. 179 (1758).
DoHchtiiiijit oni-iiorus, D.irwin Zool. Beagle, III. Birds, p. lOU ; Salvin in Trrnis. Ziuil. Sac, IX.
p. 491 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. J/h.s-. XIX. p. 507.
The bobolink liad been found by Darwin on James Island. The Harris e.xpedi-
tion obtained a yonng mak on Charles and a frmnle on Chatham Island, the former
in November, the latter in October and several others were seen. They are, of
course, stragglers from North America.
Genus MYIARC!HUS Cab.
Mijiarelmx fabania in T.ichudi'a Ftinna Peniiimi, Aves, p. 15'2 (1845).
Eriliiite«, Ridgway in U.S. Nid. Mks. XVI. p. GOO ; XIX. p. 508.
Vrsj.nlhui Kaup 1851, Myiuna.,- Cabanis >\i Heine 1850, 0,t;/i-Jioj,f,rii^ Reichenbaoh 1850, Kanpornis
Bonaparte 1850 are synonyms of .Mii'iitnluoi .-iccording to Sclater, Cut. 13. liril. ilus. XIV.
p. 240 (1888).
AVe do not see a necessity to deviate from Dr. Sclater's view of the genus
Myiarclius, and if limited according to the latter author wo cannot see how Eribates
Fig
17.
J»
18.
J»
19.
»
20.
J>
21.
»»
22
»J
23.
»
24.
Ji
25.
J?
26.
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27
j»
28.
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29.
jj
30.
n
31.
ji
32.
)>
33.
J>
34.
M
35.
1»
36.
)T
37.
Jl
38.
»»
39.
( 1'-^ )
of Ridgway can be recognised, especially it' compared with .1/. niyriceps of Ecuador.
Ridgway liimself only created the name Kribates as a subgeneric term, but does
not use it.
1. Myiarchiis magnirostris (Gray).
Mtjiohiuamagnirosirh, Gray in Voy. U'lu/li, III. BirJs, p. 48 (1841).
Tymmuila maijiiiroslris, t.r. PI. YIII.
Mi/iarcliiis miigiiiroslr/s, Salvin in Truim, Znnl. Sor. Land. IX. p. 493 ; Schtcr, Cut. B. Dril. Mas.
XIV. p. 2G2 (1888) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nal. Mus. XIX. p. 509.
We have this species from the following islands : Chatham, Charles, Gardner,
Hood, Barringtoii, James, Duncan, Indefatigable, Jervis, Albemarle, Narborough,
Abingdon and Bindloe, and one caught on the vessel off Wenman Island.
There are no differences between any of these, except that those from Chatham
seem to have the wing about ~ — 4 mm. shorter. As, however, we have only one
fresh skin and two from spirits (the type in the British Museum being of donbtfnl
origin), we cannot maintain that this character is of specific or snbspecific value.
A larger series would be necessary to show the value of this peculiarity.
The femdlc is considerably smaller than the mfi/(', with the wing about Ti mm.
shorter. There is generally a little less cinnamon-rufous on the inner webs of the
rectrices, but other differences in colour are not to be seen.
Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould.
Pyroceplmlii.1, Gould in Voy. Beayle, Zool. III. Birds, p. 44 (1841) ; Sclater, Git. B. Brit. Mus. XIV.
p. '211.
This genus is most closely allied to Afi/ioli/us, from which it hardly differs in
structure, except by its somewhat more elongated bill and less developed rictal
bristles, but the coloration of the ma/e.i makes all its members very consincuous.
The genus is absent from the "West Indies, but spread over the whole of South
America, from Southern Florida through Central America to Argentina, and is
frequent on the Galapagos Islands.
Only two forms cau be distinguished in the Gala^iagos Archipelago, the forms
separated by Ridgway on account of certain alleged differences in colour not being
recognisable.
1. Pyrocephalus nanus (lould.
Pyrocephnliis naniix, Gould, Znnl. Bm.ilf, III. Birds, |>. 4."., PI. VII. (1841) ; Uidgway in Proc. U.S.
Nul. Mim. XIX. p. 572.
Pyrocejihiilus inteiv.eihns, Ridgwiiy in Proc. V. S. Xol. .Ifiis. XVII. p. 3C0 ; XIX. p. 67.5.
Pyroceptiiilus carolen.sis, Ridgway in Proc. f. S. Nat. Mint. XVII. p. :!G5 ; XIX. p. 57t).
Pyrucephohis iihinr/iloni, Ridgway in Pivc. U. S. Nut. .Mus. XVII. p. 3G7 ; XIX. p. 578.
This sjiecies differs from J', rubineus of South America and P. ine.ricantis of
Central America in its much smaller size and the coloration of the/fi/ifili', which is
broadly striated on the breast in P. riibinem and P. me.vicami.i, but only faintly or
not at all distinctly streaked on the breast in P. mimis.
The type of /'. wnni.s is only known to have come from the " Galapagos
Islands," but the exact island where it was procured is not known. Ridgway
restricts its habitat to James Island. From this island we have twenty-four skins,
about half of them being vkiIi-h. From Indefatigable Island we have thirty-six
( 173 )
skins, and we do not find the slightest diU'erence from those fvoiu James. The
female is, according to Kidgway, brighter yellow beneath, browner above, and the
top of the head more tinged with yellow. These characters may have been visible
in what we should have called the type,* but they are only of an individual nature,
as we find P. nanax to vary very much in the depth of the colour, freshly moulted
specimens differing from bleached ones, and young males running through many
shades of colour. From Albemarle we have sixteen specimens, but only five adult
males. Neither males narjcmalrs differ at all from those from James and Albemarle
Islands. From Dancan wo have nineteen skins, nine females and immature males,
and nine adult males. They do not differ from those from James, Indefatigable,
and Albemarle Islands. One adult male and three young males from Jervis are like
the former. From Charles Island we have not less than forty-two skins, and we do
not find them to differ in any way from the former. The alleged differences of
]'. rarolensis do not exist. The same must be said of those of Abingdon and
Biudloe Islands. From the latter we have six adidt males and t\\vc.c females ; from
the former two males and one female. The underside of the males is extremely
variable in colour, being much brighter and more vermilion after the moult, more
scarlet in others, and sometimes orange-chromo-yellow. The latter is esjiecially the
case with most of Dr. Baur's specimens, which look as if they had been partially
immersed in spirits for a short time, or had been in contact with some other
chemical. The specimen from Bindloe, mentioned by Ridgway on p. 578 (I.e.),
which has the throat and chest pure scarlet and the breast and abdomen abrui)tly
" pale Saturn red,'' is probaldy in some way partly discoloured. As its right side is
not quite like the left side, it should have convinced Mr. Eidgway that these shades
of colour are not of any specific value. Our other 7nale from Bindloe is totally
diftei'ent from the one in Dr. Banr's collection.
We have, besides the above-mentioned skins, many examjjles in spirits, bnt
they are useless as skins, the colour being entirely gone.
2. Pyrocephalus dubius Gould.
Pi/ronjihalus ihdiinn, GoulJ, T'<;(. Beaijle, Birds, III, p. 4(5 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nut. .l/iis.
XVII. p. 368 (1894) ; XIX. p. SVo!
Pyrocejihalus minimus Ridgway in Prnc. U.S. K<it. .l/«s. XII. p. 113 (ISflU).'
This species inhabits Chatham Island only. It differs from P. nanus in being
considerably smaller, the wing about 4 or 5 mm. shorter, the tail at least .^i or (i mm.
shorter. The males do not seem to become so bright scarlet beneath as those of
P. nanus. Iho female has a broad and conspicnous superciliary stripe, is much more
ochraceous buff beneath than Vac females of P. naiias, and the throat is not so pale
and not in such a sharp contrast to the breast.
Genus COCCYZUS Vieill.
Cucci/ziiK, Vieillot, .-inalyar, p. 28 (181G).
" Temperate and tropical America generally."
* No. 418 of Dr. Banr's collection, Indefatigable Island, August Gtli, 1S.91, an .-ulult 7iiiile, is marked
as the type of P. intercnhnu l)_v Ridgway, but as the alleged differences liave apparently only been noticed
in the female, the latter should be the real type of P. intercedens.
r 174 )
1. Coccyzus melanocoryphus N'ieilkit.
Cnccyzus mdumxuryiiUiis Vieillot in N„m: Dkl. iV flht. Nut. VIII. p. 271 (1817) ; Shelley, Cat. H
Brit. ^fHs. XIX. p. 307 (1891) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. ilus. XIX. p. 587.
We have received specimens from < 'hatliam and Charles Islands, collected by
Messrs. Banr & Adams and the Harris' exiiedition in the months of Septemher,
October, and November. Dr. Banr (Amer. Naturalist, IsOT, p. 782) obtained it
also on Albemarle, but the specimen has been lost in Guayaquil.
We cannot separate these birds from continental specimens. They have
generally a very stout beak and much black about the face, but many continental
skins do not difl'er at all.
Genus BUTEO < 'uv.
Buffo, Curier, Lee. Aimt. Cnrnpar. I. Ois. (1800).
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Buteo galapagoensis (Gould).
Pohjhorus guhpagnoisU, Gould in Prur. Znol. Sue. 18.'57. p. \>.
C,;i:nre.r gal, Gould, Zo,,!. V,nj. lirafjle, III. Birds, p. 2.-!. PI. II. (1841),
Haleii (jaL, Ridgway in Proc. I'.S. Xat. -l/us. XIX. p. 587.
liiilen galapafjeiish, Sharpe, Cat D. lirit. .l/«s. I. p. 170 (1874).
lint. gahqjageiisi<, Salvin in Trans. Zonl. Sue. IX. p. 495.
Biiteu leucops, Gray, Cat. Acrijilti: Brit. Mas. p. 3G (1848).
Piiecilopteniin infidutun, Kaup, Confr. Orn. p. 70 (1850).
The buzzard of the Galapagos Islands is apparently closely allied to the North
American B. siraimoni, but has much larger feet and bill, and is generally larger.
The female is larger than the male.
We have thirteen specimens in the light phase (ochraceons beneath) and eleven
in the dark phase (almost uniform dark sooty brown). According to Mr. Ridgway
only dark-coloured adults have hitherto been taken. We do not believe that our
light-coloured specimens are all young. They are killed at the same time as the
adults, are of both se.xes, all equally coloured, those in fresh plumage are much
brighter, those in worn dress paler, and in two moulting specimens the new feathers
are of the same colour as the old ones. In none of the dark birds can we find
actual remains of the light jdumage, and the series of light ones does not look like
beiii" voung birds. We are therefore inclined to believe that this buzzard occurs
ill a dark and in a light ]ihase, like IJittco .'iii'ain.soni.
The buzzard is uow known to occur on the following islands :— (Hiatham,
Albemarle, Duncan, Hood, Indefatigable, Barrington, Bindloe, Abingdon, James
and Jervis. It seems to bo absent from ('harles Island.
A well incubated egg, which was not saved, was found on Seiiteraber 1st on
Indefatigable, another fresh one on August 13fh on Abingdon Island. The egg is
greenish white, very much like that of the goshawk, without gloss and without any
markings. It measures 57-2 by 45-3 mm. The nest is composed of sticks and
substantially lined with grass. It was placed in a " tree-cactus" 10 feet fmm the
ground.
( 175 )
Genus STRIX L.
Slrl.,; Linnaeus, .S>/. Xat. ed. X. p. 92 (1758).
1. Strix punctatissima 'J raj-.
Sirix pimclntisslnui, Gray, Zoo!. Vui/. Bemjle, III. Birds, p. 34, PI. IV. (1841) ; Salvin in Tmm.
Zuol. Snr. Loiul. IX. p. 494 : Sharpe, Gtt. B. Brit. .Uuk. II. p. 297 (1875) ; Ridgway in Pn.r.
U.S. Xat. Mils. XIX. p. 583.
The baru-owl of the Galapagos Islands is the dwarf of the genns, and of a vcrj-
dark coloration. It is evidently restricted in its range to the Galapagos Islands.
Statements of its occurrence on the continent of South America are doubtless
erroneous. It has been said to occur at Para (Strickland's Orn. Sifnonyms, p. 182),
but the sjiccimen on which this assertion had been founded is the Australian .S.
(MStanopa (Salvin, I.e.). The birds said to be " rather abundant in the valley of
Quito" (Orton, Amer. Nat. IV. p. 711) belong probably to the form described by
Hartert as S. fifimmea contemptn (Nov. Zool. Y . p. .500), which resembles the
Galapagos species (or subspecies) a good deal in coloration, but is much larger.
(Wing 310 mm., in S. puni-tafissimn only '22i) mm.)
Only Darwin and Habel seem to have procured specimens of this owl, wliile
neither Townsend nor Banr & Adams met with it. Harris believes that lie heard it
several times, and that he saw it, on T'hatham Island, lint unfortunately no specimen
was procured.
Genus ASIO Briss.
Ask>, Bris.son, Orn. I. p. 28 (17G0).
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Asio galapagoensis (Gould).
Bmi-hyolus gulajuKjornsh, Gould in I'mc. Ziml, S,„\ Loml. 18ii7, p. 10.
OlKH (jiihip., Gould, Ziml Vui/. Beagh; III. p. 32, PI. III.
Ash, golap, Sharpe, C'uf. B. Bril. J/ws. II. p. 238 (1875) ; Ridgway in Proc. V.S. Xat. Mas. XIX.
p. 585.
Asio fjahipaycnsis, Salvin in Trans. Zool. Soc. IX. p. 493 (187(5).
This owl is particularly interesting, being apparently the only known near ally
of the short-eared owl, which has a nearly — though not strictly — cosmopolitan dis-
tribution. Tiie authors quoted above have given accurate descriptions of tliis s])ecies,
Ridgway has named Albemarle, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Tower ami Hindloe
Islands as its homes. We have also specimens from Duncan (common), Barriugtou
(common), Chatham and Gardner Islands. It was also observed on (Julpepper
Island, but it has never been obtained on < 'hailes Island.
Genus FREGATA Biiss.
Fregata, Brisson, Orn. TI. p. oOG (1760).
Intertropical seas.
I. Fregata aquila (L.).
Pilreamis iiijiiilii^, Linnaeus, Si/sl. A^af. ed. X. I. p. 133 (1758).
FiTijata iiiinila and Fivi/ntti aquila viinor, Ridgway in Prvr. C.S. Xat. ilus. XIX. pp. 500, 591.
Fregata aqiiilu, Grant, Cat. B. Bril. Miis. XXV. p. 443.
Ridgway and Grant have quite correctly accepted the name /•'. ar/fl for the
small species found in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, from Madagascar
( nr, )
to Australia unci tlie Society Islands, and recognised F. minor {Pelecaniis minor
Graelin), as given to small specimens of the common large species, /•'. aqiiila (L.).
On the other hand Hidgway (Lc.) raises the qnestioii whether /'. nijtiila minor is
worthy of recognition as a separate form from trne F. uijxila aijuila, or not. If so,
the small form would be an occasional visitor to the Galapagos, while F. (Kjuila
(iijuila would be of regular occurrence according to Ridgway.
Our material from the Galapagos proves that the small form is resident on the
islands, and, we think, it proves also that the large and small form completely inter-
grade in the same colonies, and that tlierefore they are not separable as subspecies.
On Cnlpepper, "Wenman, Tower, Gardner and Hood Islands they wore found
breeding. On Indefatigable, Duneau, Jervis, James, ( 'hatham, Baningtoii, and
Albemarle Islands they were found to be common, and they were also seen on
Abingdon, ( 'liarlcs, Bindloe, and Narborongli Islands. The mules vary in the two
principal measurements as follows :
6 ad. Culpepper. Bill from gape to tiji in a straight line IIG, 112, lln ram.,
wing 5S0, .'iSO, .548 mm.
c? ad. Barrington. Bill, as above, 12.-), wing 045 mm.
S ad. Tower. Bill, as above, 130, wing (iCU mm.
? ad. Cnlpepper. Bill, as before, 135, wing 600, GlO mm.
? ad. Wenman. Bill, as before, loS, wing GftO mm.
It is evident, and known, tliat iho females are, as a rnle, mneli larger than the
males, but the Vienman/e male is a very large specimen.
The following note is on the label of this large female. " Wenman Island, 9 ,
August 4th, 1897. Length 42-50 in., extent 96 in. Iris dark brown, feet madder
red, tarsi paler, liill horn-colour, gnlar sac and eyelids indigo bine. This bird is
coloured entirely diflerent from anything seen so far." We do not find anything
extraordinary in these notes, the males only having a red gnlar sac, this being blue
in the females.
The differences stated by IJidgway to exist in rohiration — viz., that in the
smaller birds the plumage is more glossy, and the back brilliant green mixed with
purple, instead of the reverse — do not hold good, and are merely of an individual
character.
The nests, composed of some sticks and placed in low bushes, contained one egg
each. On Wenman they were fresh in the first week of July.
Genus PELEOANUS L.
PtUcfmmt, Linnaeus, Syst. Kat, ed. X. I. p. 1.32.
Tropical and temperate regions of the world, Imt absent from the Pacific
islands and other maritime groups of islands far from the mainland or other
large islands.
1. Pelecanus fuscus californicus Eidgw.
Pelecanus (/usfi/s ?) californicim, Uidgway in Bairil, Jin nvr <(■ Rklffmii/'s Wdter-D'mh nf Xvrlli
A merica, II. p. 143 ; «/., Miiii. Aorih A mrr. B. p. 8^ (1887) ; id. in U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 593 ;
Grant, Cat. IS. Brit. Miis. XXV. p. 478.
We quite agree with Mr. Grant, that the changes of plumage and the measure-
ments are generally quite the same in /'. fi.tcus and /'. californicus, and that the
reddish colour of the basal jiortiuu of the gnlar sac during the breedins; season is
( 177 )
the only character to distinguish them by, if indeed correct. Unfortunately this
peculiarity cannot often be seen in skins. However, although the measurementa
are often tlie same, we have not seen such small individuals as Mr. Hartcrt shot
on Aruba, from tiie west coast of America, for examjile, from California and central
America, or from the CJalajiagos Islands. All specimens from the west coast are
large, and those from the Galapagos group do not, as a rule, excel those from
farther north.
We have received tliis pelican from Albemarle, and Abingdon Islands only,
bnt they were seen near and on some of the other isles. A nest with three eggs
was found among the mangroves on Indefatigable Island, on September 3rd. The
eggs are like those of other pelicans, measuring 78'5 by 51, T8'5 by 50-5, and 72 by
ft2o mm.
Genus SULA Briss.
fiwla, Brisson, Oni. VI. p. 495 (1700).
Temperate and tropical seas.
1. Sula piscatrix websteri Rothscfa.
SuUi piscator, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Sat. Mus. XIX. p. 598.
S«fa u>e6sten, Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club, y II. p. 52 (May 1S9S); Grant, Cat. B. Bril. Mm.
XXVI. p. 655 (quotation only).
When Blr. Rothschild described this form, as S. wchstcri, sp. n., in the Bull. B.
O. (lab, VII. p. 52, we had only a few specimens, bnt now we have before us three
dozen of them, of which twenty-four are in the white plumage. They are mostly
from Clarion Island, only six, in various i)lumages, from tlie Galapagos group.
Tjie original diagnosis reads as follows : —
" Adult, in white jjlumage, closely resembling S. piscatrix, having the same
hoary-grey on the primaries, but at once distinguishable by its dark brownish-grey
tail ; the bill is also more slender, and the red at the base of the mandible is more
extended. Young in grey plumage somewhat variable, very different from the
young of -S'. piscatrix, being not so dark above, and the feathers of the back uniform
brown, not edged with light grey ; Ijelow darker than the young of S. piscatrix.
Size of S. piscatrix."
Hah. Clarion Island, Galajjagos, and the neighbouring seas.
Comparing now our series with a large series from the Nortli Pacific and from
the West Indian Islands, we find that none of those ever has a brownish-grey tail
when in the white breeding-plumage, nor do we find it described in that plumage
from anywhere else. Out of our twenty-four white birds from Clarion and the
(tahipagos Islands, however, only one has a white tail, and two others have
brownish-grey tails with some admixture uf white. All the other twenty-one white-
plumnged adult birds, all in breeding plumage, mostly taken from their nests, have
the tail brownish grey or greyish brown, with whitish tips to the middle rectrices.
In addition to this remarkable character we find that the average measurements of
the wing are longer, S. piscatrix piscatri.c having the wing about lo — 15%j, seldom
15'7 — lo'8 in., 6'. piscatrix ivebstcri 16 — 16-.) in. in length. The other differences
stated in the original description of *S'. wclstcri are not constant when examining
a larger series. The bird considered then to be " young " is not in the first
idumagc. We have now young birds whicli are like those from other countries,
although jierhaps a little darker. It is remarkable that such a large proportion of
( 178 )
brown birds are fonud in the Galapagos Archipelago. They are, although uot in
their first plnmage, immatine birds, juid would, iiu dunbt, assume their white
garment a year or two later.
This interesting form, which we do uot hesitate to consider a subsiiecies of .S.
piscatrix, is already described iu Baird, ]5rewer k Kidgway's Wafer-JJirt/s of yoitlt
Ame/-ica, II. \\ 182, from an adult /lv«a/c procured by Colouel A. J. Grayson on
Socorro Island in the lievilla (Jigedo gronp.
This Gaunet is named as a compliment to Mr. Frank 15. Webster, of Hyde
Park, Mass., U.S.A.
AVe consider the increased knowledge about this form to be one of the most
interesting results of the e.xpeditiou. These birds breed in enormous colonies. On
Clarion Island, in the Kevilla (iigedo group, the nests were found in the first week
of July. They were all jilaccd on bushes from 2 to 10 ft. from the ground,
comijosed of twigs, very shallow and lined with coarse grass. In the Galapagos
Island (Tower Island, last week in December) they were partly found on bushes,
partly on the ground. The eggs are like those of S. j>iscatrix piscatrix.
2. Sula variegata (Tsch.).
Di/nj>oru8 mriei/atus, Tschudi, Fauna Peru., Oni. p. 313 (1845).
Sula ciiritgiitu, Grant, Cat. D. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 434.
Sata rijfin„i,s, lleichcnbacb, .Xalatures, PL XXIXc. Nos. 2280-90 (1850) ; Ridgway in Piw. U.S.
Xat. JIus. XIX. p. 595.
This rare species of gannet has for a long time only been known in its spotted
juvenile i)lumagc. Grant (I.e.) has for the first time duly recognised and described
the adult bird, but he did not emjihasisc the close relationship to S. ci/a/iojjs. It is
most excusable that Sundevall and Baur should have mistaken the adult S. varieffafa
for S. ci/anops. The two are — in the adult plumage — nearly alike, e.Kccpt that
the bill is red or whitish pink, yellow towards the tiji, iu S. varkguta ; while it is
horn-colour or yellowish, but never reddish pink in S. ci/anops. The feet also are
evidently darker in S. variegata. The tail shows generally more white on the basal
portions of the midtlle rectrices, but this character is uot constant.
S. variegata is evidently uot rare on the Galapagos Islands, being found from
Wenman and Culpepi)er to Charles, Hood, and Tower Islands.
The nests arc placed in a slight hollow on the ground between the rocks
or on the clitfs, and consist of a few pebbles. The eggs are two in number, but
sometimes unly one was found. They are like the eggs of 6'. cganops.
They breed iu colonics on Wenman, Culpepper, Hood, Gardner (near Charles),
and Tower Islands.
3. Sula nebouxi Milne-Edw.
Sula nebouxi, Milne-Edwards in An,,. S.„_: A»(. Znol. 52 (6), XIII. art. 4. p. 37. PI. XIV. (1882) ;
Ridgway in Proc. i'.S. Xal. Mus. XIX. p. 59lj ; Grant, Cat. B Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 435.
Sulag'Ksi, Ridgway in Aulc, V. p. 241 ; Ridgway in Pruc. U.S. A'a(. JIus. XII. pp. 114, 120, 121
(1890).
Sula cyarwps (non Sundevall I), Salvin in Proc. Znol. Soc. Lund. 1883. p. 427.
This species is frequent on the Galapagos Islands. We have it from Albemarle,
Barriugton, Abingdon, Hood, and Chatham, but they were observed on nr near most
of the other islands. ( 'urious to say, we have among twenty-six specimens only one
female. This, however, does not difl'er from the t/utle.
A younger bird has the whole neck smoky brown, with paler tips to the
( 179 )
feathers, the chest pale brown, upper tail-coverts pale browu, otherwise like adnlts.
This specimen, however, is probably not in the first plunia<;e, but in a transitional
one. Its eyes were found to be " brown with light ring, liill greenish blue, gular
sac greenish blue, feet Icail-colonr and bntf " (llnll).
This species was found breeding on Abingdon, Hood, and (Janlner Islands.
It lays one or two eggs, generally two, in hollows iu the ground among the rocks.
The eggs arc like those of other siiecies of Sula, i.e. very light blue, and covered
with a chalky white deposit. They vary much ia size and shajje, measuring 5{) by
45, 67 by 43, Go by 44, 00 by 43, and 58 by 45-5 mm.
4. (?) Sula brewsteri Goss.
Su!a hrewskri Goss in Auh V. p. 242 (1888) ; Ridgway iu Proi:. U.S. Xat. Mii.i. XIX. p. 697.
We liave no evidence of this species occurring in the Galapagos Archipelago at
all. It is possil.ile tliat the specimen called I )i/.iporH.s li;Hro<iusti'r (= Snla sida) by
iSundevall {P. Z. S. 1871, p. 1:^5), caught in tlic arciiipelago by Kinberg, that one
caught on board the vessel near Tower Island by Habel, and which escaped after-
wards, and the birds seen by Messrs. Baur k Adams on Bindloe and Cowley
Islands, were -S'. birivstcri (or S. tsula brcwxtcri as it might Ije more correctly
named, in view of the siniiliarity of the female to S. sula sula), but it is just as
possible that they were young of (S. neboiixi.
One specimen of S. brewsteri was obtained by R. H. Beck on tlie vessel at
110° long., 11-20' lat. N., on January 11th, l89S. K female. "Its feet and tarsi
yellowish pea-green, bill light horn-colour with a greenish cast, gular sac pea-green,
spot in front of eye dark slate. Iris dark browu with a light ring arouud the
edge. Length 32, extent 02."
Genus PHALACROCORAX Briss.*
Phidacrocorax, Brisson, Om. VI. p. 511 (1760).
Almost cosmopolitan, but apparently absent from the central portions of the
Pacific Ocean.
1. Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothsch.
Phalacrocorax Juirrisl, Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. CliibYIl. p. 52 (1898).
Nmmoplerum (gen. nov.) harrisi, Sharpe, Genera aiul Species of Birds, p. 235 (1899).
(? ad. Upperside brownish black, bases of the feathers blackisli grey. Neck
brownish black behind, dark brown with pale brown edges to the feathers iu front,
silky white filaments scattered about the sides of the neck and head. Quills
blackish brown with a hoary grey " bloom,"' paler on the outer webs and tips.
Wing-coverts and scapulars dark hoary grey, with black borders. Tail-feathers
fourteen — narrow, very stiff, black. Underside dark brown, tips and margins of
the feathers more or less pale browu, sometimes nearly whitish. " Iris grass-green,
* We may here mention tlint, if Ihc twelfth edition of Linuaous (17l'>6) is aoceplod as the starting-
point of zoological nomenclature. Carba Lacepedc would be the generic title of this genus. (Jrant in Cat.
B, llriU Mils. XXVI. accepts PhalacrtH-ixra,p Brisson 17G0, while he rejects Oiwcrotalns Brisson 1700.
Such inconsistent nomenclature can surely not be recommended.
( IHO )
greenish, or hazel, with a greenish tint." (Jiihir sac at base slate-colonr, below the
bill nearly as light as flesh, uu the lores slate-eolonr. Bill blackish, horu-colour
towards the tip and below. Legs aud feet black. Length (measured in the flesh)
36 — 39i in., extent 28 — 3'Z in. Bill from end of frontal feathering to tip in a
straight line 70 — 8'J, wing 175— 19u, tail 155 — 165, tarsns 65 — 75, outer toe about
1','0 — I'Jo, inner toe about 45—50 mm.
This extraordinary bird, the wings of wliicli are of about the same length as
those of the great auk (Alca imjjoiniis), aud which cannot possibly enable it to fly,
was only found in the surf on the north coast of Narborough Island. Only a few
specimens were procured. AVe do not see the necessity of separating it generically.
It is named in honour of Mr. Charles Miller Harris, the able leader of the
expedition.
Genus PHAETHON L.
Phaelhon, Linnaeus, Sysl. Xut. ed. 10. 1, p. 134 (1758).
Tropical seas in general.
1. Phaethon aethereus L.
Plmclhoii nelhrreUK, Linnaeus, I.e. ; Salvin in Tmns. Zmil. Soc. Land. IX. p. 497 ; Ridgway in Proc.
l\S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 600 ; Grant, Gtt. B. Brit. .!/«». XXVI. p. 45'7.
Only this species of Tropic Bird is known from the Galapagos Islands. We
have about half a dozen from Tower Island, from Baur & Adams, and a large
series from the AVebstcr expedition from Hood Island, as well as from Gulpejiper
and Gardner.*
The eggs were found in holes in the rocks on Hood Island in the latter week
of October.
Genus ARDEA L.
Ardm, Linnaeus, %s/. .Ya(. ed. 10, I. p. 141 (1758).
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Ardea herodias L.
Arika 111 rinliiif, Linnaeus, Syst. yat. ed. 10, I. p. 143 (ITM) ; Ridgway in Pmc. i'.S. Xal. JHus.
XIX. p. GOl ; Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 80.
We have received Hve/emales from Albemarle and Indefatigable, shot between
August and November. They are all rather paler on the neck, upper and under
win"--coverts. They are, however, (juite or almost matched by some North American
exam])les of ^1. herodias in the British Museum. It may be that these characters
are of subspecific value, or that they are peculiar to iho female (?). It would be
reckless to separate the two forms at present, but we recommend their closer study
with a bigger material for the future.
A nest in a large bush was found on Indefatigable Island on September 2nd.
It contained three eggs, which are like those of other herons, measuring 61'5 by 46
and 64 by 47 mm.
• We received I'liaethoi riibricauda from near the Clarion lsll^ud'^, Revilla Gigedu group.
( 181 )
Genus HERODIAS Boie.
Herodias, Boie in Isis, 1882, p. 559.
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Herodias egretta (Gm.)
Ardea egntia, Gmelin, S'jst. Nat. I. p. 629 (1788).
Herodias egretla, Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. Mas. XXVI. p. 95 ; Ridgway in Proc. C.S. Wat. .Mu-i. XIX.
p. 601.
Dr. Baur Las found ou Albemarle " a rookery of a white heron (the adults
fully white ").
We have received a beautiful adult male from Albemarle Island. It does not
differ from South American examjdes, the wing being 410 ram. long, but it seems
to us that North American birds have the wing generally about 20 to 30 mm. shorter.
The long-winged South American birds probably form a distinct subspecies.
Genus BUTORIDES Blytb.
Butomles, Blyth, Cat. B. Aswt. Soc. p. 281 (1849).
Distributed over America, Africa, and Madagascar, temperate and trojiical
portions of Asia to Australia. Absent from Europe.
1. Butorides plumbeus (Sund.).
Ardea plumbea, Sundevall in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1871, pp. 125, 127.
Butorides jilumbevs, Sa-lvin in Tram. Zool. Sue. Lond. IX. p. 497 (187G) ; Ridgway in Pmc. CS-
Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 603.
B. HiindecalU, Reichenow in Jouni. f. Orn. 1877. p. 253 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. .Muf. XXVI. p. 185.
(There is no reason to reject the specific name pi urn In a, the .Irdea pUnnhea of Merrem being a
bird belonging to a totally different genus, and we do not accept the illogical rule " Once a
synonym, always a synonym.")
The Butorides of the Galapagos Islands is easily distinguished from all the
other species of the genus by its very much darker underside, darker neck without,
or with ouly indications of rufous, but with very distinct black longitudinal patches.
Further by their darker wings, which have no white edges to the inner primaries,
and by the very narrow and deep rufous brown, instead of buif or rusty wide, edges
to the wing-coverts. B. plumbctis is also stouter built and larger than its American
relations.
We have received specimens from Chatham, Bindloe, Jervis, Hood, Inde-
fatigable, Wenman, Abingdon, Albemarle, and Barrington Islands. Ridgway
mentions also Duncan, Charles, and James Islands. Dr. Baur observed it on Tower
Island. One specimen, killed on board ship at Barrington Island on October 7th
(No. 1548), had the " Iris bright orange-red, legs redder than orange red, bare skin
ou lores bluish.'
Genus NYCTANASSA Stejn.
Kycthtrodim, Keichenbach, Syst. Ac. 1852, p. XVI. (non Mycterodius Macgilliviay 1842.)
Nyctaiiassa, Stejneger in Proc. C/S. Nut. Mus. X. p. 295 (1887).
Warmer portions of America.
13
( 182 )
1. Nyctanassa violacea (L.).
.inlea eiolacea Linnaeus, Sygt. Xnt. ed. 10. I. p. 143 (1758).
Xi/clic«rux fiolaceus, Gould in Zool. Voi/. Bfiigle, III. Birds, p. 128 (1841).
yyclaiiaem riolacea, Ridgway in Proc. VS. Xat. Mus. XIX. p. 606.
Xijclicorax /lauper, Sclater & Sal?in in Proc. Zool. Sac. 1870, pp. 'A'i'i, 327 ; Salvin in Trans. Zool.
Soc. IX. p. 498 (1876).
Xyctanasm iiatqier, Sharpe, Oil. B. Brit. .!/»«. XXVI. p. IS4, pi. Ic. (1808).
We take it on the autborit)' of Mr. Ridgway that the " Yellow-crowned Night
Heron " of the Galapagos is iiot separable from the the wide-spread species.
Kidgwav says, " Placing together four adults from the Galapagos with one from
.Socorro Island, and three from Louisiana, I tind it impossible to detect any differences
of coloration or proportions that are not of a purely individual character."
Although we have received uot less than seventeen skins from Charles,
Chatham, Biudloe, Tower, Albemarle, and Hood Islands, they were all autumn
birds, except two from July Oth and 14th, collected l)y Ur. Baur. All these are so
much darker than the birds before us, shot in breeding j)lnmage in various parts of
Central America, Mexico, Florida, and the Bahamas, that we should have thought
they belonged to a different form, but having no adult spring specimens, and
considering the great variation of iV. violacea, we must accept Ridgway's statement
who had spring specimens in full plumage before him.
There is no doubt whatever that the original description, as well as that in the
Cataloyne of Birds, and the plate in the latter work. Vol. XXVI. are taken from a
young bird. We should recommend, nevertheless, the re-examination of a greater
number of adult skins in nuptial plumage from the Galapagos, as we have an idea
that they do not attain such light colours as N. violacea from other countries.
Genus PHOENICOPTERUS L.
Phoenicojilems, Linnaeus, Si/st. Xnt. ed. 10, I. p. 139 (17.58).
Tropical and subtropical regions chiefly of both hemispheres.
1. Phoenicopterus ruber L.
Phuenicnptfnis ruber, Linnaeus, Si/st. Xal. ed. 10, I. p. I'l'J ; Salvin in Trans. Zmil. Sui;. Loud. IX.
p. 498; SaWadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 11 (1895); Ridgway in U.S. Xat. Mus.
XIX. p. 608.
P. glyphorhi/nchus, Gray in Ibis 18G9, pp. 439, 442, pi. XIV. fig. 5.
The difference on which Gray had founded his P. gl>fpIiorh)/nrkus not being
characteristic for tiie Galapagos flamingoes, the birds from there have been united
with the North American F. ruber, which inhabits " the coasts of the Caribbean Sea
and of the (iulf of Mexico north to Southern Florida and the Bahamas." Although
this distribution is peculiar, it is not unique, and we see no snflicieut reasons to
separate the Galajiagos birds from P. ruhi^r.
Ridgway (/.c.) says that the Galapagos flamingoes are distinctly jialer in
coloration and of a slightly smaller average size. It is true that we find brighter
specimens among the Bahama Islands flamingoes, but we have only a very poor
series to compare, while our tialapagos series is both large and beautiful. The
brightest Galapagos skins are some that are greasy. Ridgway's measurements
show a slightly smaller average size for Galapagos birds, but this is not sutficient
to separate the latter from P. ruber. We have specimens from Albemarle,
Charles and James Islands. Habel saw it on Indefatigable.
( 183 )
Genus POECILONETTA Eyt.
Poecilonelia, Eyton, Muiiagr. AiKitid. p. 16 (1838).
South America.
1 . Poecilonetta bahamensis galapag'ensis Eidgw.
Poeriloneftu bahamensis, Gould in ^ool. Beagle, III. Birds, p. 135 (not Amis bahaiuensU Linnaeus).
Dafila buhaiiietish, Salvin in Trans. Zool. Sue. Lond. IX. p. 499, and in Pine. Znol, Sor. Lniiil. 1883,
p. 428.
Poecilonetta gnlapagensis, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. XII. p. 115 (18s9), and in XIX. p. ()12;
Salvadori, Cat. D. Bril. Mus. XXVII. p. 284.
The little pintailed duck of the Galapagos i.s very closely alliei to /-". hahamensis
bahamenms, and can only be ranked as a subspecies of the latter. The only
distinguishing character which can lie depended on is the brown speckled patch at
the root of the upper jaw. It is certainly incorrect to say that the " sides of the
head" are thickly speckled with brown, for there are among our nniipie series of
forty-five skins from the Galapagos Islands several jjerfectly adult birds which have
the sides of the head purely white, and only behind the base of the bill a light
brown, dark speckled jiatch, while in /'. hahamen.si.^ huli'tmeii-fii the white reaches
almost uj) to the bill, leaving only a very narrow brown speckled {nxtcU. The crown
is generally a shade lighter brown, but not regularly more grey. The speckling
on the breast has a somewhat different appearance, and the spots there seem to be
more freipient in P. hahamensis galapag.'nsis. In the males of the latter the chest
feathers have thi'ee blackish brown spots, while in J', /ja/ramei/s/s hahamensis there
seems to be always one only. The females ha\e a much shorter wing than the
males, and the chest feathers have, as in young males, one black spot near the tip.
We have this duck from Chatham, James, Indefatigable, Albemarle, and
Charles Islands. It is also known to occur on Duncan, Hood, Barrington, Jervis,
and Tower.
[Querquedula versicolor (Vieill.).
According to Snudevall Mr. Kinberg obtained a sjiecimeu somewhere in the
Galapagos Archipelago. It has not been found since among the islands. (Cf.
Ridgway, l.c. p. 614).]
Genus NESOPELIA Sundev.
Xtsnpelia, Sundevall, Meth. ae. disp. Teiitam. p. 99 (1872).
The genus Xesopelia is restricted to the Galapagos Islands. It is closely allied
to Zenaida, but the tail is composed of twelve rectrices, while it is siiid to have
fourteen in all species of Zenaida, The bill is rather long and arched near the tip,
the feet are larger, the tail somewhat short and stiff.
1. Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis (Gould).
Col- MlA-ijal line cks Gnllapagos NBboux in W e. /Mnl. p. 290 (1840).
Zrmiida galapagoensis Gould, Zunl. Vvy. lienijle. III. Birds, p. 11.5. PI. XLVI. (1841); Salvin in
Trans. Znnl. Soc. IX. p. 499.
Nesopelia galupagnensis Salvadori, Cat. B. Hril. .\fus. XXI. p. 391 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nal. .Mus.
XIX. p. 615'.
When Ridgway wrote his Birds oj the Galajjayos Islands the following islands
( 1S4 )
wcro known as the homo of this interesting pijreon : Albeniiiile, Duncan, Charles,
Hood, rhathaiu, liidefatijralilc, James, Tower, Biiulloe. Banr adds (Am. J\V^^ 1897,
p. TS4) Jervis Island. We have received it from most of these ])laces, and in
addition from Abingdon, Narborough, and Gardner Islands. Specimens from all
these islands do not differ, as far as we can see, but we have received a large series
from Weumaii and Cali)eiiper, and fiud them to differ materially in size.
Two femnles from Hood Island are semi-albinistic. Their tails are for the
greater part of their length light grey, while one of them has also the primaries
white with brown tips.
2. Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul siibsp. nov.
Differs from Nesopelia galapagoemis galapugoensis in being larger. While the
wiug of the latter varies in the male from 130 to 140 mm., it measures in our new
subsj)ecies 142 to 148 mm. As we have measured twenty from ('uljjepper and three
from AVenmau, we cannot be mistaken. Also i\\e^ females, of which we have only
one from Culpepper and two from Weumau, have the wing longer iha,n J'enudes from
the southern and central islands of the group — i.e., 130 to 135 — while in the latter
it varies between 120 and 120 mm. The tail is also about 5 to 8 mm. longer in the
birds from ('nlj)epjier and AVenman Islands.
" The iris is brown, the bill lilack, the feet pinkish red, skin round the eye
indigo-blue."
All the birds from Culpepper and Weunian Islands were collected in July.
The femides of both forms differ from the males in their much smaller size,
duller upper surface, and more whitish wing-coverts, while the sides of the neck are
often as glossy as in the male. Immature birds are below brownish, with wliitish
fringes to the feathers, the sides of the neck are not glossy, and the lesser upper
wing-coverts have rufous edges.
]\Ii'. Harris writes : " The e.xtreme scarcity of Nesopelia on Alliemarle, Charles,
and Chatham Islands is noticeable, as these islands are infested with wild house-cats,
and these pigeons, being principally ground-birds, are easily caught by the cats."
Genus CRECISCUS Cab.
CreciiCtis, Caliauis in .lniirn.f. Oni. 1856, p. 428.
New World from temperate North America to Peru and Chili. If the genus
Cfeciseus is separated from Forzana at all, then the (Jalaj)agos rails belong
doubtless to Crecisc'ts.
1. Creciscus spilonotus ((Jonld).
Ziqmriua sj/iloiiola, J. Gould in Darioins Voij. Beagle, III. Birds, p. 132, PI XLIX. (1841).
Porzumi sjtilojiola, Salvin in Trims. Zoal. Sue. Land. IX. p. .500 (not v. X.) (partim !) ; Ridgway in
Pror. U.S. Nat. .l/«.v. XIX. p. G18 (partim?).
Porzutia gtila/iaiioeiixin, Sharpe, Qil. H. Brit. .]his. XXHI. p. 113 ; Ridgway in I'mr. cr..S. .\at. .!/«».
XIX. p. Gib.
Dr. Sliai'pc was the first author who recognised that there were two forms of
rails in the Galajjagos Islands, one, a larger and more powerful one, discovered by
the collectors of the " Beagle" and apparently not found since, on James Island,* the
* Darwin, Juuntal of Jlfseurchea into the Nat. llist. and Oitd. of countr. xis. ifttr. vmj. round tin- WorUl.
p. 402 (e<l. 1S90) : " So iliuap was tlic groiiiul that theie weic large beds of a coarec cj'perus, in which great
ntiniburs of a very bmall wutci-ruii lived uud bred,"
( 185 )
other, a smaller bird and generally, tjiough not always, more spotted, was discovered
by Habel on Indefatigable Island, but united with C. spilonotus by Salvia. Dr.
Sliarpe at once saw that they were different species, but somehow he referred the
name o^ Zaponiia spilonota to the form from Indefatigable Island, although Darwin
had never landed on the latter isle, and specially mentions that he got the rails on
James Island. Apart from the evidence of locality, the figure of this rail iu the
Voi/ayc of the Beayle, III. (Birds) and the original description are evidently, in our
ojiinion, those of the large, dark form from James Island. Dr. Sharpe believes that
the type of Za pornia spilonofn is lost, but we see-no reason for doubt that the skins
now in the British Museum are actually the types, since there are no others of which
we know, and since Gould was not always careful to mark the specimen from which
he made the original description as the "type." We have no doubt at all that
the name " spilonota " belongs to the rail from James Island, and that therefore
^^ Forznnn galapfigornsis" Sharpe is a synonym of the latter. We cannot, either,
agree with Dr. Sharpe that this form belongs to another genus than the rail from
Indefatigable. The sole difference between the two Galapageian rails is that the
one from James Island is a little larger, with stronger beak and legs, slightly deeper
brown back, and unspotted or very slightly spotted wing-coverts, while the rail from
Indefatigable is a little smaller, with smaller bill and legs, lighter brown back, and
generally more frequently spotted wing-coverts, flanks, and lower abdomen, while
the back and rump is also mostly dotted with white. The amount of the white
spotting varies very much, being less and almost quite absent in some individuals.
We have not received Crecisctcs sj»lonotus, which is only, as far as we are
aware, represented in the British Museum at present.
2. Creciscus sharpei sp. no v.
Porzana spilonota (not Zapomia spilonota Gould !), Sclater and Salvin in Proc. Zool. Soc. Land.
(1868) p. 456, (1870) p. 323 ; Salvin in Trans. Zool. Sue. Loml IX. p. OOO (partim !).
Creciscus spilonotus, Sharpe, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 137 (1894).
Porzana spiloiiutd (partim !), Ridgway in Proc. U.S. IWil. Mus. XIX. p. 618.
Indefatigable Island (Habel and Harris' expedition).
c? ad. Head, nape, and underside as far as the abdomen slate-colonr. Rest of
npperside chocolate-brown, lighter and more brownish on the upper back and neck,
darkest on the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are almost blackish. Wing-
coverts nearly always, back, rump and upper tail-coverts in some individuals
frequently spotted with white, inner secondaries mostly spotted with white. Lower
abdomen and flanks brownish slate-colour, more or less spotted or barred with white,
under tail-coverts spotted with white. Iris red, bill blackish, feet dark brown.
Total length (in the flesh) UO to 104 mm., wing 67 to 69, bill from end of frontal
plumes 1.5-0 to 16-6, middle toe and claw 27 to 29, tarsus about 21.
¥ ad. Differs from the male in having the chin and upper throat lighter, almost
whitish grey, in being a shade lighter slaty grey below, iu being, perhaps, less
spotted with white, on the whole, and generally a little smaller. Total length (in
the flesh) 137 to 145 mm., wing 65 to 67,
We have received four males and io\w females, evidently all adult individuals,
shot in September and October 1897.
Creciscus sharpei is hardly more than a subspecies of C. spilonotus. If tlie
genus Creciscit.'i is separated from Porzana, then there is no doubt that the
Galapageian forms belong to Creciscus, as a comparison will show at a glance.
( isfi )
Gekus GALLINULA Briss.
Gtilliniila, Brisson, Oni. XI. p. 3 (17G0).
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Gallinula galeata (Licht.).
Crex giihata, Lichtenstein, Verz. Doiihl. p. 80 (1S23).
Galllmih, galeata, Sharpe, Gil. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 177 (1894) : Ridgway in Proe. C.S. Xal.
Miis. XIX. p. 621.
Hr. Banr obtained three specimens on Albemarle Island, and we have received
a single ma/c from the same island. This specimen does not show the differences
from continental examples seen in those shot by Dr. Banr. Tlie frontal shield is
not narrower, but on the contrary very broad, the coloration as dark as in true
(t. (/(lll'dfll.
On the label we find the following remarks: "Albemarle, Nov. 10, 1W»"
(R. H. Beck), Length 14-.50, e.xtent 23-50 in. Bill and frontal [date red,
nearly or qnite vermilion, tip to M-3»i of an inch greenish yellow. Tarsi lemon
yellow, with a greenish cast behind. Toes olive green. Tibia with vermilion circle
at below the feathers, remainder yellowish green."
Genus HAEMATOPUS L.
Hm, Ml lupus, Linnaeus, .S'//s/. Nat. ed. 10, I. p. 15-2 (1758).
Nearly cosmopolitan.
1. Haematopus galapagensis Itidgw.
lliiemalnjms jHilliiiliis (non Temni.) Salvin in Tirins. Zooh Unc. Land. IX. p. 502 (1875).
//. (liihijingeHsis, Uidgway in AullW. p. 331 (1886) ; Ridgway in Proc V.S. Sut. Mus. XIX. p. 621 ;
Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. .Mus. XXIV. p. 116.
//. hucnpus gala/mgensis, Seebobm, Geogr. Distr. CImrnilriidtie, p. 307 (1888).
The oyster-catcher of the Galapagos group resembles tlie American //. palikttit.'<,
lint differs in being deeper blackish above, in having more black on the tail and
secondaries, as well as on the inner jn-imaries and tail-coverts.
We have received skins from Albemarle, Hood, Biudloe, James, Indefatigable,
Tower and Chatham Islands.
The bill varies considcraldy in length in both se.xes.
Genus AEGIALITIS Boie.
Aeyialilia, Boie in hia, 1822. p. fiuS.
Almost cosmopolitan.
1. Aegialitis semipalmata Bp.
Chumdrius semipahwitus, Bonaiiaite in Jimvii. Aciul. .\'iit. Sci. Philuilelphht, V. p. 98 (1825).
Az-gidleus seniipalmutnii, Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. .Mun. XXIV. p. 250.
Aegiahus semipahiiatuH, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. .]fuK. XIX. p. 028.
We cannot recognise the genns Aeyialeus, which is said to differ from Aegialitis
by a web connecting the outer and middle toes, because this web is also present,
only smaller in the genus Aegialitis as restricted by Dr. Sharpe.
( 187 )
.1. semipalmata is before ns from Olintham, Charles, All)einarle, Jervis and
Indefatigable Islands. The specimens have been obtained from Jnly 29th to
December 3rd.
Genus CALIDRIS Onv.
Ciilidns, Cuvier, Leg. Aimt. Com}]. I. PI. 11. (1800).
Restricted to the Arctic regions during breeding period, but visiting the shores
of the wliole world in winter.
1. Calidris arenaria (L).
Trhif/a (ireimri,/, Linnaeus, Ryst. Niil. ed. 12, I. p. 2jl (I76(;).
Calidris ari'iiaria, Ridgwaj in Prnc. C.S. Xat. Mus. XIX. p. 629.
Albemarle, Chatham, Hood, Abingdon, Jervis and Bindloe Islands. Found
on Albemarle as earlv as Julv 29th.
Genus ARENARIA Briss.
Arenaria, Brisson, Orn. V. p. 1.32 (1760).
Slrepsihs auct. mult.
Breeding in northern portions of Northern Hemisphere only, sea-coasts of the
whole world to the sub-Antarctic regions during migration period.
1. Arenaria interpres (L.).
Tringii iiilerj>ri>.<!, Linnaeus, Sijst. lS,'at. ed. 10, 1, p. 148 (1758).
Arenaria itilerpres, Ridgway in Proc. C S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 625.
Not rare on the sea-shores almost throughout the whole year. Dr. Banr
obtained specimens on Charles Island as early as .June 30th, and on Albemarle on
July :50th. They were in worn breeding plumage. It is known that turnstiuies are
sometimes seen on the coasts of tropical islands during their breeding time, but there
is every sign that they do not breed there. Harris' party obtained specimens from
September to November on Culpepper, ( 'hatliam, Charles, Indefatigalde and Jervis
Islands.
Genus SQUATAROLA Leach.
Srjiuilarnla, Leach, Si/sl. Cat. .Uamm. d- Birds Brit. .Viis. p. 2i) (1816).
Breeding iu the tundras of the northernmost portions of the Northern
Hemisphere, cosmopolitan during migration.
I. Squatarola squatarola (L.)
Tniiga squatarola, Linnaeus, Syat. Nat. ed. 10, I. p. 149.
Squatarola squatarola, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 626.
Obtained by Messrs. Baur & Adams on Alliemarle Isjiiad in August ; by Beck
ou Charles Island in November.
( 188 )
Genus HETEROPYGIA fones.
Ifeleropyz/iii, Coues in Vioc. Philatl. Acad. 1861, p. 161.
If the genus lleteropygia is separable from Tringa, which seems very doubtful,
its distribntion would be Siberia and North America ; iu winter south to Chili and
Australia,
1. Heteropygia bairdi (Coues).
ArliHlrnmas Iminlii, Coues in I'ntc. riiilml. Acml. 1861, p. 194.
lItltroj>i/gia baiiili, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. .Uiis, XXIV. p. 570.
One m"lc, 15;xrrington Island, October 0th, 1807.
Genus TRINGA L.
Trlm/a, Linnaeus, Si/xt. Xal. ed. 10, I. p. 148 (1758).
Cosmopolitan during migration.
1. Tringa minutilla Vieill.
Trhiga mimitilla, Vieillot in Nmi: Dirt. XXXIX. p. 452 (1819) ; Ridgway in Prnc. U.S. Nat. .1A«.«.
XIX. p. 631.
Indefatigable (Habel), Charles Island (Beck), Barrington Island (Beck).
Genus HETEHACTlTlfcl Stejn.
Helemct'dis, Stejuegei- in Aul: I. p. 236 (1884).
1. Heteractitis incanus ((im.).
Scolojiax inniiiu, Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. I. p. 658 (1788).
Heteractitii inrunun, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 032.
"W'e have it from Ciiljjepper, Chatham, Charles, Abingdon, Albemarle and
Indefatigable Islands. Towusend obtained it also on .lames and Hood Islands.
Genus HELODROMAS Kanj..
Helodroman, Kaup, Nctnr!. Sijsl. p. 144 (1829).
Nearly cosmoiiolitan during migration.
Not being at leisure at present to discuss the somewliat dillicuU iiuostion of the
genera of tlie Tntaniiiae, we accept the genus lli'lodromas of the Ciitaloyuc of Birds,
but we are afraid it will liave to be joined to Rh/acophilus, if not to Totanus.
1. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.).
Tringa mlitavia, Wilson, Anur. Urn. VII. p. 53. PI. LVIII. f. 3 (1813).
llrloilriiiiKiK solitarius, Sharpe, Cat. li. Brit. .Vux. XXIV. p. 444.
Two sjjecimens were procured on C'hatham Island on October I'ith. The species
has not yet been recorded from the Galapagos Islands.
( l'^9 )
Genus NUMENIUS Bnss.
Nunmiiiis Brisson, Orii. VI. p. 311 (1760).
Cosmopolitan dnriug migration ; Arctic and temperate regions of Northern
Hemisphere cluriug breeding time.
Numenius hudsonicus Lath.
NiimeNiiis hudsnnicus, Latham, hiil. llni. II. p. 1\1 (179(1); Salvin in Tranx, Zonl. Sue, Lniiil. IX.
p. 504 ; Ridgwayin Pmc U.S. Nnt. Mun. XIX. p. 633 ; Sharpe, Oit. B. Brit. .IA»s. XXIV.
p. 364.
Numenitts borealis, Salriu in Proc. Zoo!. Sac. 1883, p. 429.
This bird breeds iu the Arctic and snb-Arctic regions of North America ; in
winter over the greater portions of South America. We have specimens from
Charles, Chatham, Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands.
Salvin (I.e.) mentions also a siaecimen of A', borealis, as being shot on Charles
Island by Captain A. H. Markham. This was evidently done by a pen-slip, for the
specimen is N. hudsonicus. (Cf. Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mu.^. Vol. XXIV. p. 367,
specimen d'.)
Genus HIMANTOPUS Briss.
IJimaiiUipus, Brisson, Oi-n. VI. p. ?,?> (1760).
Hot and temperate regions round the world.
1. Himantopus mexicanus (P. L. S. Miill.)
CImraih-iiis me.rimiiux, P. L. S. Milller, Sijal. Nat. Aiilmii(/,p. 117 (1776).
HiiMuilupus me.ricdims, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 633 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. .Viis.
XXIV. p. 320.
ff. mgricoUis, Salvin in Trans. Znol. Soc. Luml. IX. p. 502.
AVe do not notice any differences between our Galapagos skins and those from
other parts of America. We have specimens from Indefatigable, Albemarle, and
Chatham Islands ; IJidgway mentions also James Island. This species inhabits
temperate North America, southward to Brazil and La Plata.
Genus LARUS L.
Lrirus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. p. 136 (1758).
Cosmopolitan.
1. Larus fuliginosus Gonld.
Luriixfiitlijbmsux, Gould in Vny. Benglr, III. Birds, p. 141 (1841) ; Salvin in Tnuis. ZooJ. Snc. IX.
p. 505, PI, LXXXVII ; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. .!/«». XXV. p. 222 ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S.
Nat. .U„s. XIX. p. 635.
This dark-coloured gull is apparently confined to the (ialajiagos group. It is
now known to inhabit Abingdon, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable, Barrington,
C!hatham, Charles, Albemarle, Jervis, Tower, and Hood Islands. One fresh egg
was picked up on November luth on Albemarle Island. It is very pale dirty
greenish, with liver-brown spots and patches, and underlying purplish mauve spots,
and measures 61 bv 43 mm.
( 190 )
Gbnus XEMA Leach.
Xema, Leach in Jtnss's Voyage Baffin's Bay, App. II. p. LVU. tab. (1819).
Creagrus, Bonaparte in Naumannia, 1854, p. 213.
Chema, Eeichenow in Juurn.f. Orn. 1889, p. 188.
In placing the large Galapagos gnll in the genus Xemn, we are following the
Catdlofiue of Birds (Vol. XXY.), not being at present in a jiosition to discuss the
genera of the Laridae, but it is with some relnctance that we unite Xema and
Crenffriis into one genus. The ditterences between the two forms, on the other
hand, are not so important as Ridgwa.y makes thom out to be. The beak is more
curved in Creagrus, somewhat higher near the base, and the tarsus is of the same
length as the middle claw, while in Xema saljinei the tarsus is much longer than
the foot. This latter character is the only one that might be considered to be of
generic importance, but if this principle is adopted, then several more divisions will
have to be accepted than Mr. Saunders admitted in the Catalogue of Birds,
Vol. XXV. (cf. p. 1(51, where the following genera are adopted: Xema,Rliodostetliia,
Larus, Gubianns, Leucopha^eus, Pagophila^ and Rissa).
1. Xema furcata (Xeboux).
.l/V);/e//f a (lueuc fourchue , Neboux in 7?er. Zou]. 1840, p. 290.
Lnriix fiircalun, I.e. ; Vny. Vtims, Atlas PI. X. (1846).
Creagrus fureuiiis!, Salvin in Trans. Zntil. Soc. IX. p. 5015.
Xema fiircaliim, Saunders in Proc. Znol. Soc. 1882, p. 523. pi. ;>4.
Xema fiircain, Saunders, Cat. B. Bril. ^fus. XXV. p. 165.
Creagnin furraliif!, Ridgway in Proc U.S. Xat. JAj/.s. XIX. p. fi.SS.
This beautiful gull is evidently very common at the Galapagos Islands, where
it may be seen near most of the islands, from Culpepper to Hood, but it finds
suitable nesting-j)laces on a few of the islands only. It is also known to occur nff
the coast of Peru and at Malpelo Island, but the original locality " Monterey,
California," cannot be accepted, as Monsieur Neboux, who brought the specimen
home, came from the Galapagos Archipelago ! Ridgway and Saunders gave the
most accurate and most detailed descriptions of this gull.
Numbers were found breeding in July on Wenman and ('idi)e])per, in October ou
Tower, and in December on Hood Island. The number of eggs was only one in every
case. The nest consisted of pebbles, or peltbles and pieces of bones, placed among
the rocks on the cliffs, but some were also found without any indication of a nest
(in the bare ground among the rocks. The eggs resemble tiiose of other gulls, and
vary in the same way. They are more or less regularly ovate (Ridgw. pi. XVI.
fig. 1). Most specimens are very light greenish or bluish white with large and bold
spots and patches of a very dark brown, and with underlying greyish-manve spots.
The spots are either spread all over the egg, or accumulated near the thick end,
and sometimes form a loose ring near the thick end. Hair-like lines are not often
seen. Some of the eggs are of a light reddish or brownish tieshy ground-colour,
but all are light sea-green if held against the light. They measure (54 by 47-5,
0(5 by 4(j-5, (5(5 by 40, 04 by 40, 00 by 44-.5 mm., and so on.
Genus STERNA L.
."ilenia, Linnaeus, Si/Kt. Xai. I. p. 137 (1758).
Cosmopolitan.
( 191 )
1. Sterna Miginosa Gm.
Stfma fiiligliinsa, Gmelin, Siist. Nat. I. p. 005 (1788).
Not yet recorded from the Galapagos Islands, aud found on Culpepper and
Wenman Islands onlj*.
With every desire to distinguish them from S. fuUginosa fidiginosa, we are
not able to find satisfactory characters for separation.
The Galapagos specimens seemed smaller, the wings reacliing from 275 to
296 mm. generally, but one male from Wenma,n Island has them fully 310 mm.
long. This latter measurement is a large average measurement for S. fidiqhwsa
from other islands, which have the wings from 202 to 315 mm. long, the largest
being mostly those from the islands round New Zealand. The lateral greatly
elongated rectrices are only fully developed in one of our Galapagos specimens, but
then they are moulting in many of the others. The outer web of these " streamers "
is generally darker in the Galapagos birds, but in some it is as light as in examples
from other regions, while it varies ei|ually in the latter. The loral black streak is
narrower in many of the Galapageian birds, but it is quite variable and perfectly
matched by some from other countries.
Sterna faliginosa, together with S. anaetheta and .S'. lunafa, forms a very
natural group of terns by its aberrant coloration and certain liabits, laying, for
example, only one egg at a time. Should a generic separation be found to be
possible, the name of the genus would be Onychoprion Wagler, 1N32, but Saunders,
"with every desire to separate them generically, was unable to find any structurnl
differences which would warrant such a proceeding."
Genus ANGUS Steph.
An.His, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zoo/. XIII. p. 1.39 (1826).
Tropical and juxta-tropical seas in general.
1. Anous stolidus galapagensis Sharpe.
Miijuluiihrns stoVihis, Gould in Darwin's To//. Bmyl", III. Birds, p. 14i! (1841).
.•l«o«.v atolidus, Sundevall in Pror. Znnl. Soc. Loiiil. 1871, p. V2:> ; Salvia in V'/vkiv. Zool. Soc. Lnml.
IX. p. 504 (1876) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. .Uiis. XII. p. 116 (1889).
Annus galtqxigeiisis, Sbarpe in Philos. Trans. CLXVIII. p. 469 (1879): Saunders, Oil. B. Brit.
Mm. XXV. p. 143 (1896) ; Ridgway in Pror. U.H. Nat. Mux. XIX. p. 642.
The noddy inhabiting the Galapagos Archipelago was formerly united with
.1. stolidus sfolid/is by Gould, Sundevall, Salvin ; and even Ridgway {I.e.) mistook
an adult bird for the common wide-spread species. In 1879 Sharpe separated it as
A. galapagensis, but the characters assigned to it are those of the )'Oung Inrds only,
wliile the adult Galapagos form is very similar to adult .1. stolidus stolidus. They
are by no means so distinct as Ridgway believes them to be {I.e.). We have
sjiecimens from several places, but especially from the Carolines aud Pelew Islands,
which are hardly separable from galapagensis. The only differences we can appreciate
are the following : —
In A. stolidus galapagensis the grey of the crown does not reach so far down
towards the neck, and, while hardly darker in freshly moulted birds, never becomes
so pale as we find it frequently in A. stolidus stolidus. The entire plumage, while
often not a shade darker than in A. stolidus stolidus, never becomes so pale-brown
( 192 )
as in the latter. The yonug l)ii-(l of gaittpagensis has the whitish streak above the
lores not distiuctl)' marked.
Under these circnmstances this teru must be recognised as ii subspecies of
A. stolidus. It is spread all over the archipelago, from Culpepper and Weumau to
( 'harles and Hood Islands. It is somewhat peculiar tliut dark-crowned birds, in
the plnmage of the immature ones, are found also during the breeding season.
A large breeding-place was found on Jul)- 27th and July 29th on Culpepper
Island. This tern has always one egg only, placed in a small nest composed of a
few small sticks among the rocks. The eggs resemble those of otiier species of
Anoi(f<. Tliey are mostly very beantifnlly marked, and vary very much. The
ground-colour is a dead white, if held up against the light and looked through the
hole it is a light greenish yellow. A few eggs have a warm fleshy tinge. The
markings are jialer or darker reddish brown, or deep brown patches on the thick
end, or small roundish spots of the same colour, and all have more or less visible
pale mauve underlying spots. They measure .')1-.") by 3.5'o, oO by 36, 49-5 by 35,
45 by 34-3 mm., and so on.
Genus STERCORARIUS P.riss.
Stercuroi'ius, Brisson, Orn. VI. pp. 1411, 150 (176U).
Breeding in Arctic and snb-Arctic regions, wandering south in winter, reaching
occasionally Peru and New Zealand.
1. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.).
Leelris jximariiui, Temminck, .!/»«. il'Oni. p. jl4 (181J).
Stercorarius jwmatorhiiius, Saunders, Cul. B. Brit. Miis. XXV. p. 3"2"2 (189C).
One J'emalf was shot by R. H. Beck off North Albemarle on December loth,
189T. It is evidently not mature. The upper parts are sooty brown, the feathers of
the back and the scapulars have brownish buff tips. Foreueck and jugulum deep
sooty brown with narrow whitish tips to the feathers. Remainder of underside is
white, here and there sparsely speckled with deep brown. Tail feathers deep
brown, not barred, under and upper tail-coverts burred lilackish brown and white.
Wing 3GtJ mm.
Genus DIOMEDEA L.
Diomedea, Linnaeus, Stjsl. Xul. ed. 10, I. p. 132 (1768).
Principally the Southern Ocean, but ranging as far north as the Hawaiian
Islands and Japan in the Pacific, and, exceptionally, as far north as the British
Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
1. Diomedea irrorata Salv.
Diomedea exiilaiig, Wolf, Kin Besuch aufden Gdlupaijoa Imeln, p. 13 (1879).
Two hnds nf Albatrosses, Habel in Trans. Zool. Soc. Loud. IX. p. 4.")8 (? partim).
.' JJium. e.culana and itiyri^jer:, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Xat. Mux. XIX. p. C4C.
Diom. irrorata, Roth.schild in Bull. B. 0. Club, VII. p. 51 (1898).
r>. irrorata, Salvin in P. Z. S. 1883, p. 4.30, and in Cat. B. Brit. .l/«.f. XXV. p. 44:'. I'i. \ 1 1 1.
Habel was the first to call attention to the fact of albatrosses occurring in the
Galapagos Archipelago. In IsTO (cf. 'J'raiiK. Zool. !Suc. Loud. Vol. IX. ]i 4.j>;) we
learn that there are on Hood Island " two kinds of albatrosses ; one had a dark
blackish breast and a white hand crossing the head from one eye to the other ; the
( 193 )
breast of the other was grej', and the head black. Whether they were the sexes of
one species, or two distinct ones, I am unable to decide."
In 1879 Wolf writes (translated, cf. Ridgway) ; " I would mention as a cnrions
zoological fact that the albatross of Hood Island, and only on that island, occnrs in
such abundance, that the entire camp of Orchilla collectors (more than sixty men)
lived for a mouth chiefly upon its eggs, although each female lays but one egg. It
is evidently the widespread albatross from the Cape of Good Hope (J), exulans),
which is also very abundant about Cape Horn."
Harris' party was specially instructed to look out for the albatrosses, and they
found a large breeding colony on Hood Island, and many forsaken eggs in the latter
week of October. It is somewhat strange that so large a bird with such a power of
flight has never beeu got elsewhere in the archipelago, although the type was
taken off the Peruvian coast. It seems to breed only on Hood Island. All the
specimens received from there arc 1). irrorata, Salv. We do not think that two
species are likely to breed on the Galapagos Islands. Dr. Habel's descriptions
may possibly or partly refer to young birds, for neither of them describes the adult
1). irrorata. Mr. Ridgway suggests that the one with the " dark blackish breast
and a white band crossing the head " might have been D. nigripes And., but the
home of that species is so far away from the Galapagos Islands, that we think it is
more probable that the bird described by Habel and a black bird with white head
seen by the Harris party on Indefatigable, are either the D. irrorata in its unknown
juvenile plumage, or an unknown species. Young individuals in the first jilnmage
were seen, but unfortunately not collected. Undetermined albatrosses were also
observed near Duncan and Albemarle.
This species in breeding plumage agrees in general with Salvin's description.
The neck is white, the forehead also white; but the crown, from between the eyes,
and the hind neck, are strongly washed with bufty yellow, not only " slightly
tinged." The back and wings are deep sooty brown, almost black, the primaries
paler towards the base of the inner webs, the shafts of all of them light straw-
yellow. The dark grey and white mottling is much coarser on the vent and under
tail-coverts, in sharp contrast to the almost uniform dark grey lower abdomen and
flanks. It is gradually lost on the foreneck. " The iris is brown, the bill yellow, the
tarsi and feet lead-colour, lead-blue, or greenish lead-colour." The total length (as
taken in the flesh by the collectors) is about 30 — 4i) in., extent 93 — 99 in. , The bill,
measured in a straight line from base to tip, along the mandible, is 126 — 140 mm.
long, the tarsus 85 — lOO, wing 535 — 560 mm. Tha female is like the male, and not
much smaller. The plate in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. gives a very wrong idea, being too
brown above, and the bill and feet being coloured with a fleshy pink tint, although
on p. 445 the bill is described as yellowish, the feet as dark.
The albatross was so plentiful on Hood Island that the collectors computed
their number at several thousands. Antea, p. 125, in the diary, some notes on the
habits of this bird are given. The eggs vary in shape from elliptical ovate to
elliptical oval and even to perfectly oval (see Ridgway's Nomeucl. Col. PI. XVI.).
They are of a dead white colour and entirely without gloss, and of the same structure
as other albatrosses' eggs. The majority are without spots, but some show more or
less small underlying patches of a pale mauve colour, generally confined to the
thick end, but in one of our thirty-one specimens spread all over the surface. They
measure 1 17-5 by 70, 107 by 045, 112 by 09, 90-5 by 72, 103-5 by 72, 105 by 60,
100 by 60 mm., and so on.
( 194 )
The eggs seemed to be dropped at raudom between the rocks and bnshes, and
each "clutch " consisted of one single egg only, but all tliat were found were addled.
It is remarkable that Dr. Baur, who stayed on Hood Island from July oth to
8th, did not come across any albatrosses, nor does he mention having seen any
at all.
Genus PUFFINUS Briss.
Puffima Brisson, llm. VI. p. 131 (17(50).
Generally distributed over the seas of the world.
1. Puffinus obscui'us subalaris Kidgw. (ex Townsend JIS.).
Pujfinus timlMomx ? (non Pelzeln), Townsend in Pmr. U.S. .Xnl. Mn^. XIII. p. I4L' (18:"0, and in
Bull. MuH. Comj,. Z„i,l. XXVII. p. 126 (1895).
Puffinnx ohxciinis, Salvin in Prw. Zuol. Sm-. Loml. p. 431 (1883); Salvin in ('<('. IS. Bel. .\fu.<. XXV.
p. 882 (partim).
I'lijiiiiis gtihiihiris, Ridgway (ex Townsend's MS.) in Prur. U.S. Xtil. .Uiis. XIX. p. (J5(l.
In determining the shearwater of the Galapagos Islands, we were obliged to
study the entire group of little shearwaters, to which this form belongs ; and we
have come to the result, that they were not fully understood by Salvin, when he
wrote the " Pnffiuidae " in Vol. XXV. of the Catalogue of Birds. They are a
difficult grou]), and material from many places is wanted, but we believe that
it may be possible for the present to distinguish the following forms.
(I. PuflSnus obscuruB obsciirus (Om.).
Dusl.i/ Pili-il, Latham, Gtn. Stjii. III. p. 41G (ITKo) (Christmas Island in thu Pacific Uceaul.
Prncellaria ubscura, Gmelin, Stjst. Nat. I. p. 5.50 (1788) (ex Latham).
Puffinus obsainis, Salvin, Oil. R. Bvil. .Mux. XXV. p. 382 (partim, specimens >! to w only, ii !).
Pufiiius rlichniiis, Hartlaub & Finsch in Proc. Zool. Soi: Loml. 1872 p. 108 (Pelew Islands).
Pvjfiiius opklhomrluf. vur. miiim; Hartlaub in Pror. Zuol. Soi: 18G7 p. 382, H. & V. in i.e. 1808, pp. 'J
and 371. Finsch in J. F. 0. 1870, p. 371.
P. tfiiebrosus Pelzeln (ex batterer) in Ibis p. 47 (1873). Cf. Finsch in ./num. .l/'i.s. liml. VIII. p. 4.")
(1875).
This is the Pacific form, inhabiting the central portions of the Pacific Ocean,
the Fanning gronji (Christmas Island), Pelew Islands, C^aroHues (a series from Huk
in the Triug ]\lnscum), probably down to the New Hebrides and Samoa.
This form is distinctly brownish slate above, not in the least bluish, 'flie
brownish slaty colour reaches to the base of the bill, covering the lores and running
from there along the sides of the head under the eye, to the ear-coverts, but being
slightly mottled with whitish under the eyes, on the car-coverts and sides of the
neck. This colour also encroaches on the sides of the chest, where it forms a
distinct patch. The primaries are dnsky black, the inner webs, except near the
shaft, deep smoky l)rowa, but not in the least whitish. Axillaries white. Under
wing-coverts white, except a very marked blackish line round the outer margin.
Under tail-coverts blackish smoky-brown, the shorter central bunch white, the next
ones varied, nearly all the longer ones with narrow white tips.
There can be no doubt that F. tenebrosus Pelz. is the same iis our P. ohscurus.
(See also Finsch, I.e.)
i 195 )
1). Puffinus obscurus auduboni Finsch.
Puffinus obscurus audnhoni Finsch. in Pmc Zon]. S'ic. Loud. p. 3 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway,
Watrr Birds N. Amn-ir,,, II. p. ;)86 (1884) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nid. Mv». XIX. p. 1551.
Ptcj^/ius nhscurus auctorum multorum, partim ; C"t. B. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 382, partira.
P. auduboni is the form foniid along the east coast of the United States of
North America, from New Jersey to Florida, and nesting on the Bahamas, as also
probabl}' among the West Indian Islands and on the Bermudas.
This form is most closely allied to P. obscurus, being brownish slate-black
above, having white axillaries (sometimes the longest with tiny dusky tips), white
under wing-coverts with even a less distinctly blackish margin round the edges.
While in P. obscurus the whole loral region behind the upper jaw is dark, the lower
part of the lores is here white, there is less blackish under the eyes, the region
behind the eye is lighter, being rather white, mottled with dusky, instead of dusky
black mottled with whitish. The bill in P. auduboni is, slightly longer and stronger,
the wiug generally distinctly longer, the whole bird a little larger, the patch on the
sides of the chest lighter dusky brown.
Under tail-coverts as in P. obscurus or with more white. Fig. 2 in [bis, 18T3,
p. .50 (there called P. obscurus) represents the shape of the bill of P. auduboni, while
fig. 1 on the same page (there called P. fcnebrosus) shows that of the true P.
obscurus. The figure in Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 's ^Vafer Birds, Vol. II. p. 387,
has the amount of white rather a little exaggerated, judging from the material at
our disposal. More details about the distribution of this form would be welcome.
c. Puffinus obscurus subalaris Ridgw. (ex Townsend MS.).
(Synonymy see above.)
The Galapagos birds seem to us to be nearest allied to the form of the central
Pacific, from which they ditfer in the following points.
There is distinctly more dusky on the flanks, which are evidently always pure
white in P. obscurus. The under wing-coverts agree with those of P. auduboni in
having no distinct broad dusky line round the outer margin, but they are more or
less clouded with dusky. In most specimens of our large series this latter character
is very conspicuous, Ijut in a few the dusky tinge is almost ol)Solete. The axillaries,
which are apparently always white in P. obscurus, are generally more or less clouded
with dusky, seldom quite white. In some specimens the whole of the under wing-
coverts and a.Killaries are dark dusky brown. The under tail-coverts are generally
wholly dark, but sometimes approach those of P. obscurus in the amount of whitish
near the belly. The lores are dark, only white on their lower portion, the ear-coverts
dusky, not mottled with whitish, but bordered with white on their lower margin, the
line between the white and the brownish slate-colour being generally more sharply
defined than in P. obscurus, and very distinctly more marked than in P. auduboni.
The dusky colour does not at all encroach upon the sides of the chest, which
are purely white.
The most obvious differences between P. subalaris and P. auduboni are the
dusky clouding on the flanks, under wing-coverts and axillaries, and the more purely
dark under tuil-covei-ts, which have always less white than in P. auduboni.
We have received P. subalaris from Culpepper, Wenman, Albemarle, Narborough,
Jervis and Kicker llock, near Chatham Island. The '' bill is black above, bluish slate
/
( 19fi )
below, feet bluish white, tlic outer toe black, tarsi bhiish white, blackish along the
back and on the lower portion of the outside. Iris light blue."
During the last days of July a great many eggs were found on Culpepper
Island in holes under rocks, among sea-weeds. The number of eggs is only one.
They are pure white, without gloss but smooth; if held against the light they look
either almost jiure white or light green. They measure 54 by 35, o'io by 35,
47 by 34'5 mm., and so on.
'/. Puffinus obscurus bailloni P>p.
Piiffinua Ixiillmii, Bonaparte mCnmpt. Heml. Ac. &-. XLI. p. 8, tabl. XI. Longip. p. 23, sp. 80(1850);
id. Comp. Ai: II. p. '>i)b (18.i7).
Puffinus obscurus of many authors from the .\tlantic Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion.
J\Wtris ijamii (non Bonaparte), Hartlaub, Minhniitscii; p. 84 (exelus. .Synon.).
Puffinus ass-imllls (non Gould !), Salvin, Oil. H. Brit, .\liis. XXV. p. 384 (partim : specimens a to w).
(?) Puffinus f/.;/ans, Giglioli i- Salvadori in Ihis, 186y, p. C8 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Brit, .l/iis. XXV. p. 385
(literature) ; id. in Rowley's Om. Misc. I. p. 256, PI. XXXIV.
This form seems to be found round the coasts of Africa, from Madeira (Desertas,
Porto .Santo), the Canary Islands, the Cape Verd Islands, round the Cape of Good
Hope to Madagascar, the .Seychelles, Mauritius, etc. If the former should be
found to be separable, they would require a new uame. We cannot, however, witli
the meagre material available, discover any differences constant enough for the
separation of the Atlantic form from that of the Seychelles (etc.).
P. bailloni is most poorly diagnosed, but in the words " nigro-plumbeus "
(sc. supra) used by Bouaparte for his P. nmja.i: (ex Australia) and " nigricans "
(sc. supra) for his P. bailloni (ex Insula Frauciae), together witli the locality,
sufficient reason may be found to accept bailloni rather than create a uame for the
bird under consideration.
P. elegans, shot at lat. 43" 54' S., long. 9' 20' E., may be the young of y'. bailloni.
AVe have still to ask "Quid Procellaria muntla Kuhl?"as Bouaparte did in
1857, Giglioli & Salvadori in 1809. In Vol. XXV. of the Catalogue of Birds,
where one would have expected an explanation, we do not find this name even
mentioned, nor one or two other hitherto unidentified Prorcllnriidae.
P. builloni differs very little from P. obscurus and our forms a, b, c. There is,
however, generally a distinctly pronounced bluish tint above, more slaty, not so
brown as in a, b, c, but the birds arc mostly not quite so bluish as P. assimilis.
Tlie sides of the head are not sharply separated in black and white, as in P. subalaris,
but more or less mottled, the demarcation line between the two colours being not
very well defined. Sides of chest with dusky patch, as in forms a and b. Under
tail-coverts variable, sometimes almost or pure white, sometimes with as much
dusky black as in forms a and b. The bill is slightly shorter than in /'. olMcurus.
The inner webs of tlie i.rimaries are paler than in a, b, c, sometimes not much so,
but often nearly as light, but not quite so clear white, and the colours evidently not
so sharjjly defined as in /'. assimilis.
There is nothing peculiar in the distribution of /'. builloni as accepted here,
petrels of course, in spite of their pelagic life, being Ijound to coasts and islands for
nesting purpo.ses, and seldom being seen far away from laud. (Jn the other hand,
further studies are required to confirm — as we hojic — our present view on these
forms.
( 197 )
e. Puffinns obscurus assimilis Gould.
Puffinm assimilis, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837. p. 156 ; id. Birds Ai(stralia,Yn. PI. LIX. (1848);
Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXT. p. 384 (partim, specimens 2 to rf').
P. niigii.e, Bonaparte Consp. Ar. II. p. '205 (1857) {ex Solander M.S.).
This form inhabits the New Zealand and Australian seas; but we do not yet
know exactly where its limits are in the north, towards the seas inhabited by the
true P. obscurus. The forehead is very light. Its under tail-coverts are invariably-
pure white. The outer webs and about 3 or 4 mm. of the inner webs of the first
jirimaries are dark, the rest of the inner web mostly pure white, this colour sharply
defined against the blackish brown. Above with a rather bluish tint. Sides of
head as in P. bailloni. This form is very distinct, and we have before us twenty
skins from the New Zealand seas.
In the literature on all these forms we find the most correct remarks from
Messrs. Finsch & Hartlanb, but unfortunately they applied the name P. obscurus
to the Atlantic and Indian Ocean form, mistaking Christmas Island near the
Fanning group for Christmas Island south of Java! The want of knowledge or
scarcity of wit shown in using names which are already used elsewhere for islands,
towns or lands, have often caused similar errors. The American writers (Ridgway
chiefly) have also distinguished between the various forms of these Pu/fiiii, but they
have never given a review including all of them. Salvdn's treatment in the
Catalogue of Birds cannot be followed in our opinion. The distribution he ascribes
to P. assimilis — viz. Australian and New Zealand seas and North Atlantic Ocean,
while he allows P. obscurus to occur between these countries, at Bourbon, the
Seychelles, and again on the coasts of Great Britain, the West Indies and Pacific
Ocean — would be a most peculiar one. The material in the British Museum does
seem to lead to Salviu's view, but we are not prepared to accept it. While the
skins from near Madeira and the Canary Islands in the British Museum have a
great deal of white on the inner webs of the primaries and most closely resemble
the true P. assimilis, we du uot think that they agree in all the characters alluded
to above, and we have some from the Canary Islands which are so dark on the
inner webs of the primaries that they would be better united with P. obscurus than
with P. assi^nilis, while those from the Cape Verd group are all much darker on
the primaries than any P. assimilis. Those from the Madagascar region (lieunion,
etc.), are more like P. obscurus than like P. assimilis, but we think they belong to
neither of the two forms strictly, and we have provisionally united with them the
North Atlantic form (see anted).
f. Puffinus auricularis Townsend,
of which we have received an adult female caught by K. H. Beck in the Pacific
Ocean at lat. 2V 10', long, ll.j 38', differs from all these forms at a glance by its
much larger size.
y. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues,
of which we have in the Tring Museum a tine adult male from Monterey, California,
is still much larger than P. auricularis, and the axillaries are blackish towards their
tips and tipped narrowly with white.
These two latter forms we consider worthy of specific rank, while all the others
cannot be looked upon as more than slightly separated subspecies.
U
( 198 )
Genus AESTRELATA Bp.
Aestrehtti, Bonaparte, Comp. Av. II. p. 188 (1856).
Almost cosmopolitan (pelagic).
1. Aestrelata phaeopygia Sal v.
OeKtrildlapJmmpi/gia, Salvin in Trans. Zool. Stic Lvml. IX. p. 507 (1876), PI. LXXXVIII. figs. 1,3;
Wilson, -Ira Hamiiieiiscs, Part V. (1894); SaWin, dit. B. Brit. .I/u.s. XXV. p. 407 (1896).
,1 psirrhild phaeopygia, Ridgway in Prac. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 648.
This species is oiilj- known from the Galapagos Archii)elago, bnt according to
Salviu the specimens described under the name of .{€■■<( rclata .fiimhricliensis from
the Sandwich Islands (Ridgway in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Water Birds A.
Amer. II. p. 395 (1884) are not separable from it, while Ridgway, after first uniting
them, is now donbtfnl abont their identity.
We have received Ae. phaeoptjgia from Albemarle, Wenman, and Indefatigable
Islands, and from between Barrington and Indefatigable Islands. It is also on
record from Charles Island. An adult male caught off Wenman, on August 3rd,
1807, hail a length of 15-50 in., an extent of 39-50 in. " The bill is black, feet light
bluish flesh colour, lower portion about half of webs and toes black, this colour
extending along tlie outer toe and one fourth of an inch up on the tarsus. Iris
brown."
Genus OCEANODROMA Rchb.
Oceiiiimiroma, Reichenbach, .S'ys/. Ar. p. 4 (1852).
I. Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (Ridgw.).
Ciimnchmra eri/jitoleucurri, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. iVc/. .Uiis. IV. p. 337 (188-2j.
Ocea/mdroma cryptoleucura, Townsend in Bull Mii.i. Com/). Ziml. XXVII. p. 125 ; Wilson, Ares
Hamiiiemes, Pt. IV. plate and text (1893); Rothschild. Arifumm of Laysnii, pt. I. p. 63 (1893);
Salvin, Oit. B. Brit. Mm. XXV. 350.
This petrel was for the first time described from Kauai, one of the Sandwich
Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, and Mr. Townsend procured it off AVenman
Island and off Albemarle Island. We liave no skins whatever from the Galapagos
group of islands. This petrel is also found in the Atlantic Ocean from .St. Helena
to Madeira, and on the Cape Verd Islands. A comparison of a larger material
from the Hawaiian, Galapagos, and Atlantic islands is desirable, as it is nuite
possible that some slight difl'erences between specimens from the various oceans
might be found.
Genus OCEANITES Keys. & Bias.
Oceiiiiites, Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbellh. Europ. II. p. .\ciii. (1840).
Seas of greater part of world.
1. Oceanites gracilis (Elliot).
Tlialiissidruma gracilis, Elliot iu iliii, p. 391 (l«rj9).
Oceanites gracilis, Ridgway in Proc. I'.S. Xat. Mus. XIX. p. 658 ; Salvin, Cat. B. liril. Miis. XXV.
p. .361
The greyish white edges to the greater wing-coverts, white middle of abdomen,
entirely difterent dimensions, and other characters, serve to distinguish this species
( 199 )
at a glance from 0. oceanicus. It is so far ouly knowu from the coast of Chili aud
the Galapagos Archipelago, where it evidently breeds. We have a large series from
Albemarle, Narborough, Chatham, James, (!harles, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands,
and the snrronnding waters. It was generally observed more frequently in the
southern portion of the archipelago than Procellaria tethy.i, and rarely farther from
shore than abont one mile.
Genus PROCELLARIA L.
Procellaria, Linnaeus, Syat. Nat. ed. 10, I. p. 131 (1758).
Atlantic Ocean and Galapagos Archipelago.
(The genera ProceUaria, Ikiloci/pfena, and Oceanotlroma are so closely allied
that they hardly require generic separation, but the characters mentioned in Cat. B.
Brit. Mm. XXV. p. 343 can serve to distinguish them.)
1. Procellaria tethys Bp.
ProceUariii tethys, Bonaparte in ./. f. Oni. p. 47 (1S53), and in Oniipt. Rend. XXXVIII. p. 662
(1864) ; (,p. rit. XLII. fig. 769 (1856) ; Salvin in Trims. Znnl. Sor. Loml. IX. p. 507,
PI. LXXXVIII. ag. 2 (1876) ; Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLX. p. 656 ; Salyin, Cut. B.
Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 346.
This little petrel is only known from the Galapagos Archipelago aud contiguous
waters. Townsend found it at lat. 4 2'Z' north, long. 82 32' west, and about 4i)()
and ()i)0 miles east of the Galapagos Islands. We have received it from the sea
round Wenman, Culpepper, Albemarle, aud Tower Islands. It was seen far more
abundant in the northern portion of the archijielago and generally far out to sea.
Genus SPHENISCUS Briss.
Spheiiiscus, Brisson, Oni. VI. p. 96 (1760).
Southern seas, north to the Galapagos Islands and South Brazil.
1. Spheniscus mendiculus Snnd.
Slihenixciis mendinihis, Sundevall in Proi:. Zovl. .s'oc. pp. 126, 129 (1871); Salvin in Tnmx. Zo'd. S'ic.
IX. p. 508, PI. LXXXIX.: Wolf, Brsucli. a. d. Gnlupagos his. p. 42 (1879) ; Ridgway in Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. XIX. p. 660 ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 653 (1898).
Nearest to S. maffellanicus, but with longer and more slender bill, and smaller
in size, (^'hin and upper part of the throat white ; superciliary line narrower ; the
flippers have no trace of a wliite margin on the inner edge ; the dusky band across
the fore-neck is not well defined.
The plumage of the adult bird is well described by the authors (juoted above.
The female differs from the male at a glance in being much smaller. The immature
bird has no white superciliary line, all the area below where it runs in the adult
bird, right across the throat being white, shaded with grey ou the sides of the head.
The foreneck is blackish grey, somewhat mottled with white. The adult bird, in
both sexes, has the iris reddish brown, the bill black, basal two-thirds of mandible
tlesli-colour, feet black, sometimes more or less spotted on the toes or webs with
light pinkish creamy buff, but there is no record or note on any of our labels of a
well-defined orange fore-parts of the webs as shown on the plate in the Transactions
Zool. Soc. IX.
We have received a large series from Albemarle Island, and a few from Duncan
and Brattle.
( 200 )
VI.
LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR ON THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS-
Gknus NESOMIMUS.
! 1. iV. tri/asciatus
I 2. y. macdonaldi .
! 3. y. adamsi . .
! 4. y. melanntis personatus
! 0. y. melaitot/K me/a/iotis
! (J. y. melfoiotis carrinytoni
! 7. N. melanotis hulli
! 8. N. melanotis bauri
I 9. N. melanotis hinrlloei
! In. y. parculiis paretilus
1 11. y. par culm allinis
Gardner, near Cliarles Island (formerly
Charles).
Hood aud Gardner near Hood Island.
Gliatham Island.
Abingdon Island.
Indefatigable, Jervis, James, Weuman
Islands.
Barrington Island.
Culpepper Island.
Tower Island.
Bindloe Island.
Albemarle Island.
Narborough Island.
(?I)12. D. aureola
Gknus DENDROICA.
. All islands.
(201 )
Genus CERTHIDEA.
! 13. C. olivacea olivacea
1 14. C. olivacea luteola
115. C. olivacea ridgwayi
! 1 6. C. olivacea becki .
1 17. C. olivacea drownei
! 18. C. olivacea mentalis
! 19. C. olivacea fusca
! 20. C. cinerascens cinerascens
! 21. C. cinerascens bi/asciata
Central group.
Chatham Island.
Charles Island.
Wenman Island.
Cnlpepi)er Island.
Tower Island.
Abingdon and Biudloe Islands.
Hood Lsland.
Barrington Island.
! 22. P. concolor .
Genus PROGNE.
. Most islands.
Genus HIRUNDO.
23. //. rustica erythrogastra . . (Migrant).
Genus GEOSPIZA.
* 124.
!25.
126.
!27.
128.
!29.
• 1 30.
* ! 31.
!32.
! 33.
!34.
! 35.
! 36.
I 37.
! 38.
! 39.
! 40.
* !41.
* ! 42.
!43.
144.
!45.
! 46.
!47.
148.
149.
!50.
• ! 51.
! 52.
G. magnirostris .
G. strenua .
G. (larwini .
G. conirostris conirostris
G. conirostris brevirosfris
G. conirostris propinqua
G. conirostris snbsp. ?
G. conirostris subsp. ?
G. dubia dtibia .
G. dubia alhemarlei
G. dubia bauri
G. dubia simillima
G. fortis fortis .
G.fortis fratercula
(j.fuliginosn faliginosn
G.fuliginosa minor
G. acutirosU'is
G. dentirostris
G. sp. inc. .
G. scandens scandens .
G. scandens intermedia
G. scandens fatigata .
G. scandens abingdoni
G. scandens septentrionalis
G. pallida .
G. crassirostris .
G. psittacula psittacula
G. psittacula townsendi
G. ajfinis .
? Charles Island.
Most islands.
Culpepper Island.
Hood Island.
Charles Island.
Tower Island.
Culpepper Island.
Indefatigable Island.
Chatham (Barrington, Dnncan ?).
Albemarle, Narborongh Islands.
James Island.
Charles Island.
Most central and southern islands.
Abingdon and Bindloo Islands.
Central and southern islands.
Abingdon, Bindloe Islands.
Tower Island.
? Charles Island.
Chatham Island.
James Island.
Charles Island.
Central group.
Abingdon, Bindloe Islands.
Wenman, Culpepper Islands.
Central group.
Most islands.
Most central islands.
Charles Island.
Albemarle, Narborongh Islands.
! 53. a. i/irrrtfi .
! 54. G. haheli
I 55. G. patijjcra .
! 56. G. salvini .
! 57. G. pro.sthemelas
58. 7^. onjzirorus
! .")'.>. .1/ magnirostris
! 60. P. nanus .
! 01. P. (lubiits .
( 202 )
. James Island, ? Duncan Island.
. Abingdon, I'.indloe Islands.
. Charles Island.
. ("liathain Island.
. Most islands.
Genus DOLICHONYX.
. Irregular visitor.
Gknus MYIARCHUS.
. All islands.
Genus PYROCEPHALUS.
. Nearly the whole group.
. Chatham Island.
Genus CJOCCYZUS.
6".;. G. melanocori/phus . . . ? Visitor (several islands).
Genus BUTEO.
! 03. Ji. gahipayoensis . . . Generally distributed.
Genus STRIX.
! 04. S. punctatissima .... Probably several islands. (Not found
recently.)
Genus ASIO.
! 6."). A. giiliipnyDi'nsh . . . Generally distril>uti'd.
06. F. aqiiila
Genus FREG.\TA.
. (Sea-bird. Hrceding.)
Genus PELECANUS.
67. P.fiiscus californicus . . . (Sea-bird. Breeding.)
Genus SULA.
68. -S'. ))isc(itrix websteri . . . (Sea-bird. Breeding.)
(?!) 69. S. raricgnta .... (Sea-bird. Breeding.)
70. S. nebouxi (Sea-bird. Breeding.)
* 71. S. brewsteri .... (Occurrence doubtl'nl.)
Genus PHALACROCORAX.
1 72. P. hurrisi ..... Narborongh Island.
73. P. aethereiis
74. A. herodias.
7.5. //. cgretta .
! 76. B. piumbeus
77. N. violacea .
78. P. ruber .
( 20.3 )
Genus PHAETHON.
. (Sea-bird. Breeding.)
Genus ARDEA.
. Breeds on several islands.
Genus HERO D1 AS.
. Albemarle Island.
Genus BUTORIDES.
. Generally distributed.
Genus NYCTANASSA.
. Generally distributed.
Genus PHOENICOPTERUS.
. Most islands. Breeding on 2 or 3 islands.
Genus POECILONETTA.
! 70. P. bnhamensis galapagensis . Generally distributed.
Genus QUERQUEDULA.
* 80. Q. versicolor .... (Once, ace. to Snndevall.)
Genus NESOPELIA.
! 81. N. ynlapiigoensis galapagoe7isis . Nearly the whole group.
! 82. AT. giilapagocnsis exsul . . Wonman, fJulpepper Islands.
1 83. C. spilonottis
! 84. C. sharpei .
85. G. galeata
Genus CRECISCUS.
. James Island.
. Indefatigable Island.
Genus GALLINULA.
. (Occasional.)
Genus HAEMATOPUS.
86. //. gulapagensis .... Most islands.
Genus AEGIALITIS.
87. A. semipulmata .... (Migrant.)
88. C. arenari
Genus CALIDRIS.
. (Migrant.)
89. A. interpres
9U. S. sqwitarola
Itl. //. ktirdi
92. T. mhvitillu
93. //. incanuH
94. //. solitarias
95. N. hudsonicus
06. If. mcxicamis
! 97. L.fuliginosus
! 98. A./urcata
99. S.fuliginosa
( 204 )
Genus ARENARIA.
. (Migrant.)
Genus SQUATAROLA.
. (Migrant.)
Genus HETEROPYGIA.
. (Migrant.)
Genus TRINGA.
. (Migrant.)
Genus HETERACTITIS.
. (Migrant.)
Genus HELODROMAS.
. (Migrant.)
Genus NUMENIUS.
. (Migrant.)
Genus HIMANTOPUS.
. Several of tlie islands.
Genus LARUS.
. Generally distributed.
Genus XEMA.
. Generally (lisfril)uk'il anil on Oocos Island.
Genus STERNA.
. Wenman, Cnlpepper. (Breeding.)
Genus ANGUS.
! ImO. a. Htolidus galapagensis . . Generally distributed.
Genus STER(J0RAHIUS.
101. S. pomannu.i .... (Accidental.)
( 205 )
Genus DIOMEDEA.
'.WZ. D.irrorata Hood Island.
Genus PUFFINUS.
! 103. P. ohscurus snbalaris . . . Generally distributed.
Genus AESTRELATA.
104. A. phaeopygia .... Sea-bird. Probably most islands.
Genus OCEANODROMA.
lU5. 0. cri/ptoleuciira , . . Procured once.
! 106. O. gracilis Most islands and coast of Cliili.
Genus PROCELLAEIA.
I 106. P. tethys Near most islands.
Genus SPHENISCUS.
I 108. S. mendieulus .... Most islands.
In this list the forms which are only known from the Galapagos Islands and
the sea close by, are marked with a !, those which are of doubtful validity or of
doubtfnl occurrence are marked with a *. The exact distribution in the archijjelago
is given where it is of special interest. For details the discussion on the diiferent
species may be consulted.
( 206 )
ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. MEEK ON ST. AIGNAN
ISLAND IN THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO.
By ERNST HARTERT.
IN Vol. V. of this Journal, pp. 521 — 532, 1 have given a list of the liirds collected
liy Mr. Albert Meek on Sndest Island, and on ]ip. 70 — 84 of this volnme a list
of those found on Kossel Island in the same archipelago. From Sudest Island I
was able to enumerate 42 species and subspecies ; from Rossel 3(5. The present list
of St. Aignau will show that the ornis differs in many cases from that of the other
islands of the group.
Although it is possible that a few species of birds are overlooked on St. Aignan,
there can l>e no doubt that we may now claim to possess a very good knowledge of
the ornis of St. Aignan as well as of that of Rossel and Sudest Islands.
St. Aignan, or Misima, as its proper native name is, lies north-west of Tagnla
or Sudest Island. It is long and narrow, and about 2.5 miles long from east to west,
and the high mountains, rising to about 3300 feet, are thickly covered with forest.
The island is inhabited by friendly natives, and recently by some gold-diggers, who
by very hard work are able to make some money.
Our previous knowledge of birds from Misima (St. Aignan) is very scant_y. The
" Rattlesnake " did not visit it. Canon Tristram, in the Ibis for ls9'J, described
Cinmjris christianae from St. Aignan, and mentioned a few other species. In 1892,
in an official Report, Mr. De Vis mentions ^'■Monarcha guttidatiis" "M. chalyheo-
ci'pkalus" "Pachjcejiliala melanura " (my P. i-osseliana), and Mi/zomela nigrita as
being found in Misima.
In another such Report, for 1889, the following species were mentioned : —
Lorius In/pocnochrous (not sent by Meek), Halcyon sanctus, Em-ystomus crassirostris,
Collocalin jMiplinga, f Rhipidara setosa (my Rh. s. nigromentalis), Lulage hnru,
Myzometa nigrita, Calornis metallica, Ptilopus rirolii (recte Ptiliuopus stropliium .'),
? Macropygia nigrirostris (J/, doreya cunctata subsp. nov.).
Mr. Meek sent 64 species and the nests and eggs of some of them.
1. Corvus orru Bp.
One inale. " Iris dirty white." Wing 337 mm.
2. Calornis metallica (Temm.).
Two males and a female, shot in August and September, are in splendid
plumage. 'l\^& female is coloured like the male, but a little smaller.
These birds breed, as we know, in holes of trees. Mr. Meek sent several
clutches, consisting of three eggs each, but he does not say if this is the full
number. The eggs are like those of the same species from Queensland and the
Trobriand Islands.
3. Aplonis cantoroides (CJray).
St. Aignan and " small island off St. Aignan," September and December 1807.
The male does not differ from the female, except that the latter is distinctly smaller.
( 207 )
The iris in the adult birds, as well as in the young ones, is described nn the labels as
" orange " or " cadmium," the bill and feet as " black."
These birds breed also in holes of trees, like Cnlornis. The eggs closely
resemble those of Calornis metallica, but the three before me are slightly paler and
the brown spots darker and somewhat more defined, also generally not so large.
These differences may be individual or have specific value. The three eggs of
Aplon/s ciinfO)-oi(k's before me measure 26-5 by SiO, 27 by 20-2, and 28 by 18'5 mm.
No statement is made whether they belong to one clutch or not.
4. Pachycephala rosseliana Hart.
Descr. origin in Bull. B. 0. Club, Oct. Meeting, 1808 (no. LVI.), p. 8 ; descr.
accur. in Nov. Zool. VI. p. 76 (anted).
A good series from St. Aignan. These birds are not separable from those from
Rossel Island, whence it was originally received and described.
Several nests were found in November and December 1897. They are built of
small twiglets and stems of weeds, strongly interwoven and outside more or less
covered with dead and sometimes almost decayed leaves, inside only lined with
rootlets and tiny twiglets. They stand in bushes, and are somewhat flat, the cup
being only about 3 cm. deep. They measure outside about 8 to 12 cm. across, the
cup about 0 to 7 cm. across. Mr. Meek sent four nests and sLx eggs. Unfortunately
they are not so labelled as to show how many and which belong to one nest, but
two and two belong evidently together, so that each nest seemed to contain only two
eggs. The eggs are rather short and thick, and may be called " short ovate." They
somewhat resemble tlie waxwing's eggs in colour, being vinaceous buff, or very jiale
greyish vinaceous, and frequently spotted with dark liver brown and underlying
pale purplish grey or " mauve " patches. They measure 25 by 13-3, 23-6 by 14-8,
23'5 by 14-(') mm.
5. Edoliosoma amboinense tagulanum Hart.
See Nov. Zool. V. p. 524, where this form is described from Sudest Island.
There are now before me four males and two females from St. Aiguan. They
seem to belong to the same form as the Sudest bird, but i)i& females are rather
lighter, and one of the males has the outer margins of the outer webs of the
secondaries lighter, another has the throat darker, more Ijlackish. Only two males
and one. female having been sent from Sudest Island, a larger material would be
welcome, but I do not think that the Sudest and St. Aignan birds will be separable.
This form closely resembles E. a. tenuirostre, but the male is darker, more
bluish.
6. Lalage karu (subsp. ?).
See Nov. Zool. V. p. 524 (1898), where I discussed several forms of Lalage karu,
and mentioned that the specimens from St. Aignan were very similar to L. haru hum,
bnt seemed to be generally paler on the abdomen.
7. Graucalus melanops (Lath.).
One adult male and several /(;/«<( /cs and immature males. " Iris dark brown."
( 208 )
8. Monarcha inornatus (Gum.).
Evidently not rare on 8t. Aiguau.
9. Monarcha chalybeocephalus lucidus (Gray).
Monarcha chaliiheocephalus is evidently .separable into several snbspecies : —
a. Monarcha chalybeocephalus chalybeocephalus (Gam.).
T)-pe from New Ireland. Probably extending all over New Guinea to the
D'Entrecasteanx Islands. Specimens from the latter, however, seem often to have
rather large beaks, thus pointing towards M. c. lucidus.
b. Monarcha chalybeocephalus nitens (Gray) ? ?
Specimens from the northern Moluccas, Batjau, and Halmabera, seem to be
trenerally siuallor than tj'jiical JA c. chali/beocrphnlus, bnt a large material slioiild bo
examined before " nitens " can be established as a valid form.
c. Monarcha chalybeocephalus lucidus (Gray).
Lonisiade Archipelago — Sudest and St. Aiguan. The bill is decidedly larger in
both sexes in this form.
'I. Monarcha chalybeocephalus nitidus (Gould).
The bill is much narrower and less hooked in the birds from Qneensland, and
the females have the hindneck somewhat darker.
e. Monarcha chalybeocephalus rufolateralis ((iray) ? ?
The birds from the Am Islands have been united by Sharpe and Salvadori with
M. c. nitidus of Qneensland. They seem to me to stand somewhat between J/, r. nitidus
and M. c. chahjbeocephalus in the form of the bill, and Va.e female may be still darker
on the back than that of either of the other two forms, but the Am birds are
doubtless nearer to if. c. nitidus, and more material is required to establisli its
validity as a separate form.
M. Monarcha melanopterus (J ray.
Of. Nov. ZooL. VI. p. 78 {antca).
Of this rare bird Meek sent four males and o\\& female from St. Aignan. These
birds agree with those from Rossel Island and the type from Round Island in the
British Museum. The male has the " iris brown, feet and bill bluish slate-colonr" ;
the female has the " bill bluish slate-colonr witli a black tip."
A nest and one egg were found on St. Aignan. The nest is fixed in a fork of a twig,
has a deep cup, and is composed of grasses, fibres, and rootlets, lined with grasses
and fibres, and covered outside with pieces of bark, dry leaves, and silk from cocoons.
The egg is like tliat of the following species, bnt very much smaller, measuring only
19-8 by 12-r mm.
11. Monarcha guttula (Gam.).
Monarcha guttatus (orrorc) in Nov. Zoul. V. p. .525, Monarcha i/uttulatus
Salvadori, Orn. Pap. II. p. 22, sed Muscicapa guttula Garnot in 1 'o>j. Co<juille Zool-
I. p. 591, tab. 16, fig. 2, (descr. origin.), itaqne nunc : Monarcha guttula I
( 209 )
Specimens from St. Aignan agree with those from other countries. Their bills
are certainly not smaller.
Two eggs from St. Aiguan are creamy white, thickly covered with brownish red
spots and some deeper-lying mauve spots. They measure i2r6 by lo'S and 22 by
15-5 mm. (cf. Nov. Zool. III. p. 242).
12. Rhipidura setosa nigromentalis Hart.
Cf. Nov. Zool. V. p. 526.
A good series from St. Aiguan bears out the characters mentioned I.e. An
immature specimen has rusty buff tips to the wing-coverts, feathers of the rump and
upper tail-coverts.
13. Rhipidura louisiadensis Hart.
Cf. antea, p. 78, where I described this new species from Rossel Island. A
series from St. Aignan agrees perfectly with the Rossel specimens.
An egg belonging to this species agrees with those described above (p. 79), and
measures IT'S by 14 mm.
14. Myiagra plumbea Vig. & Horsf.
Evidently not rare on St. Aignan Island. The adult malra are giants, the
wing of one measuring 83 mm., that of the other 81 mm., while tliose of adult males
from Rossel Island have the wings only 73, 75, and 76 mm. in length. I find,
however, no differences between the Jemales from the two islands.
16. Myiagra nupta Hart.
Myiagra nupta sp. nov. in Nov. ZooL. V. p. 526, Rossel Island.
We have received three specimens of this new species from St. Aignan. Two
are adult males. They agree with the type, except that they are somewhat larger,
their wings measuring 90 and 91 mm., the tails 79 and 82 mm. The third is a young
male. It resembles the female (descr. I.e.), but the chest is darker, and some steel-
blue feathers make their appearance.
10. Gerygone rosseliana onerosa subsp. nov.
S ad. Upperside greenish olive, not so much greenish and more brown than iu
G. rosseliana rosseliana. Rectrices olive brown, crossed by a black bar, about
8 mm. iu width, and about 7 mm. from the tip. Hardly an indication of a lighter
spot on the tip of the inner web. Underside brownish buff, with an indication of a
yellow wash darker on the sides and chest, lightest on the middle of the abdomen,
almost white on the throat. " Bill black, feet dark brown, iris brown." Total length
of type (in skin) about llM, wing 58, tail 47, tarsus 18, exposed portion of culmen
11 mm. Besides the tyj)e there is one female, and another specimen marked
"male," but I am of ojiiuion that it is also & female. The vcsX female differs
from the male in being a shade paler above and smaller. It measures as follows : —
Wing 55, tail 43, bill 10 mm. The other specimen, which I consider to be also a
female, has the wing 55, tail 43, bill lU-3 mm. in length.
This form dilfe rs from G. rosseliana rosseliana (antea, p. 79) in being larger,
almost without yellow below, where it is brownish, not yellow, and in being slightly
browner, not so greenish on the upperside. The two forms are evidently repre-
sentative subspecies.
( 210 )
17. Myzomela pallidior Hart.
Descr. origiu. in Ball. B. 0. Cluh, Xo. LVIIl. p. 21, December meetiug, 1898.
This interesting species resembles tbe female of M. alhignla Hart. (ef. antea,
p. 79) from Hossel Island, but it is slightly more brownish above, lighter and more
brownish below, the breast is not so dark and hardly in contrast witli the abdomen.
There are indistinct red tips to the feathers of the forehead and crown. The red
streak along the middle of the throat is very distinct in the adult male, but
apparently indistinct in the female. The female does not differ from the male in
coloration, but is very much smaller. The males measure : — Wing 72 — 74, tail
57—61), tarsus about 20, exposed portion of culmen about 18 — 19 mm. Ihefemak
measures : — Wing about 67 (rather worn), tail 51 or 52, tarsus 19, culmen 18-5 mm.
" Iris brown, bill black, feet bluish slate-colour."
This bird seems not to be rare on St. Aignan, a good series of Tnales and a
female having been sent.
18. Myzomela nigrita louisiadensis Hart.
Cf Nov. ZooL. V. p. 527, where this form is described from Sudest Island.
Four males and one female from St. Aignan do not differ from the typical birds
from Sudest Island.
19. Zosterops aignani sp. aut subsp. nov.
Similar to Z. pallidijics Vis {(lutci, p. 80), but differs in being smaller, in
being lighter above, lighter and more yellow below, and in having the feet and legs
of a dark, brownish black colour, and the bill not blackish brown, but ])alc olive
brown (in skin). " The iris is light brown, the feet smoky brown, blackish, or slate
colour, the bill flesh-colour, tinted with brown, or very light brown " (Meek). In
Z. palUdipes the iris is said to be "brown, the feet dark dirty yellow, the bill above
dark brown." Z. aignani is evidently closely allied to Z. palUdipes, and perhaps
only a subspecies of the latter, though very distinct. The coloration of the feet
and the smaller size are very evident even in skins. Z. aiynani lias the following
measurements : — $ : Wing 62'5 — 64, tail 46, exposed portion of culmen 13 — 14,
tarsus about 18 mm. ? : Wing 01-5 — 62, tail about 46, culmen 13—14, tarsus
about 18 mm.
A number of nests and eggs are sent. The nests hang in the fork of a twig,
and are loosely woven together of rootlets, fibres and fine grasses, not specially
lined, but sparsely covered outside with small pieces of wool, bark or parts of insects'
cocoons. The eggs are very pale blue, without gloss and without markings. They
measure 19 by 13, 17-3 by 13-3, 190 by 131, 18 by 14 or 19 by 13-1 mm.
This Zosterops seems to represent Z. palUdipes, from which it is quite distinct,
on St. Aignan.
Z. griseilincta (Gray in I'roc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 175, Cat. B. Brit. Mas.
IX. p. 189), from an unknown island in the Louisiadc grouii, differs very much
from Z. aignani, being much more coloured like Z. pallidijies. It diflers from Z.
palUdipes in being paler on the flanks and abdomen, the tarsus is about I or 2 mm.
shorter, and the feet are probably blackish in life, although this is not to be seen
with certainty in the skin. I believe, therefore, that Z. griseilincta is a third form,
probably from Teste or one of the other small islands. As Macgillivray, its
( an )
discoverer, did not land on St. Aignan, it cannot be the St. Aiguaii form, and for the
reasons given above I do not thiuk that it is Z. pallidipes.
20. Cinnyris christianae Tristr.
This snn-bird, which we have also received from the D'Entrecasteaux IsLands,
and from Sudest Ishind, was first described from St. Aignan, where Meek found it
tolerably common.
21. Dicaeum nitidum Tristr.
This pretty little flowerpecker was first described from Sndest Island, but we
have received also a good series from Rossel {a?ited, p. SO), and St. Aignan. " Ou
the labels the iris is given as " brown," bill and feet as " black."
22. CoUocalia esculenta (L.).
Evidently common, and breeding on St. Aignan. The nests are composed of
small grasses and fibres, fixed to the rocks with saliva, and loosely held together
by the same material. They are all of a light colour. The eggs measure 15'6 by
10-6, 16 by ln-.5, and 16 by lO-O mm.
23. CoUocalia fuciphaga (Thunb.).
Tlie brown swiftlet of St. Aignan is no doubt C. faeipkaga, but it must be said
that they all have the tarsus quite bare, and that they are rather light below.
Specimens from Borneo and Java are generally darker, more smoky on the under-
side, but others from the Philippines and the Timor region are just as light on the
underparts.
The nests of C. fuciphaga, are, as a rule, " edible," i.e., consisting of saliva
alone. Three nests sent from St. Aignan are not at all " edible," being composed of
almost only one kind of long, wiry fibre, of a dark colour, but strongly agglutinated
and fastened to the upper surface of some rocks, vis;., resting uii the rock, not
hanging on the sides of the rock, as CoUocalia-nests usually do.
If we suppose that I had made a mistake in uniting (Cat. B. Brit. Mas.
XVI. p. 498, and Tierreich, No. 1, p. 67), the C. fuciphagff from the islands of
the Malayan and Papuan Islands, then we would be obliged to unite those from the
Timor group of islands with those from the Lonisiades, separating them from the
darker birds from Java, Borneo, etc., which have generally also feathered tarsi. In
the Pliilippine archipelago we find light birds with feathered and with unfeathered
tarsi, while Pacific birds are rather dark below, and small. The nests from Borneo,
Java, and the Timor group are " edible," or interwoven with feathers and bits of
grass, but not entirely built of grass and fibres like those from St. Aignan. Thns
the nest-building habits do not coincide with slight differences of colour. It has been
said that the same s))ecies of swiftlets build very diff'erent nests, but more evidence
is desirable.
It is possible tliat more subspecies can be distinguished than I admitted in
my latest work on the swifts, but more material and exact observations about the
nesting-habits are necessary, and no hasty conclusion should be formed on this
somewhat difficult subject.
The eggs from St. Aignan measure 20-5 by 13-.J, 2o-6 by 13-3, 22-7 by 14, 22
by 14, l«-7 by 13-7 mm.
( 212 )
24. Eurystomus crassirostris Scl.
Both sexes iu good plumage.
25. Merops omatus Lath.
Common. In good phimage by the end of Angust.
20. Halcyon saurophaga fiould.
Evidently common on St. Aiguan Island. '• Iris brown, feet dark slate-colour,
bill black, whitish at the base of the mandible."
Eggs were found on December 5th. They are short oval, white, with very little
gloss, and measure 27 by 2:3 and 28-5 by 23 mm.
27. Halcyon sordida colonus Hart.
There is a very fine series of this bird from St. Aignan. It had also been
received from Rossel Island {anted,, p. 81).
There is a great amonnt of variation in this subspecies. The male is above less
greenish olive and more bluish green, the wings are more bine outside, and the bill
generally, but not always, larger. A young male has a very short bill, narrow black
edges to the tips of the feathers on the sides of the chest, the frontal feathers
margined with rusty buff, the loral patch and the collar rusty bnfF, some of the
win^-coverts tipped with buff, the under wing-coverts, sides of the breast and of
the abdomen tinged with buff. '\\'iug in males 89—93, in females 86—93 mm.
" The iris is dark brown, the feet dark slate-colour, the bill black, whitish towards
the base of the mandible."
28. Halcyon sancta Vig. & Hnrsf.
Common on St. Aignan.
29. Halcyon macleayi Jard. & Selby.
Common on St. Aignan.
3n. Alcedo ispida moluccana Less.
Common on St. Aiguan. (See Nov. Zool. V. ji. 529, anted,, p. 81.)
31. Urodynamis taitiensis (Sparrm).
One male (?) was shot on St. Aignan on September lUth, 1897. " The iris is
dark yellow, feet black, bill brown."
This occurrence extends the area of distribution of this species.
32. Chrysococcyx plagosus (Lath.).
One. female, ^t. Aignan, August 28th, 1897. "Iris light hazel, foot and bill
black."
33. Nasiterna pusio Scl.
A fine series from St. Aignan, like those from Sudost. (Nov. Zool. V. p. 531.)
( 213 )
34. Geoffroyus aruensis sudestiensis Vis.
A good serie.s of Geq^roi/us from St. Aignan are quite like those from Sudest
Island, while on Rossel Island it is represented by the very different (r. a.
ci/anicarpus. (See Vol. V. p. 531, Vol. VI. ]>. si, loiteii.)
35. Trichoglossus massena 15p.
Not uncommon on St. Aignan. "The iris is bright red, feet dark slate, bill
orange."
36. Cacatua triton trobriandi Finsch.
Five fine skins from St. Aignan agree with those from Fergusson (Nov. ZooL.
III. p. 246), Sndest (Nov. Zool. V. p. 531), and Rossel Island (roUeci, p. 82) in the
shortness of their wings, but the beaks of the adult males are fully as big as they
are in some mules from New Guinea. Nevertheless I think, from what I have
before me now from Fergusson, Sndest, Rossel and St. Aignan, that they all can be
united as one subspecies.
37. Astur etorques (Salvad.).
A fine series of adult and immature males and females. " Iris in all bright
yellow, feet bright orange, cere orange, bill black."
38. Astur poliocephalus (Gray).
Two beautiful adult males. Wings 193 — lUo mm. " Iris plum-colour (?), feet
orange, cere orange, bill black."
35). Ptilinopus strophium Gould.
Common. (See Vol. V. p. b2.)
A number of eggs, two in a clutch, were found in September and December.
The eggs are rather longitudinal and without gloss, measuring 34o by 234,
35 by 24-2, 35-6 by 24-1, 342 by 24 mm., and so on.
4ti. Ptilinopus superbus (Temm.).
Common on St. Aignan.
41. Carpophaga vanwycki Cass.
One adult male, September 11th, lsU7. " Iris red, feet red, bill dark bluish
slate-colonr."
This pigeon was formerly not known to reach so far to the south.
42. Carpophaga salvadorii Tristr.
An adult pair from St. Aignan are like those from Fergusson and Rossel
Islands, excei)t that they are rather deep rosy on the mantle. A young /tv«rtfc has
the head and mantle greyish, the chest grey with vinous edges to the feathers.
43. Carpophaga zoeae (Less).
One male, July 25th, 1897. " Iris yellowisii white, feet dark red, bill dark
slate-colour."
1.5
( 214 ■)
44. Myristicivora spilorrhoa (Oray).
One female seut. Eggs were fonud in imtubers early iu December. Tliey
measure 44 by 31-5, 47o by 33, A'i-^) by 31-0, 48-6 by 31'3 mm.
4.J. Columba albigularis (Bp.).
One/emale. " Iris : inner circle liglit yellow, outer circle darker, feet red."
40. Macropygia doreya cunctata subsj). nov.
(See anted, p. t<3.)
The loug-tailed pigeon from the Lonisiade group RosseJ (type), Sudest, aud
St. Aignan Islands seems nearest to M. doreya cinereiceps, but differs in its
distinctly barred breast and a longer wing, ranging in the adult male as far as
1 TO aud 1 76 mm. The feathers of the hind-neck are widely bordered with metallic
green, the forehead is greyish white, usually more or less stained with brown, the
crown is slaty grey, the under tail-coverts uniform bright rufous.
Young birds have the crown brownish red, the hind-neck barred.
Very common.
Three skins.
47. Chalcophaps chrysochlora Gould.
4,^. Caloenas nicobarica (L.).
49. Megapodius macgillivrayi Gray.
Two females from St. Aignan are a little paler on the back than the three from
Rossel Island mentioned on p. 83.
•">||. Porphyrio smaragdinus Temm.
One male, one fhnale, and one without a label. The female differs from the
male in having the fore-neck, chest and breast uniform purplish blue, while in
the male there is a large blue chest-patch in the middle of the purplish blue
surroundings. The patch of lesser upper wing-coverts is purjilish blue in the
female, light blue in the male. The l)irds being a fully adult pair, it seems to be
certain that these differences are sexual. Two eggs were found, belonging to this
pair, on August 21st, 1897. They are similar to those of other species of Porj>h>/rio,
resembling the eggs of Gallinula, but, of course, larger, though very small for the
size of the birds. They have a fairly strong shell, are very pale brown, marked
with patches and spots of rufous brown, and underlying ones of a kind of jturplish
grey or mauve. They measure 50 by 35 and 49'5 by 34-6 mm.
51. Esacus magnirostris (Vieill.).
Three skins. " Iris in both se.xes chrome yellow, feet greenish slate, bill
black."
52. Haematopus longirostris Vieill.
Ona female. " Iris and bill light red, feet pink."
( 215 )
53. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (Jm.
Common in September and Decembei'.
54. Heteropygia acuminata (Hoisf.).
Two J'cinalcs were shot in December. Their wings measure only 130 and
13 'J mm.
55. Limouites ruficollis (Pall.).
November :iTtli, 1S'.)7.
56. Tringoides hypoleucus (L).
Very common.
57. Heteractitis brevipes (Vieill.).
One 7riak', November 29th, 1897.
58. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).
Shot iu August.
59. Himantopus leucocephalus Gonld.
One/emale. This is apparently adult, but it still has the grey crown.
50. Anas superciliosa Gm.
Oae pair was shot in September.
01. Dupetor nesophilus 8har|ie.
((.'f. Sharpo, Bnl/. B. 0. Club, V. No. XXXI. p. 22 (bS'.io), and Cat. B. Brit.
Mm. XXVI. p. 251. PL III. fig. 1.)
One J'emale, December 28th, 1897. "Iris light I'awii-colonr, feet black, bill
raw umber." Wing 200 mm.
(Of this species we have also received a skin from Expedition Bay, New
Hanover, shot in March lSU7.)
62. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.).
Of this heron we have received adnlt individuals iu grey and in pure white
plumage.
63. Sterna bergii Licht.
One mnle, Decemlier.
Also from Sudest Island, both se.xes, shot in April.
64. Sterna anaetheta Scop.
One male, December.
The followin<:
Louisiiule group :-
( 216 )
birds are now known to inhabit the
three large islands of the
KT. AIGNAN (MlSlMA).
(AiUea, pp. 206—215.)
1.
Corvus orni.
1.
2,
Caliirni.s metullica.
Aplonis canton.iidcs.
2.
• 4.
I'ai'hyceplial.i rosseliana.
3.
• 5.
EdoUosoma amV)oinense tagu-
♦, 4.
lanum.
5.
(i.
Lahigc karu.
• 6.
7.
Graucalus melanops.
7.
X.
Jlonarcha inornatus.
• S.
♦ !l.
M. ( h;ilybco(;ephahis lucidus.
* 9.
•10.
^I. melantiptei'us.
11.
M. guttula.
•10.
•12.
Rhipidura sctosa nigromen-
talis.
• 11.
♦13.
Rh. louisiadensis.
12,
14.
Myiagra plumbea.
13.
ns.
M. nupta.
'*U.
♦16.
Gen-gone rosseliana onerosa.
15.
•17.
Myzoracla piiUidior.
'16.
♦IS.
M. nigrita louisiadensis.
•19.
Zosterops aignani.
17.
20.
C'innyris christianae.
♦18.
•21.
Dicaeum nitiduai. ^
» 19.
22.
CoUocalia esrulenta.
•20.
23!
C. fucipbaga.
24.
Eurystomus crassirostris.
•21.
25.
Merops ornatus.
22.
26.
Halcyon saurophaga.
•23.
27.
H. sordida colonns.
24.
2S.
H. sancta.
♦25.
2il.
H. macleayi.
26.
30.
Alcedo ispida naoluccana.
27.
31.
Urodynamis taitiensis.
2S.
32.
Chry.sococoyx plagosus.
29.
33.
Nasiterna pusio.
30.
34.
Loriiis hypoenocbrous.
•31.
•35.
Geoffroyus anicnsis sudesti-
32.
ensis.
33.
36.
Tricboglossus massena.
34.
37.
Cacatua triton trobriandi.
•35.
38.
Astur etorqucs.
39.
A. poliocephalus.
36.
40.
Ptilinopus superbus.
f*37.
41.
Pt. .stropbium.
38.
42.
Carpophaga vanwycki.
39.
43.
C. .salvadorii.
40.
44.
C. zoeae.
•41.
45.
Myristioivora spilorrhoa.
42.
46.
Coluinba albigularii>.
. 43.
♦47.
Macropygia doreya ciinctata.
44.
iX.
Ciialcopbaps cbrysochlora.
45.
49.
Caloena-s nicobarica.
•46.
•50
Megapodius macgillivrayi.
51
Porpliyrio smaragdinus.
52.
Esacus magnirostris.
53
Haematopns longirostris.
54
C'baradrius dominicas ful\ us.
£5
nctcropygia acniminata.
56
Limonitcs rufiuollis.
57
Tringoidtis liyp()I(Micus.
5S
lieturactitis brovipes.
59
Numenius pliaeopus variega-
tus.
liO
Himantoinis leucoceplialus.
61
Anas supercilio.sii.
62
Dupctor ncsopliilus.
63
Duinicgretta sacra.
61
Sterna bergii.
65
S. anaetbeta.
SUDEST I. (TAGULA).
-532.)
(Vol. V. pp. 521
Manucodia atra.
Chlamydera cerviniventris
(teste De Vis).
Corvus orru.
Chibia carbouaria tlejecta.
Calomis metalUca.
Cracticus louisia<lensis.
Pacliycephala fortis.
r. alberti.
Graucalus hypoleucus louisia-
densis.
EdoUosoma amboinense tagu-
lanum.
Lalage karu.
Monarcba inornatus.
M. melanopsis.
M. chalvbeocephalus lucidus.
M. guttula.
Rhipidura setosa nigromen-
talis.
Myiagra plumbea.
JI. nupta.
Ptilotis notata.
jMyzomt'la nigrita
dens is.
Zosterops meeki.
Cinnyris christianae.
Dicaeun\ nitidum.
CollocaUa fucipbaga.
I'udargus meeki.
Capri mulg us macrurus.
Eurystonms crassirostris.
Merops ornatus.
Alcedo ispida moluccana.
Halcyon sancta.
Cyclopsittacus inscparabilis.
Lorius hypoenocbrous.
Eclectus pectoralis.
Nasiterna pusio.
Geoffroyus aruensis sudesti-
ensis.
, Cacatua triton trobiiandi.
, Ninox goldiei rosseliana.
, Astur etorques (.').
, Ptilinopus superbus.
, Pt. stropbium.
, Macropygia doreya cunctata.
. Myristicivora spilorrhoa.
, Tringoides hypoleucus.
. Sterna bergii.
, tSt. longipennis.
. Eopsaltria sudestiensis De
Vis, 18!»2. Cf. Nov. i!ooL.
V. p. 52:1
(.' CoUuricincla discolor De
Vis, probably = Pachy-
cephala fortis, t.c. p. 522.)
1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
5.
• (i.
• 7.
S.
• I».
*!().
Ml.
•12.
•13.
U.
15.
16.
17.
•18.
•19.
20.
•21.
louisia- 22,
23.
24.
25.
'26.
27.
28.
^2J).
HO.
;u.
;;2
HI.
H5.
;!6.
37.
ROSSEL 1.
(A7iU'a, pp. 76 — 84.)
Calornis raetallica.
Pachyccphala rosseliana.
P. meeki.
Edoliosoraa rostratum.
Monarcba inornatus.
M. melanoplerus.
Khipidura louisiadensis.
Myiagni plumbea.
Gerygone rosseliana.
Myzomela albigula.
Zu.-,terops pallidipes.
Dicaeum nitidum.
Pitta meeki.
Eurystomus crassirostris.
Alcedo ispida moluccana.
Halcyon sordida colonus.
H. sancta.
Tanvsiptera rosseliana.
(T. galateaapud De Vis 18S9.)
Geoffroyus aruensis cyani-
carpus.
Cacatua triton trobriandi.
Ninox goldiei rosseliana.
Accipiter sp. inc.
I'tilinupus strophium.
Carpophaga salvadorii.
Myristicivora spilorrhoa.
Slaoropygia doreya cun<-tata.
Ciialcopbaps cbrysochlora.
Caloenas nicobarica.
Megapodius macgillivrayi.
Charadrius dominicus fulvus.
Dchtboilnmius geoffroyi.
(). lllMll^'dlllS.
llftnactitis brevipes.
Tringoides hypoleucus.
Limusa lapponica novaezea-
landiae.
Numenius phaeopua varie-
gatus.
Sterna beigii.
NOVITATF.S Zooi.ooic^ ,Voi..VI .1839
Pl.I.
/
^ ^
J G Keuletnini5^ea
Mjnteru Bros imp
DENDROLAGUS MAXIMUS Botlisch
( 217 )
The species and sulispecies which, according to onr present knowledge, are
confined to the Louisiade Islands are marked with an asterisk. They are not less
than thirty-two! To these must be added Zosterops yriseitincta (anfea, i>. 2IU),
probably from one of the smaller islands in the group.
DENDEOLAGUS MAXIMU8.
By Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.
(Plate I.)
THIS plate shows the interesting new tree kangaroo, described by my brother
and myself in Vol. V. of this journal, pp. 511 and 512, under the name
of Dendrolagus maximus.
( 218 )
ON SOME RARE BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA AND THE
SULA ISLANDS.
By Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, PiiD.
(Platos II. ami III.).
PLATE II., fig. 1, is taken from the type of the curious parrot described by me
iu the Bull. B. 0. Club, Vol. VII." (No. LIV.), p. .54, May 1898, under the
name of Charmosi/na atrata. When I first saw this bird, which was shot on Mount
Scratchley, in British New Guinea, I thought it might be a melauistic specimen of
Charmostjna stcllae, but when examining it closer I did not think that this assump-
tion conld be justified. I have since received another skin from Mount Gaivara,
near Mount Victoria in British New Guinea, shot between 2000 and 9000 feet. It
agrees with the type of C. atrata, except that the lower back, mm]) and sides of the
belly are not carmine, but green, the bine patch thus being snvrounded by green and
not by red. One of the longest rectrices is present. It measures 234 mm., and is
dark green, brownish towards the tip, dirty yellowish at the tip.
Unfortunately both specimens are not sexed, and it is therefore impossible to
say whether they are males or females. I fancy, however, that the second specimen,
without the red on the rum]i, is the female, the type the male. If it were certain
that the two specimens are male and female, I should consider C. atrata to be an
established species. The second specimen has one single red feather beneath the eye.
It must be mentioned that the primaries are as emarginated as they are in
C. stellae, but Mr. Keulemans did not show this in the otherwise most accurate and
fine figure.
Fig. 2 on PI. II. is Oreostruthus ftliginosus De Vis, described in the Ibis for
1897, and again in the Official Report on New Guinea for l.s97 (printed in 1898).
In the first place the new generic name Oreospiza was proposed for the genus, but
this being preoccupied, was afterwards substituted by Oreostruthus.
The types were shot on the AVharton Range, at an altitude of 11,1UU feet.
We have received a good series from an altitude of about 11,000 feet on Mount
Knntsford, south of Mount Scratchley and the Wharton Range. I think that the
females are lighter brown. The wing measures 70 — 72 mm. in the adnlt male and
female. Young birds do not have the red on the under snrface.
Fig. 1 on PI. III. represents a most remarkable Passerine bird from British
New Guinea, which evidently belongs to the group united as Timeliidae in the
Catalogue of Jiir(U, Vol. VII. In the JSull. B. 0. Club, Vol. VII. (No. LIV.),
p. 53 (May 1898), I have described this bird as Ifrita coronata, gen. et spec. nov.
The specimen described there had been said to come from the low country
east of Port Moresby, but this information is evidently erroneous, as we have now
received five skins of the same bird shot by Jlr. Anthony on Mount Knntsford,
11,000 feet higii. Three agree with the type, and two of these are marked "cJ," but
two others are marked " ? ," and these latter have the elongated white patch of
feathers behind the eye replaced by a rusty buff one. The iris is said to be dark
lirown, the bill black, feet dark green.
NoVITATES ZoOiOftlC^ Voi,V1.1893.
Pl.JI.
■'^,
.-A,.... -
/
wM
J G K«;uli^m-.n.-* del tt lith -
1, CHARMOSYNA ATRATA Rothsck^ 2.0RE0STRUTHUS FULIGINOSUs'^rvr" "^
NOVITATE.S ZoOLOGIC^ VclVI.1899.
PL.in.
z-*-^-"
1 , IFRITA COROirATA RotKsnh.i. 2. PITTA DOHERtVI RornnoK
MiTiteiTiBro* jmp
0+-
in
k -K
CT)
CO
o
o
■•n
^
CNI ,,
2 J
en a
pa "^
Si
<
H
H
O
u
;>•
( -^19 )
Fig. 2 on PI. III. is the Pitta dohertj/i, described in Bull. B. 0. Club, Vol. VII.
(No. LI.), Febrnary 1808, and in Vol. V. of this journal, p. 130. It is one of the
prettiest ornithological discoveries of Mr. Doherty, who obtained one adult male, one
female, and one young male on Sula Maugoli.
ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENERA CYGLOPSITTA AND
PTILINOPUS.
By ERNST HARTERT.
(Plate IV.)
FIGURES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (i and 7 of PI. J V. show the heads of four allied species
of the genns Cydopsittu.
Figures 1 and 2 are the male a,m\ female of C. macleaijana, described by Ramsay
in the Si/diteij A[orn>ng Herald oi November 15th, 1(S74. The name macleai/atia
has been substituted in the (.'atnloguc of Birds, XX. p. 95, by C. maccoyi
Gould, 1875, while M'Coy himself described it again as C. leadheateri in the same
year (1875). This bird is only known from North Queensland, where Mr. Meek
collected some for the Tring Museum.
Figures 3 and 4 ai'e male and female of C. viracjo, described by me from
Fergusson Island, where Meek discovered it some years ago. He afterwards found
it also on Goodenough Island.
Figures 5 and 6 are C. ariiensis, distributed over the Am Islands and southern
New Guinea. The figures are from Aru specimens, collected by Capt. ('. Webster.
Figure 7 is C. inseparabilis, in which the sexes are priictically alike and
resemble the females of C. virago and others, while in C. virago, aruensis and
macleayana, they are very differently coloured. (See Nov. Zool. V. p. 530.)
Figure 0 shows rtilinojjus gnnudifrons, a little green pigeon from Obi Mayor,
in the Moluccas, which closely resembles P. hyognstcr from Halmahera and I'atjan,
except for the grannliform mass of fleshy knobs on the forehead, and a more
yellowish green plumage. It is described in Bull. B. 0. Cli/b, VII. p. 35 (1808).
( TM )
A MONOGRAPH OF CHARAXES AND THE ALLIED
PRIONOPTEROUS GENERA.
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pn.D., and K. JORDAN, Pn.D.
Genus EULEPIS (continued from Vol. V. p. (iUl).
IL Forewing below with cell-bar 3 separated into dots, or absent (1. see Vol. V.
p. 5(i4).
C C!ell-bar 4 of forewing below and snbmedian and median bars of both wings
arranged in two nearly continuous lines which i'orm the border of a
narrow, yellowish brown or tawny, band.
c. Postdiscal and snbmarginal bars of forewing below cnrved, forming
together kidney- or half-moon-sbaped markings,
c'. Forewing below with median bar R- — R' well marked, the
yellowish brown or tawny band between snbmedian and
median bars not extending distad to discal bars between
R' and R .
8. Eulepis schreiber (Vol. V. t. XII. f. 1. 2 ; and Fig. 39).
Xiliiqihiilis schreiber God.-ii-t, Kiit. Mrtli. IX. Suppl. p. 826 (1823) (Jav.i).
Ch'ira.res nrhreiheri, Niceville, Bittt. uf Iml. II. p. 274. n. 507 (1886) (Assam, South India, Malacca,
Billiton, Java, Borneo).
i ? . Body above dark olive, head and jironotum slightly russet, with the usual
white dots as in jn/rrhua ; underside of palj)i and middle of sterna creamy buff,
sides of sterna more whitish buff; abdomen beneath buff in J, brownish black
in ? ; oblique lateral stripes on sterna underneath the femora black ; anterior legs
creamy buff, sometimes almost white, with the tibiae all black in front ; middle and
hinder femora black, with huffish scaling, tibiae and tarsi buff-colour.
S ? ■ Wings, abocf purplish black, base steel-blne in side-light, ? paler
than S. Forewing: a white discal band, widest in middle, mostly e.^ctending
from R^ to internal margin, with one or two separate spots in front of R- and R',
sometimes these spots as well as a third before W continuous (or almost .so)
with the main jHirtion of the band ; inner edge of band from R' to SM- almost
straight, then oblique between ^W and internal margin ; a few glaucous bine
scales at liasal side of band, while there is a broad jiale blue border to the band at
distal side, widest near .SM", extending from internal margin to iP or beyond ; a
white .snbmarginal dot before R' often absent. Hindwing : white discal band
tapering behind, of variable length, mostly reaching M-, its inner edge slightly
conve.x, often nearly straight, outer edge somewhat concave ; a narrow basal border
and a much wider outer border to the band pale bbn^ ; the discal pale blue scaling
of (? concave between veins, widest between H^ and M', extending to anal angle,
forming here a Innule that is joined to the anal admarginal yellow spot, this scaling
much less extended in ? and more violet ; between ( ' and S( '- there is seldom
discal j)ale l)lue scaling ; a complete series of small white snbmarginal, more or less
transverse, dots, followed liy ocliraceons, mostly rather ill-tlefiued, admarginal,
( 221 )
transverse spots, of whicli the posterior ones are covered at the veins with pale bhie
scaling, this scaling forming triangular markings, of which those at veins R' and
M' extend far into the tails ; anal admargiual spot brighter yellow ; abdominal fold
bnffish grey, hairs near fold olivaceons black, a whitish spot beyond tip of SM^,
often obsolete ; tails triangular, more pointed in i than in ? ; in J first 5J,
second 4 mm., in ? first 10, second 7 mm., but slightly variable in length.
Underside from base to submcdian lines of bars white, silvery at bars, often
with vinaceons tint. Forewing : middle bar of cell represented by one or two
black dots, the posterior one often absent, sometimes separated into minute speckles;
upper cell-bar very oblique, straight, continuous with submedian bars, forming a
straight line that crosses M half-way between M' and M- ; disco-cellular bar thin
behind ; submedian bar (M" — SM') joining median bar at SM' ; median bars
R' — SM- also continuous, crossing R^ at or a little beyond angle of cell ; interspace
between the two lines of bars varying from cinnamon to dark olive-buff, the triangle
between bars D and median bar R- — R' partly silvery white ; median bar R' — R^
variable in position, more distal in S than in ? , bar SO' — R' often absent ; discal
white band as above, Imt somewhat broader ; white spots at outside of median bars
SC'' — R- variable, often absent ; a discal patch between R- and M' chocolate, tawny,
greenish cinnamon, or hazel, not always present ; discal bars thin, arched, except
tlie upper three, which are mostly not well marked : postdiscal and snbmarginal
bars strongly curved, fused at the ends, forming the edge of white half-moons,
except bars St'° — -R', which form nearly a ring ; marginal area varying in shade of
colonr from chestnut-drab to dark olive-bufl', deepest in tint at edge of wing, of
nearly even width from SC^ to M- ; ground colonr between this darker marginal area
and black discal hmules and anteriorly down to cell more or less silvery white,
sometimes vinaceons white, the white colour occasionally restricted to white patches
standing at the distal side of the snbmarginal black Innnles ; internal angle with
a black patch. Hindwing : submedian bars continuous, forming a straight, oi
slightly concave, line that stops at M or crosses it at origin of M- ; median bars
also arranged in an almost straight line, slightly broken at the veins, j)arallel to the
first, extending beyond M-, then interrupted, the last median bar at right angles to
SM', touching (or almost) the last discal luniform bar : interspace between the two
lines as on forewing : white discal band longer than above, posteriorly mostly
broader ; discal bars all arched, as in pi/rrhus, followed by red half-moons, from
which they are separated by white resp. bluish white lunules, upper one and last
three red half-moons bordered with black externally, often also the fourth, the second
and third with white ; snbmarginal interspace SC' — R' more or less extended white ;
dark greenish olive snbmarginal bars, at the proximal side of which there are ill-
defined white sjiots which are mostly fused to a narrow white band ; admargiual
interspaces occupied by yellow transverse spots, which are separated from sub-
marginal spots by thin white lines : pale blue scaling at the veins near tips, this
scaling extending into tails, marginal line dark greenish olive ; in specimens which
Were killed soon after emergence from chrysalis marginal line and snbmarginal
spots dark plumbeous.
Tenth abdominal tergite of 3 triangular with the sides rounded, tip simple,
rather acute.
For larva, pupa, and habits see E. schreiber wardi. The imago is fond of
sweet bananas, which can successfully be used as baits (see schreiber mdlaijicus).
Jlab. South India, Assam, Burma to Java and Borneo. It is not a common
( 222 )
iasect anywhere, and is in most places of its range even very rare. We recognise
sis geographical races, of which that inhahiting South India is the most couspicnonsly
different. The pattern of this South Indian form seems to ns to be the most typical
in so far as the discal band of the forewing is more complete than in the other
races, the chestnut discal patches of the underside of forewing, which represent
certainly a specialisation in the pattern, are here absent or just faintly indicated,
the upper median bar is mucli less distal than in the Mahxyan raees, and the
discal, postdiscal and snbmedian bars of the forewing below are more distinctly
marked, especially in the costal region of the wing.
It. E. schreiber wardi (Nov. Zool. V. t. Xll. f. 'Z, 6).
Chiiiiixes schreihm, Nici'ville, Butt, uf Inil. II. p. 274. n. 5G7 (188G) (pt. ; Travancore ; Wynaad) ;
Fergus., Jmn-ii. Bombay X //. S"r-. VI. p. 440. n. 79 (1891) (Travancore ; Pirmerd) ; Davids..
Bell & Aitk., ibid. X. p. 257. n. G4 (I89r,) (Canara ; habits, metam.).
Euhpis u-artli, Moore, Lep. Iml. II. p. 2l)"2. t. 188. f. 2. 2a. b., ^, larva, pupa (1890) (Karwar, type ;
Calicut ; Pirmerd ; Wynaad ; Anjirucady, near Tellichery) : Butl., Jouni. Linn. Soc. Limd.
XXV. p. 404 note (1896).
<J. Winffs, upperside. Forewing : median baud narrower than in Javau
e.xamples, closer to cell, patches R' — M- concave outwardly, a spot 3 to 4 mm. in
length before vein W, spot R- — II' a little smaller, close to the former, less distal
than in the other races, with a small s2)ot in front; discal ])ale blue scaling much
extended. Hindwing : band narrow, not clearly defined beyond cell, being pos-
teriorly much shaded over with blue scaling; blue area more extended than in
any other form of scl/reiber, about 4 mm. wide at SC-, deejily sinnate between tlie
veins ; admarginal tawny sjwts obsolete, blue ones heavy ; snbanal abdominal
triangular patch creamy buff, well marked.
Underside. Forewing : snbmedian and median black lines parallel, median
bar R- — R' at lower angle of cell, bars SC* — R- only 4i and 3\ mm. resp.
from cell ; discal bars all well marked ; postdiscal and submargiual bars longer,
forming larger half-moons than in the five other races ; no reddisli tawny discal
patches between R- and M'. Hindwing : discal band less triangular than in the
other forms, nearly even in width from R'— IF, measuring 4 mm. at SU-, 1^ at R-,
If atR^
?. Wings above. Forewing: white band continuous from SC' to internal
margin, two uppermost spots 0 and 7 mm. long, a little more distal than the
following ones, last patch comparatively narrower than in the Javan form, all
concave outwardly ; a small, indistinct, white, submargiual sjiot behind SC'.
Hindwing : white baud nearly as in S , the blue scaling not quite so extended ;
atlmargiual ochraceous spots as in the Javau form ; snbanal abdominal jiatch
creamy white.
Underside. Forewing : black lines as in S ; discal arclie(l bars R- — M'
heavier than in S , with a slight trace of the reddish brown patclies found in the
other races. Hindwing : white band distally concave from C! — R', thence
subtriangnlar.
Ilab. South India: Karwar, 1 J, 1 ? ; Calicut; Travancore; Pirmerd; Canara;
Wynaad ; Anjirucady, near Tellichery.
Messrs. Davidson, Bell i<c Aitken, I.e., say of tcardi :
" This splendid species is certainly one of our rarest and most beautiful
butterflies. The mules have the habit, common to all the genus, of basking during
( 223 )
the hottest, hours of the day on chosen trees about certain rocky peaks, and as one
of these basking points lies within a few miles of Karwar, we have secured a
certain number of specimens, mostly much broken. But females cannot be got in
this way. . . . The flight of the butterfly is very powerful, as might be inferred
from the robustness of the thorax.
"The larva feeds on ' wagati ' {Wagatea spicafa), but tliis plant is much
commoner tlian C. schreiberi, and is, moreover, so villainously thorny that the
chance of finding larvae is not proportionate to the travail of looking for them.
The creature has an alternative food, Roiirea suntaloifles, also too common by half.
" The larva is very like that of C. imna Bntler, but the white semicircle on
the back of the latter is replaced by a yellowish crescent. The pupa is just like
that of C. iniim. . . . We have observed before that robust butterflies grow slowl}',
and tliis is borne out by the present species. A larva, which emerged from tlic egg
on October 2r)th, did not become a pupa till January 26th, and no part of this time
was passed in hibernation."
The colour of the larva of C. imna is described by these authors {I.e. V. p. 278.
n. 40. t. A. f. 4. 4a) as being " rich, dark green, with ... a yellow lateral line ;
horns and sides of face rusty br<jwu."
Fergusson says of this insect in his list of the butterflies of Travancore, I.e. :
" Very rare. I have only once seen what I believe to be this l)utterfly, and
Mr. T. F. Bourdillon sent me a single forewing that he picked up on the liills.
Mr. Inirav has taken it on Pirmerd at an elevation of 3700 feet."
h. E. schreiber assameusis Rothsch., subsp. nov". (Fig. 39, S).
Chanixes schreiberi, Nicuville, Butt, of Inch II. p. 274. n. 567 (1886) (pt. ; Jorehat, Assam) ; Butl.,
Juiiru. Lhm.Sne. LmuL XXV. p. .386. n. 99 (1896) (pt. ; Assam).
EuleiAa si-hreiher), Moore, Up. ind. II. p. 261. t. 188. f. 1. la, (j",? (1896) (pt. ; Assam ; Naga
Hills).
S ?. Wings, upperside. Forewing: discal band closer to cell than in tlie
Malayan races, patches R- — M- concave outwardly, jiatch R' — M' longer than in
Javan .nchreiber, in i a spot before R' as in
? of sehreiber schreiber. Hindwing : band
and subanal abdominal patch as in Javan
schreiber ; white submarginal dots rather
smaller in S, tawny admarginal spots visible
in S but small ; discal blue scaling more
deeply sinuate in S.
Underside. Forewing: submedian and
median lines of bars parallel, not divergent
costad ; and median bar R- — R"' closer to cell
than in the following forms ; discal reddish-
brown patches R^ — M' mostly very small ;
discal bars S(;'^ — R- more proximal than in
schreiber schreiber ; discal, postdiscal, and
submarginal arched bars nearly as in toardi, better marked tlian in the forms
described hereafter. Hindwing : submedian and median lines rather closer
together, especially in front, than in the Malayan races.
Jhb. Assam: Khasia Hills {tiipe), 2 <S S ; Jaintia Hills, 1 S : Shillong (? in
Mr. Philip Crowley's coll.) ; Cherra Punji ; Naga Hills (coll. Ch'owley) ; Jorchiit.
Fig. 39.
( 224 )
The insect is rare in ((illcctioiis.
Whether tlie speiimens recorded from I'lirma bclonn; to this or the following
form we do not know ; the}- are very likely intermediate between as.iamt'tixi.i and
malayicus, just as the former leads over to icartli.
c. E. schreiber malayicus Rothscli.,snl)sp. nov. (Nov. Zooi-.V. t. XII. f. 1, J, Borneo).
C/iiirnxei .irhrcihnn , Godman & Salvin, P. Z. .S. p. C40. n. 22 (1878) (BiUitoii) ; Dist.. Rhui,. Mul.
p. 104. n. 2. t. 13. f. 2, $ (1883) (pt.) ; Nicev., Uutl. of Iml. It. p. 274. n. ,'')07 (188i;) (pt. ;
Malacci ; Borneo) ; Elwes, P. Z. 8. p. 283 (1891) (Toungoo) ; Hagen, IrU LX. p. 183. n. 240
(1896) (Sumatra : Banka) ; But!., .T;nri>. Lhi„. Snc. Ln,„l. XXV. p. 380. n. 99 (1891'.) (pt. :
Malacca ; Sumatra ; Labuan).
J . ]ViH(js, ahocc. Forewing : last patch of white band mnch narrower than
the snbmedian one, obliqne, 2^ mm. broad ; submedian patch narrower than in the
Javan form. Hindwing : white band posteriorly overshaded with bine, the white
colour stopping at W : bntfish snbanal abdominal patch very faint, well marked only
at edge of wing.
Underside. Silvery scaling of both wings more extended distally than in the
Javan subspecies. Forewing : tawny discal patches larger than the white ones
at their proximal side ; olivaceous marginal area narrower than in schreiber
si'hreiber.
? . Wings, upperside. Forewing : last patch of white band mnch smaller
than in the Javan race, measuring in front 5, behind 3i mm., obliqne, with a
purplish blue patch at its outside ; submedian patch concave outwardly ; spot
R- — R^ small or absent ; discal spot ^V'' — R' absent or faint. Hindwing : white
band oversliaded with violet from R^ ; violet discal scaling rather heavier than in
Javan examples of schreiber ; no reddish tawny spot at distal side of blue anal
lunule ; huffish snbanal abdominal patch as in S .
Underside as silvery as in i: distal tawny spots of forewing larger than in
seh reihiT schi-eiber.
Ilab. Borneo, 2 c? J, 2 ? ? : Baram K., October 1801 {type, A. Everett); Lawas
(A. Everett); Kina Balu. Burma (this form ?). Malay Peninsula and Penang,
4 (J (J, 4 ? ¥ ; Sumatra: Gayoe, January 1891 (Dr. Hagen), 1 S ; Banka (Dr. Hagen),
2 S S; Billiton ; Riouw.
In the single Snmatran specimen that is known to science the silvery scaling
on the underside of the forewing, in the outer region, is not more extended than in
the Javan race, the tawny discal spots are also not larger than in that form. The
triangular huffish patch at the abdominal edge of the hindwing above is in the
specimens from Banka well indicated, though it is also here smaller than in
the individuals from Java. Whether the Burmese specimens of K. schreiber
belong to this or the preceding subspecies we cannot say, as we have not had an
opj)ortuiiity of examining examples from that country, where it is evidently very
rare. " Doherty picked up a tattered male of this insect in the streets of Toungoo,"
says Elwes, I.e. Mr. Curtis obtained a number of specimens of both sexes on
Penang, in traps baited yn.i\i bananas, in January 1809.
d. E. schreiber schreiber.
NjimplmJis srhreiher Godart, Kiir. MM. IX. Suppl. p. 82.') (182t!) (Java).
Pajiliin nchri'ibm, HorRfield, Cnl. Lej>. JJ. I. C. t. G. f. 3. 3a, ? (1829) (Java).
Nyriiphalh srhrribiri, Doubl., Westw. & Hew., GeMni Dli,m. l.rj,. II. p. 309. n. .30 (IS.W) (Java) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Oil. L'/,. K. I. C. I. p. 205. n. 418 (1857) (Java) ; Kirby, CW/. l)\urii. Lc^i.
p. 271. u. 41 (1875) (Java).
( 225 )
Ouiraxes schreiberi, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 633. n. 43 (18()5) (Java) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. 346 (1873)
(Java) ; Piepers, Tijdschi: i\ Enl. XIX. p. 147. n. 20 (1876) (Batavia ; caterpillar on CynoiMtra
cmiUjtura) ; Staud., E.,:ul. Tag/, p. 173 (1886) (pt-!; Java) ; Nici-v., Bui/, of Lid. II. p. 274. n. 567
(1886) (pt. ; Java); Snell.. njdscln: r. Enl. XXX. Versl. p. 99 (1887) (larva and pupa from
Batavia noticed) ; id., I.e. XXXIII. p. 282 (1890) (Java) ; Pagenst., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat.
XLIII. p. 97. n. 61 (1890) (East Java).
Euhpis schreiheri, Moore, Lep. Iml. II. p. 261 (1896) (pt.).
S. Wings., ahore. -Forevving : last patch of white band as wliitc behind as
iu front (4 mm.), much less obliqne than in the preceding subspecies ; patch
M'' — SM^ less concave outwardly ; a small white spot before R^, mostly absent.
Hindwing : white band extending to M-, much clearer white behind than in
inalai/icus ; triangular huffish abdominal patch rather conspicuous.
Underside. Forewing : reddish tawny discal spots smaller than the white
ones which stand at their proximal side ; the olivaceous tawny median band
widening much in front.
¥. Wings, aboce. Forewing: last patch of white baud about as broad behind
as in front (5—6 mm.) ; two discal spots S( ''* — K'^, the upper one ofteu very small
or obscurely marked ; less violet-blue scaling at edge of baud than in malayicus.
Hindwing : band clearly defined to M- ; blue scaling much reduced ; at distal
side of the blue anal lunnle there is generally an obvious brownish red spot ;
subanal abdominal huffish patch well marked.
Underside. Forewing : reddish brown discal spots forming together a
triangular patch which is pointed behind.
Ilab. Java, 4 t? c?, V) ? ?: Batavia; Mt. Gedo, 4000 feet, October 189:3 (H.
Fruhstorfer) ; East Java.
e. E. schreiber niasicus.
Charaxes niasicus Batler, Enl. Moiilhli/ Mmj. XX. p. .'lO (1883) (Nias) ; id., Juur. Linn. Soc. Land.
XXV. p. 386. n. 100 (1896) (Nias).
(?. Ujiperside. Forewing: band as in Bornean specimens, with greenish
blue patch of scales at outer side posteriorly ; discal detached spot small.
Hindwing : band extending a little beyond R\ with heavy glaucous blue sc'aliug
at proximal side iu cell ; discal glaucous blue scaling heavier than in Bornean
schreiber.
Underside: discal patch of forewing between W and M' not brown but greenish,
as is also the band between submediau and median lines of bars ; discal sj)ots of
hindwing pale.
Hub. Nias Island.
J'. E. schreiber luzonicus Uothsch., subsp. nov.
Charii.rrs sclirciberi, Semper, Tuijf. d. Philqip. p. 78. n. 97 (1887) (syn. cxd. ; Mariveles, Luzon, 1 (J).
Wi7iys, upperside. Forewing : band as in Bornean examples of schreiber,
last patch less oblique, with pale blue scaling along its proximal edge ; pale blue
scaling at outer edge of band more extended than in any other form of schreiber,
reaching M', with .some blue scales also in front of this vein; detached discal spot
H' — R- larger than in inahiijiras ; submarginal dot jiresent. Hindwing : discal
band very narrow, extending to M- ; pale blue scaling at its basal side from C to
beyond M, rather heavy in cell ; pale blue discal scaling very extended, reaching
SC- : admargiual spots heavily 8ha<led with blue, except upper three.
( 226 )
Undersifk : iuterspace between submediau aud median bars greenish cinnamon,
wider than in the other races. Forewing : upper cell-dot minute, second absent ;
cell-bar quite straight, continuous with submedian bars JP— (SM'), these also quite
straight ; discal patch R- — 51' of the same greenish cinnamon-colour as median
band, large. Hindwing : submedian and median lines of bars wider apart than
in the other forms of schreiber, Iicnce greenish cinnamon median very broad, 5 mm.
in front ; white discal band narrow, measuring 2^ mm. at S( '■ ; black discal lunnles
conspicuous; brownish red half-moons V — S('-and R^- M- heavy: yellow admarginal
spots much broader than in imilai/icus and nrhreiber; ujiper tail longer than in those
races (anal region of hindwing with second tail not preserved).
Hab. Mariveles, Luzon ; one battered male in Georg Semper's collection.
We are much indebted to Herr Semper for having lent us the only Philippine
specimen known. It is very interesting that Ijoth in this Philippine form and the
Nias form the discal patch R- — M' of the underside of the forewing is of the same
colour as the median band, while in the races which are geographically intermediate
the patch varies from chocolate to hazel brown, being here always much more reddish
than the median baud.
f/'. Forewing below with median bar R- — R^ absent or feebly marked,
always distant from apex of cell, median band extending distad to
discal bars in front of Rl
The five species* of Eulepis {hcbe, moori, ar/a, athamas,jaiysm) dealt witli in
the following pages has been a puzzle to lepidoi>terists. Some anthors were and are
inclined to regard E. jali/sus, moori, hebe, and arja as doubtfnlly distinct from
athamas, while others divided the five insects up into a greater number of " distinct
species." Mr. de Niciiville, who of all lepidopterists knows the names of the
Indo-Malayan butterflies best, was, in 1895, not satisfied that E. Itcbi; moori, and
jalysus are specifically distinct. He says {Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIV. p. 435.
n. 259), under E. jahjsus : "We have here to do with three very difficnlt species
[namely, moori, hebe, Jalysus], or perhaps we may say two, as C. jalysus appears to
be fairly constant, though I am not at all sure that it will not hereafter be found to
gradually merge into the two previously-named species." Mr. de Niceville then
proceeds to give some differential characters between moori and hebe, which, however,
do not hold good. In 1898 he seems to have come to another conclusion as to the
number of " species " in the present group of Eulepis, for he records, in co-operation
with Mr. Elwes, l.c. LXVI. p. 091, from Lombok, "142. Charaxes (Eulepis) athamas,
143. Ch. {E.) batacianus, 144. Ch. (E.) ulphius, 145. Ch. (E.) /allax,'' and from
Bali, " 146. Ch. (E.) moori, 147. Ch. (E.) hebe." Of these six " species " the first
three are all the same thing, namely the Lombok form of athumas ; the tme fallax
is the Java form of A', hebe, and with this .Java form the insect recorded under
No. 147 as hebe is identical, while the Lombok form (No. 145) is somewhat different.
Whether No. 146 is really moori we cannot tell, bnt we suspect it to be E. hebe
fallax, as the specimens kindly submitted to us for examination by Mr. Elwes were
* The explanation of I'l. XII. in Vol. V. should read :—
Fig. 6. N. Borne".
„ 7. Java.
.. K. Nias.
,, !l. Singapore.
( 227 )
all fallax, not moori ; the habitat Suinba qnoted for moori under No. 146 from
Dr. Pagenstecher's papers on the lepidoptera of Snmba is erroneous; Dr. Pagen-
stecher's specimen is not moori, bnt a form of Iwbe.
Dr. Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. pp. 3S2— 3s.3 (1.^1)6), divides our
five species up into nine, treating as distinct species the North Indian spring and
early summer broods of E. athama.% namely, oar f. temp, hamasta and f. temp.
bharata, the Timor race of E. athamas, which gradually merges into the ordinary
Java race, and the Java race of E. hehe, which is also completely connected by
intergradatious with the forms of ii'. hebe from other localities.
Herr Rober, up to 18'.l5, recognised sixteen species, giving the local and seasonal
varieties specific rank, at least nomenclatorially ; he, at that time, did not know,
res])ectively recognise, the six forms described later by Herr Fruhstorfer, and the two
forms described (as distinct species) by Colonel Swinhoe.
Herr Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. .56 (1898), tried to unravel the
connection between the various forms, but succeeded only in making confusion worse
confounded. He says. I.e.: "According to the size of the median baud of the
hiudwing below I am inclined to group the species {sic .') of Charaxcs (sic /) here
dealt with as follows : — ■
"In my collection from :
" Eulejm jabjsus Feld. ....... Sumatra, Borneo.
„ attains sandakanus Fruhst. . . . . N. Borneo.
,, attains kaba Kheil Nias, t? ? .
„ attains moori Dist. ...... S. Borneo.
„ attains Javanus KOber ..... Java, S. Borneo.
„ attains attains Feld. (J'allax Rober) . . Java.
„ attttlus lombokianus Fruhst. .... Lombok, Sumba (?).
„ attains fallacides Fruhst. ..... Nias.
„ attains clwrsonesns Fruhst. .... Singapore, Perak, 'Z i S
„ attains hebe Butl. {alba/ins Rob.) . . . Sumatra.
„ attains gawjmedes Stdgr N. and S. Borneo.
„ attains plautns Fruhst. ..... Singajwre."
We have quoted this list fully, since it serves as a good illustration of the
confusion iu the " athamas group."
Our study of the present group of species has shown to us that there are no
structural differences in either sex which are absohitely reliable in the discrimination
of the species ; but our researches have also convinced us that E. athamas, hebe,
moori, and jabjsns are distinct species, the first three having developed into a great
number of geographical races, besides seasonal forms in the case of E. athamas.
We keep in this monograph a fifth species, E. arja, separate from E. athamas, but
are not quite satisfied that it is distinct ; in fact, we treat the insect as distinct
chiefly because we hope that, if the insect is kept separate from athamas, some future
investigator into the biology of the North Indian Lcjiidoptera (of whom entomology
is sadly in want) will give a separate record of the life history of arja, and not mix
up ttio biology of this form with that of athamas. The difl'erence between E. arja,
and athamas, which consists chiefly iu the tint of tlie discal band, which in arja is
white and in athamas green (iu fresh specimens according to de Niceville), is no
convincing evidence of specific distinctness, in spite of the absence of intergradatious;
the other characters of athamas and arja are almost the same, and the variation.
( 228 )
iudividual and seasonal, is also the same. Bat in arja the white snbniargiiial spots
of the hindwinj,'- above are cm the whole larger, the bluish white scalinu: at the outer
edjre of the discal band of the hindwiug above is in the sjiriug form of (irjn more
extended than in the ennally wide-banded spring form of ff^/««jas, and the .Sikkimese
sj)ecimens of aijn caught in September and October have the discal baud rather
wider than the Sikkimese individuals of atliamas of the same months. E. aihamns
and arjd occur together, but the range of arja is verj- restricted, the insect being
found only from N. India to Tcnasserim. It is possible tliat we have to do only with
one, locally dichromatic, species.
The distinguishing characters of the other four insects are as follows : —
1. Eidepis athaiiuiK. — Discal band of forewiug above exactly as wide as below,
no white scaling at the outer side of the band : on hindwing the band above also as
wide as below, with indistinct bluish white lunules at the outer edge iu the palest
specimens; abdomen above olivaceous black, sides seldom greyish.
2. EiiUpia jab/sus. — Resembling somewhat the specimens of E. athamas w-itli
very broad discal band ; wings broader, admarginal yellow spots of hindwing above
strongly marked, discal band of hindwing above with a bluish white border of about
1 to 2 mm. width ; tindrrside silvery, brownish red, postdiscal, luniform, spots of the
hindwing much larger than in the wide-banded ot/iamas specimens, all of nearly
the same size, the fourth only being shorter owing to veins 1{- and R^ being closer
together than the other veins, outer edge of discal band, taken as a whole, about
jiarallel to outer margin of wing, crossing R^ 8 to 11 mm. from origin of M'; white
submarginal spots fused with the white border of the admarginal spots to form a
wliite baud in which the black submarginal sjiots are situated.
3. Eulepis moori. — Forewing ahorr with bluish white scaling at the outer edge
of the discal band, this scaling and the band concave between M- and SM-, partition
E.' — M' of band obliqnely sinuate, band of ? extending costad a little beyond R^.
Hindwing : discal band with bluish white (or white) scaling at outer side, at least
from R' to SM-, hence the white area of the upperside much wider than the discal
band of the underside, the outer edge of the latter showing through ; mostly the
black marginal area much wider in front than in middle ; admarginal spots often
partly fused with the white discal area, spots SC- — R^ heavier and clearer marked
than spots R^ — M-. On the luulersidf the median bar R^ — M' of the forewing often
situated (or partly) in cell ; postdiscal and submarginal, thin, bars, which form the
reniform postdisco-snbmarginal markings, more or less black, almost unicolorous ;
outer edge of discal band of hindwing crossing R^ at or beyond the bent of this
vein ; cell-bar of forewing abbreviated in front; abdomen white above.
4. Eulepis hcljc. — Upperside \vith bluish white scaling at the outerside of the
discal band of both wings; edge of this scaling on forewiug either entire or bisiunate
between M- and SM-; admarginal spots SC^ — R^ of hindwing not obviously heavier
than the spots R' — M-. Underside : cell-bar of forewing reaching close to disco-
cellular spot, median bar R^ — M' never entering cell, discal baud of ? not crossing
R', postdisco-snbmarginal, reniform, spots obviously bieolorous, their jiroxiinal
borders being ferruginous; outer edge of discal band of hindwing crossing It' before
(seldom at) the bent of this vein; abdomen more or less white above.
The differences between the four insects, as will be seen from the characters
mentioned above, are certainly not very considerable. If we consider them merely
(juantitatively, the differences are not greater than those between the spring and
summer forms of North Indian E. athamas, or amount scarcely to so much. It
( 229 )
would, however, be entirely wrong to measure the value of the differential characters
by the quantitative amount of difference only. The great significance of the
characters will be recognised from other considerations. The first important
circumstance that goes far to prove the distinctness of the four insects is the fact
that, though the four insects occur together in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Borneo, there are no intergradations between them; they are recognisable at a glance.
The second and still more important point is that the geographical variation shows
remarkable discordance in the four insects.
Eulepis jali/sas occurs in Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
and Borneo, and has not developed into geographical races; the insect is remarkably
constant. Kidepis athamas, which has the widest range of the four insects, is in
the countries where the wide-banded jalysiis occurs always narrow-banded. The
Burmese specimens are slightly diflerent from those from Sumatra and Borneo, not
identical, while the Sumatra and Borneo races of E. kehe and moori are conspicuously
different. The area inhabited by Eulepis hebe e.xtends from the Malay Peninsula
to Borneo and Sumba, while moori is found from Assam to Borneo and Java.
Whereas the Sumatran races, both of E. moori and E. kclie, arc whiter than the
Javan races, the Sumatran athamas are, on the contrary, darker than the athamas
from Java. Further, E. hebe from Java is conspicuously different from the forms of
hebe from Sumatra and Borneo, while the specimens of E. moori from these countries
come very close to one another or are even identical; in the Javanese form of E. hebe
the white postdiscal scaling of the upperside of the hindwing is more extended than
in the Bornean form, wliereas in the respective forms of E. moori the reverse is the
case. The specimens of E. moori from the Malay Peninsula and those from Java
are not separable subspecifically, while E. hebe from Java differs constantly and
considerably from the form of E. hebe from the Malay Peninsula. The Javanese
examples of E. hebe have the discal band of the underside considerablj' broader than
the specimens from Sumatra, Malacca, and Borneo, while there is no obvious,
constant, dift'erence in the width of the discal band between the forms of E. moori
from those localities. In E. moori the discal baud of tlie hindwing below extends
always beyond M", while in some forms of J'J. hebe it stops short at that vein.
We did not find any difficulty in discriminating the five species, but it was a
hard task to assign the right names to the numerous forms, which were mostly
described as distinct species. Fortunately we have seen the types, resp. typical
specimens, of nearly all tlie forms, and are tliorefore convinced that we have not
made a serious error in identification.
(A Discal band of upperside with white or bluish white scaling at outside, hence
white colour more extended above than below.
0. Eulepis hebe (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. 8—12 and VI. t. Vll. f. l—W.
Chantxes hcOe Butler, P. Z. S. p. G34 n. 46. t. 37 f. 39 (18G.'>) (Sumatra).
cJ ? . Head, pronotum and anterior part of mesonotum blackish olive, with the
usual white markings, rest of npperside olivaceous grey or almost white ; palpi
below buff or cream colour, middle of prosternum, upper and outer side of anterior
femora, all tarsi, and middle and iiinder tibiae of the same colour, or more clayish,
rest of underside (except black strij)es underneath the legsj chiyisli buff, abdomen
of ? blackish or blackish tawny beneath.
16
( 230 )
Winffs : uppersii/e purplish black, with a creamy white, broad, discal band on
both wings, which appears to oecnpy the greater part of the wings, as the basal and
the onter regions of the wings are more or less extensively scaled white. Fore wing:
the bluish white scaling at outside of band is much restricted at M', or here even
absent, widening out behind, widest at M- and SM-, where it often apjiroaches
outer margin of wing, the edge of tliis scaling either almost entire, or sinnated
twice between M" and SM-; the outline of the sinuations resembling the letter M,
sometimes the sinuses are separated from the black area by admarginal white scaling
which e.xtends from M- to SM-; white scaling at base and in cell variable in extent :
discal band never rcacliing across W as in ? of J'J. moori ; discal spot R' — 11-
variable in size in all subspecies, larger in ? than in c? ; in many ? ? there is a
vestige of the submarginal dot SC^ — 11' (present in most K. athamns). Hindwing:
base bluish white, abdominal fold generally white at base, blackish grey be^-ond
middle, and white before anal angle, or almost entirely blackish, or nearly all white;
bluisli white discal scaling often so much reduced that there remains a black border
to the wing of 7 or 8 mm. widtli, or that scaling more extended, often fused with the
admarginal spots, separating the black area into patches ; admarginal spots in the
black-bordered forms generally very obscure, in the whiter forms more obvious,
sometimes all white or bluish white, and fused together ; the spots SC- — R' not, or
very little, more prominent than the others, anal one yellow, often shaded with
white or pale blue ; tails with pale blue streaks.
Underside : russet fawn colour, glossy, except a darker marginal liaud on fore-
wing and the submarginal area of hindwing, somewhat vinaceous in side light,
interspace between sulmiediau and median bars of both wings pale chestnut ; inter-
space of discal band of forewing and R' and outer border to band on botli wings
reddish chestnut, sometimes that border more ferruginous ; submedian bars distally
and median bars proximally very thinly edged with glossy scales (these glossy lines
are thinner than in E. moori). Forewing : cell with one or (seldom) two dots ;
cell-bar approaching disco-cellular spot; discal band wider in ? than in cj, about
as broad at M" as dark outer area of wing, or broader, its outer edge not concave
between M- and SM'' ; postdisco-submarginal spots well-marked, their proximal
borders (postdiscal bars) ferruginous, with the exception of the whole, or part of,
the last spot, the outer borders of these spots (submarginal bars) either black or also
more or less ferruginous ; the glossy scaling at distal side of these bicolorous spots
not or little broader than the spots themselves, often forming small patches ;
median bar R' — R- sometimes vestigial. Hindwing: discal band varying in
width in the different sulispecies, either extending beyond M- or just reaching it, its
outer edge sometimes nearly straight, but mostly concave down to R', crossing R'
1 — 5 mm. from origin of M' in S, H— 7 mm. in ? ; costal discal black bar marked;
ferruginous red postdiscal spots and submarginal markings as in the allied species.
Length of forewing, cJ 30 — 38 mm.
„ ¥ 33-40 „
Had. Borneo; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Xias; Java; Bali; Lombok; Sumba
(and most likely the other islands situated within tliis area).
Sumatra is, as in the case of E. moori, inhabited by the form tlint is the whitest
on the uj)perside, wliile the band of the underside is broadest in the .lava and
Sumba forms. The darkest form is tluit wliich llerr Fruhstorfer described from
Singapore, and whicli probably iniiabits the islands off the extremity of the Malay
Peninsula. The differences in tlie extent of the bluish wliite postdiscal scaling on
( 231 )
the Tipperside of both wings, and the breadth and length of the discal bauds of
the underside of fore and hindwing, serve especially to distingnish the various
geographical races. According to the width of bluish white scaling at the distal side
of the band of the forewing, and the breadth of the bands of the underside, one can
arrange the various subspecies into two groups : (1) a western group, including the
forms from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias, Borneo, and Singajjore, having
the band of the underside narrow and the postdiscal scaling of the upperside of the
forewing extended ; and (2) an eastern group, in which the postdiscal bluish white
scaling of the forewing above is restricted, and the band of the underside wide.
The differences between the two groups are, however, completely overbridged: as (1)
the Singapore subspecies has the postdiscal scaling of the forewing sometimes
not wider than it is in certain eastern specimens, and sometimes as wide as in
certain Malaccan individuals ; as (2) the Nias form has the postdiscal scaling of
the forewing much extended, but the band of the underside broad ; and as (3) the
Lombok form, though agreeing on the upperside with the Javan form, has the band
of the hindwing below not broader than it is in many western specimens. It would
be quite arbitrary to regard one or the other of these insects as specifically distinct.
The early stages of E. Itehe are not known; they are most likely not essentially
different from those of E. athamas.
The habits of the imago are the same as those of E. moori, but very little is
known of either of the two.
a. E. hebe chersonesus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 1, 6).
Chtirax hebe, Butler {non Butler 1865), Ti: Linn. Sac. Loud. (II.). ZooL. I. p. 539. n. 2 (1877)
(Malacca) ; Dist., Mop. Mai. p. 107. n. 5. t. 15. f. 2 <} (1883) (pt. ; Malay Pen., Prov.
Wellesley, Malacca) ; Nicev., Bidt. of Lid. II. p. 277 note (1886) (pt.) ; Staud., Exot. Tag/, p. 172
(1886) (Malacca) ; Rober, FmI. Nachr. XX. pp. 291. 292 (1894) (pt. ; Malacca); Moore, i<y/.
Ind. II. p. 263 (1896) (pt.).
Charaxee attains chersonesus Fruhstorfer, Ent. Navhf. XXIV. p. 55 (1898) (Perak ; Singapore
loc. err. ?).
Eulepis attains chersonesus id., I.e. p. 56 (1898) (Singapore loc. err. ? ; Perak).
Though the characters by which Herr Fruhstorfer differentiated this form from
the Sumatrau E. hebe hebe are by no means constant, there occnrriug specimens in
the Malay Peninsula which have the black postdiscal spots of the upperside of the
hindwiugs considerably smaller than certain Sumatrau iudividuals, the greater
]iroportion of the specimens from the Malay Peninsula is nevertheless readily
distinguishable by the generally less extended bluish white scaling on the forewing
at the outside of the discal band proper, the larger, often confluent, postdiscal black
patches of the hindwing, or, if these patches are small, by the presence of two such
patches proximally of the white submarginal spot S('- — K', by the more distinctly
blue scaling near the black patches, and the less white admarginal spots. In our
single ? (from Batang Padaug) those black postdiscal spots are longer and much
better marked than in our single S from the western end of Sumatra (Setinjak,
W. Sumatra), but smaller than in the 2 ? ? from the eastern end of the island
(Palembang district and S.W. Sumatra) we have compared.
Herr Fruhstorfer gives, besides Perak, Singapore as a locality where this form
occurs ; that is most likely incorrect, as " Singapore " is said by Herr Fruhstorfer
to be inhabited by E. hebe plautus ; Herr Fruhstorfer received the specimens from
the Museum at Singapore, and labelled them " ex Museo Singapore."'
( 232 )
Hab. Malay Peninsula, \2 S S,l ? : Theiping, Gunong Ijau, Bataug Padaug
(Adams), Perak, Penang (coll. H. G. Smith), Piov. Wellesley (ace. to Distant),
Malacca (ace. to Distant).
b. E. hebe plautus (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. 0, 6).
Charaxea plautm Fruhstorfer, Ent. Xacjir. XXIV. p. 54 (1898) (Singapore, cJ ?).
Euhpis attains plautus id. Ix, p. oil (1808).
<J ? . One of the darkest of all forms of A'. Iiehe as regards the uppevside.
U/>j/erside. Forewing: the pale blue scaling at the outside of the discal baud
proper only 2i— :> mm. wide at SM'-, the white area from M' to midway to M- not
broader than below, its outer edge from M' — SJI- very slightly irregular. Hind-
wing : black marginal area almost of even width (taken as a whole), not interrupted,
5 mm. wide at R', narrower at anal angle ; the white discal area sinuate between all
the veins, especially obviously so between C and 11' ; admarginal spots (except anal
one) all very obscure, with few bluish wliite scales, in ? slightly more obvious,
yellowish.
Umlerskle. Forewing : discal band of S at M- about as broad as dark outer
region, in ? li mm. wider ; black median bar bordering detached white spot R' —
R- heavy, sometimes joining discal bar which stands at the outside of that spot. ■
Hindwing : discal band (which in ? reaches a little beyond M-) 1 mm. narrower at
costal margin than dark outer area measured along C, its outer edge from C to R^
almost straight, crossing M- H((?)or2(?) mm. from base of M- ; discal and post-
discal black bars heavier than in Java form, especially the postdiscal bars C — SO-
and R=— R^
Anterior tarsus black above at base.
Hab. Singapore, 'i S S , \ ? (received from Herr Fruhstorfer).
It must be stated that the specimens from which this peculiar form was
described were obtained by Herr Fruhstorfer from the Museum at Singajwre ; it is,
therefore, not quite beyond all doubt that the habitat of tliis form is Singapore
(compare also E. hebe chersonesujs).
Easily distinguished from the forms inhabiting Sumatra and the Malay
Peninsula by the broad black marginal area of the hindwing ; it comes in this
character closest to the sjiecimens of K. liebc from Bali, but in these the white area
of the hindwing above is not deeply sinuate between the veins, and the discal band
of the underside is considerably broader both on fore- and hindwing. From the
Boruean K. hebe (iniu/meiles it differs, int<-r alia, in the much less extended white
scaling of the forewing above from M- to internal margin, in tlie broader black
marginal area of the liindwing, and the almost straight u]ij)or portion (C — R') of tlie
outer edge of the discal band of tlie hindwing below.
c. E. hebe ganymedes (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 2, S).
Clnira.reg hehc, Stauriinger (»..« Butler, 1S6.5), E.rnl. Tugf. p. 172 (1886) (pt. ; Borneo).
Charaxrs giinijnwdrs .Staudinger, I.e. p. 173 (1880) (Borneo) ; Rober, Eut. Nachi: XX. pp. 291. L92
(1894) (Borneo) : id. I.e. XXI. p. G7 (1895) (" Ceylon, " lor. en:).
Charaxes hebr Rober, l.c. p. 291 (1894) (pt. ; Borneo).
Eulepis ganyiiipilea Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 263 (1896).
Charaj-es moorei, Butler, .lnurn. f.hm. i<iic. Loml. XXV. p. :i85, n. '.i6 (1896) (pt. ; Borneo).
Charaxes ganymedce, Fruhstorfer. Ent. Xw:lir. XXIV. p. 54 (1898) (Borneo).
EaUph attains ganymedu, id. I.e. p. 50 (1898).
c? ?. Uppi'iside. Forewing : bluish white scaling beyond discal band jiroper
( 233 )
mnch extended, often ver_y wide already before and at M\ coming close to onter margin
at M- and SM-, in many individuals filling np the cellule M- — 8M-, except a narrow
marginal border of 1 mm. breadth, the bine white scaling surromids rather often
two large black submarginal patches ; discal spot R' — R- in ? much larger than
in S, in onr ? with suffused white scaling at distal side, variable in (?.
Hindwing : black marginal area not completely separated into patches, the bluish
white discal scaling, though well extending along the veins — the bluish white
scaling hence appearing deeply concave between the veins — not reaching the
admarginal spots, or only some of them : the black area measures in front of S(J-'
from tip of this vein to bluish white discal scaling 9 to 10 mm., the upper two or
three black patches are generally much larger than the others, but in a t? from the
Kina Balu the difference in size is not considerable ; admarginal spots yellowish or
creamy, obcnre, or more or less heavily shaded with pale blue scaling and then
conspicuous, this jiale blue scaling always present at 51- and in tails.
Underside. Black submedian and median bars heavy. Forewing : discal
band at M- about as wide as the dark outer region of wing (10 mm.), but in ?
'J mm. wider ; discal black bars heavy, well-marked from SC^ to >SM^, separated
from the ferruginous postdiscal bars — which form together with the submarginal
bars conspicuous kidney-shajied or luniform spots — by white interspaces which are
heavier than in the other races of E. kebe. Hindwing : discal band extending
beyond M-, deeply concave outwardly down to R^, in S at costal margin 8 to 9 mm.
wide, narrower than the dark outer area of wing at C (10 to 11 mm. wide), in
? the measurements are both Id mm. ; ferruginous red postdiscal spots large ;
admarginal yellow bars ('■ — M' with conspicuous white proximal borders.
Ihb. Borneo, 8 cJc?, 1 ? : Limbang R. (.Tannary 1892, A. Everett); La was
(April 1892, A. Everett) ; Mt. Mulu (Hose) ; Kina Bain (J. Waterstradt) ; S.E.
Borneo.
Differs from those individuals of E. Iiebe rh.^rsonesxs from the Malay Peninsula
which have the black patches of the hindwing well developed, and which, on
superficial examination, could be confounded with E. liebc (/am/inedes, in the bluish
white postdiscal scaling of the forewing being more extended, in the discal black
bars SC^ — R' of the forewing below being conspicuously marked, in the discal band
of the hindwing being continued beyond M-, and being, moreover, more deeply
concave between C and R'', and in other characters mentioned in the description.
d. E. hebe hebe (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. 10, S).
Charares hebe Butler, P. Z. N. p. G:i4. n. 40. t. .S7. f. .3. ? (18G5) (Sumatra) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. .S4G
(1873) (Sumatra) : R.'.ber, Eiif. Nxeln: XX. p. 291 (1894) (pt. ; Sumatra) ; Hagen, /m IX.
p. 186. n. 244 (1H9C) (N.E. Sumatra).
Clmraxea albanus Ruber. I.e. XXI. p. 136 (1895) (Deli, Sumatra).
Cliaraxes (Euh/iis) hehe, Nioi'ville & Martin, Jouni. Ax. Sue. Benej. LXIV. ii. p. 435. n. 257 (1895)
(N.E. Sumatra).
Charaxes liebe, Fruhstorfer, Eiit. Xachr. XXIV. p. 54 (1898) (ulbaims = hebe).
EuUpU uttalvs hebe, Fruhstorfer, I.e. p. 56 (1898) (Sumatra).
t?. Upperside. Forewing, white area posteriorly approaching internal angle
of wing, the pale bluish white scaling at the outside of the discal band proper being
much extended. Hindwing : postdiscal black spots, which stand at the proximal
side of the white submarginal spots, well separated from one another by the white
discal scaling extending along tlie veins to tiie admarginal spots, small, either
(234 )
forming together with the black snbmargiiial spots snbrotuiidate or bell-shaped
patclies in which the white siibiuargiual spots are situated, or staudinjr separate
from the bhick snbmargiual spots ; these bhick postdiscal spots are often altogether
absent, or are, at least, so much overshaded with white scaling that mere
vestiges of the black colonr remain visible ; sometimes, in the whitest individuals,
the wliite snbmarginal spots are fused with the white discal scaling ; there are very
seldom two black s])ots in cellule S< '- — R' jiroximally of the white snbmarginal
spot ; admarginal spots always marked, more or less wliito, those between tails
often less shaded white ; pale blue streaks in tails fused with admarginal sjwts, or
sejiarated from them (often only partly) by a ilark transverse line ; black marginal
border not thicker tlian black snbmarginal linear spots.
Uiulcrsidr ^Forcwing : discal band at M- almost exactly as wide (1(1 mm.)
as outer region of the wing. Hindwing : discal band 8i to 9i mm. broad at
costal margin, its outer edge crossing M' 1^ to 3 mm. from point of origin of this
vein ; the band seldom extends a little beyond M-.
?. L'pperside as white as in the whitest <S ; discal spot R' — R- larger than in
S ; the hindwing has only a feeble trace of the postdiscal black spots. On the
underside the discal band of both wings is much wider than in c?, that of forewing
measuring 134 mm. at M", that of hindwing 12 mm. broad at costal margin, its
outer edge crossing JI- 31 mm. from origin of this vein.
Two ? ? from S.E. and S.W. Sumatra we have examined have the postdiscal
black spots of the hindwing longer than the darkest S from N.E. Sumatra, the
admarginal spots are also less white, and the discal band of the hindwing below is
also a trifle narrower ; S S from the eastern end of Sumatra we have not seen.
I lab. Sumatra, \0 SS, 2 ? ? : Gayoe country (January and May 1803, Dr.
Martin) ; Selesseh (May, July, August, September 1893, Dr. Martin) ; Bekantsclian
(September 1893, Dr. Martin) ; Upper Palembang district (?, Volcker) ; Setinjak
(W. Sumatra, June 1898, Ericsson) ; Padang Sidempoean (W. Sumatra, Ericsson).
e. E. hebe fallacides (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. 8, 6).
Charares Icabn, Rober (non Kheil, 1889), Ent. Nachr. XXI. pp. 65, 67 (189.5) (Niaa, g, nnn ? ).
Charaxes/alhiridfs Fruhstorfer, ibul p. 170 (1895) (Nias) ; id., I r. XXIV. p. 55 (1898) (Xias).
Eidejfis atta'mfullackks, id. I.e. XXIV. p. 50 (1898).
<J. Uppcrsidc. Forewing : bluish white scaling between M' and internal
margin of wing as much extended as in liebe liehe, mostly not bisinuate between
M^ and SM-. Hindwing : bluish white postdiscal scaling more or less extended
along the veins (except C and SC-), separating the black onter area of the wing
into spots which, together with the black submargiual bars, form ronnded patches,
npper patches C — R' the largest, the black area measuring from tip of S('- to white
discal scaling in front of SC^ 6 to 7J mm. ; admarginal bars bluish white, inclusive
of the anal one, the yellowish colour seldom coming through ; bars SC- — R-
obsenre, ill-defined ; white snbmarginal spots heavier than in the Java form ( E. Iiebe
f(dl(i.r).
Underside. Forewing : discal band at M- half as wide again (11 to 12 mm.)
as the dark outer area of the wing ; discal bars SC— SM= heavy, bar SC*— SC'^ not
marked, or very faint ; median bar R' — R- (at proximal side of white discal spot)
heavy, in two examples a black dot before R' indicating median bar SO — R'.
Hindwing : discal band nearly half as wide again at costal margin (10 mm.)
( 235 )
as davkor outer ilrea at SC-, extending beyond M^ its onter edge less angled at W
(the posterior portion of the band being broader) than in /le/ji; Aebe, crossing M^
^ mm. from base of that vein ; white scaling around second and third brownish
red postdiscal spots conspicuous ; black discal and postdiscal bars also heavy.
Had. Xias, 0 cJcJ.
Resembling E. hebe fallax from Java in the width of the discal band of the
underside, but easily distinguished, inter alia, by the much more extended bluish
white scaling in the marginal region of the upperside of both wings.
/. E. hebe fallax (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. 11, <?, Bali; 12, ?,Java).
Jasia athariui, Swainson (non alhamiix Drury, 1775), Zool. Ilhislr. II. t. 00 (m.S,?) (.lava).
Clmrarcifallaj- Riiber, Eiit. XacJir. XX. pp. 291. 293. 294 (1894) (Java) ; Butler, ./n„ni. Linn. Soc.
Loml XXV. p. .385. u. 95 (189G) (syn. pro parte ; Java).
F.ulepix swenlis Moore (Felder manusc), Le}). Iml. II. p. 263 (1896) (Java ; syn. pro parte ; nom.
mid. sujjerfliiiim !).
CharaxesfaUar, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Xnchi-. XXIV. p. 53 (1898) (falki.c = alttilns ex errore !).
Eulepia atlalus attains, id. I.e. p. 56 (1898).
Charaxes (Eulepis) hebe, Nict-ville & Elwes, Joni-n. As. Soc. Bene/. LXVI. ii. p. 692. n. 147 (1898)
(BaU).
(?) Charaxes (Eulejiis) inoori, id., I.e. n. 146 (1898) (pt. ; Bali, this insect?).
Though Swainson says that he adopts " the original specific name of Cramer,"
he nevertheless changed that name athamas into uthnma. That Swainson confounded
the present insect with E. athamas cannot be wondered at, since even such a
specialist as Mr. de Niceville expresses, in Journ. As. Soc. Benif. LXIV. ii. p. 436
(189;)), doubts about the specific distinctness of E. hebe, moori, and athamas.
Dr. Butler, I.e., treats the ]>resent form of hebe as a distinct species, while he
regards tlie Bornean form of hebe as " a slight melanism of the type form." E. hebe
fallax would, accordingly, be a stronger " melani.sm " of the " type form " — i.e. of
the first described form — which is the least typical of all.
6 ? . Upperside. Forewing : bluish or yellowish white scaling at the onter
side of the discal band proper only 2A mm. (or less) wide before and behind SM-,
its outer edge straight or nearly so, agreeing in this respect with E. hebe lombokianus
smd plautus ; cell in cJ with very little white scaling ; discal spot R' — R^ varying
in 6 from 1| to 4 mm., in ? about 5 mm. long. Hindwing : black outer area
entire or nearly so, seldom somewhat broken up into jiatches (in palest ? ?),
somewhat narrower from R' — R^ than anteriorly and between R^ and M-, or of
nearly even width, measuring in front of SC^ 6J to T mm. in 6, often a little less
in ? ; the bluish white postdiscal scaling not conspicuously concave between veins,
its outer edge sometimes almost entire, the scaling often more or less extended
along radial veins, forming very thin rays ; admarginal sjiots very obscure as a rule,
seldom whitish yellow and well visible ; blue streaks in tails thin.
Underside similar to that of E. hebe hebe, but discal bands much wider, the
postdiscal ferruginous red spots of the hindwing smaller. Forewing: discal band
in (J nearly halt as wide agaiu, in ? more than twice as wide, as the darker outer
region of wing measured along M-. Hindwing : discal band extending beyond
M- in both sexes, less angled outwardly before R^ than in the Bornean race, upper
portion less concave ; at costal margin in c? nearly or fully twice, in ? more than
twice, as wide as dark outer area of wing measured along V ; its outer edge crossmg
M- in J 4 to G mm., in ¥ 0 to 7 mm., from base of that vein.
( 236 )
Ilah. Jnvii, IC. c? cJ, 4 ? ?: Mt. Geilr (I'rillwil/. ; i\\\y;\w\ IMf,', 4(100 feet,
H. FruJistorfer) ; "Java" (coll. Felder, ex coll. Eyndhoven) ; Bali, 4 c? c? (April
1S90, low country, W. Dobcrty).
In this form the discal band of the underside is wider than in any other race
of E. hebe.
The Bali examples, which we did not refer to in the above description, agree
on the npperside with the darkest Javan specimens ; on the underside they approach
partly the Lombok form of E. hebe in the width of the liaud : the measurements of
the band of the forewing and the dark outer area of the wing at M- are in our fonr
specimens : In : si mm., 10 : 8i mm., lo : T ram., loi : 8 mm. ; the width of the
band of the hindwing at costal margin and tliat of the dark outer region at (! is
respectively : 7J : 7 mm., lOJ : 0 mm., 9i : 'l mm., 0 : Of mm.
y. E. hebe lombokianus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f ;{, i).
Chanuesf,ill,ix, Fruhstorfer (non Rober, 1894), Berl. Ent. Zeitschi: XLI. p. 389 (1896) (Lombok).
Cham.res oWdm, id. (non Felder, 1867), I.e. XLII. p. 6 (1897) (Lombok, Sapit, 2000 feet).
Churiixes iitliilus lombohiaiius Fruhstorfer, E)t.t. Xiiclir. XXIV. p. ."i6 (1898) (Lombok).
Charcu-i's {Eulepis) falhi.e, Nicdville & Elwes, Jouni. .l.s. Sur. B,ii,j. LXVI. ii. p. G91. n. 14.^ (1898)
(Lombok).
S. Upperside as in the specimens of 7i. hebe J'uUax, the admarginal, more or
less fulvous, spots SC- — M' of the hindwing generally better marked. On the
underside the ferruginous Innnles of the kidney-shaped markings of the forewing
rather heavier than in fallax ; the band of the forewing slightly narrower than in
that form ; the band of the hindwing more obviously narrower, more strongly
concave, 9 mm. wide at costal margin, the darker outer border of tlie wing measuring
7 to 8 mm. at C ; outer edge of band crossing M- 2^ to 3 mm. from base of M- ;
ferruginous red postdiscal spots heavier than in most Java examples of E. hebe.
?. Unknown.
IJah. Lombok, ^ i i: Sawela (June ISOn, W. Doherty) ; Sajiit (May to June
1896, 2000 feet, H. Fruhstorfer).
/'. E. hebe arnoldi Rothseh., subsp. nov.
Cliani.r(s moiirei, Pagenstecher (non ninnri Distant, 1883), Jnhrb. Suss. Ver. Nul. XLTII. p. 5G
(1H94) (Sumb.a ; luodi-e'c e.t err. loco jH...<n) : id. I.e. XLIX. p. 149. n. 84 (189r>) (Sumba).
Cliarii.r<-x atliihis lofiibiiklunu.i {';)Fruhf,tuvier, Eiil. X'irlir. XXIV. p. 51) (1K98) (Sumba, queried as
liimb'tkHnms).
Eulepis (illalusloinhiil.-iamis (?) Fruhstorfer, I.e. p. hG (1898) (pt. ; Sumba V).
Charaxex (Eulepis) /norov, Nioi'ville & Elwes, .liuim. .Xs. Soe. Beiig. LXVI. p. t)92. n. 140 (1898)
(Sumba).
<?. The unique specimen recorded by Dr. Pagenstecher has been lent to us for
examination. It represents a form of /lebe, not of moori. On the uj>j)e>:s/dr it
agrees with the Java and Lombok specimens in the extent of the white scaling on
the forewing, but the black outer area of the hindwing is more restricted, the black
jiatches K' — M- being smaller than in whitish Java exaiuples (c? J) we have seen.
On the iiMdcr.<!i</e the band of the forewing is fully as bniail as in the wide-banded
Java S c?, while the band of the hindwing is broader, measuring \'i mm. at costal
margin — the dark outer border of wing is only 0 mm. wide at C — the outer edge of
the band crosses M' ."> mm. from origin of that vein ; the cell of the forewing has
( 237 )
two black dots instead of one, a character observed but in very few specimens of
E. hcbe from other localities ; the underside of tlie palpi and the npperside of the
abdomen are whiter in colour than in K. hehe fallax.
Hub. Snmba, 1 c? in Ur. Pagenstecher's collection.
in. Eulepis moori (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f % to 7).
Charums moori Distant, iJ/iri/x JAi/. p. 108. n. 6. t. IS. f. 3, <? (1S8S) (Malay Pen.).
c? ?. Head above, pronotnm and tegulae olive-bistre, with white dots as in
athamas : mesonotnm olive, greyish white behind, more white in ? than in S ;
metanotum almost white ; npperside of abdomen white or whitish pearl-grey.
Palpi above, femora and anterior tibia brownish black ; nuderside of palpi, middle
of pro- and mesosternnm, middle and hinder tibiae and all tarsi bnff-colour, the
palpi indistinctly edged with white ; sterna dark russet, blackish nnder the femora ;
underside of abdomen varying in i from fawn-colonr to isabella-colour, blackish
brown in ? .
(?. Wi/iffg above pnrplish black, the greater jiart occupied by a white or
yellowish white discal area. Forewing : discal area at SM- 4 or 5 mm. distant
from base : it does not qnite reach the base of M", while it entirely fills np the
angle between M' and R^ ; the base of the wing overshaded with white scaling
which occnpies also the posterior portion of the cell ; this scaling has a bluish
appearance as it forms the cover of black scales ; its density varies much indi-
vidually, the greater part of the cell being sometimes white, while in other
examples there are scarcely any white scales in the cell ; outer edge of white area
obliquely sinuate between W and M\ sinuate between M' and M-, M- and SM- ;
there is always white scaling at outer edge of area at and between M' and SM-,
especially npon and behind the latter nervnle, this white scaling often almost
reaching internal angle ; discal spot W — R- slightly var3'ing in size, 10 to 11 mm.
distant from upper angle of cell ; no snbmarginal dot.- Hindwing, at least
two-thirds yellowish white ; basal area np to base of R^ and abdominal fold milky
white, the latter often clay-colour or drab beyond middle ; outer edge of discal area
irregularly concave between costal margin and R^, with a bluish or greenish tint
from R' to SM- ; in the specimens with the white scaling restricted there appear
some separate pale bluish white lunules outside the discal area between R- and
abdominal margin, in most cases these lunules are entirely merged together with
the discal area, the white scaling being much extended ; mostly the white scaling
extends along veins R' and R^, connecting the admarginal spots with the discal
area ; it extends often also along R' and M' to near edge of wing : in such cases
the margini-submarginal black area is reduced to a patch of variable size occnpying
the upper angle of the wing, and a series of more or less rounded, partly confluent,
black spots which include the white snbmarginal spots, and a black marginal line
which is heaviest between the tails ; admarginal spots SC'-' — R' transverse, mostly
heavy, conspicuous, white, seldom slightly tawny, especially often the last of the
three, always clearer marked than the admarginal spots R' — M- ; admarginal spot
C — SC- seldom indicated ; tails black, sometimes slightly metallic, in the wliitisli
specimens witli pale blue scales.
Underside : russet fawn-colour, glossy in side light, except a darker marginal
band of forewing ; discal area wliite witli a faint tint of yellowish green ; interspace
( 238 )
between the snbmedian and median lines of bars of botli wings, tlic prolongation of
this band-like interspace along M- of the hindwing, and the interspace between
discal area of forewing and R' chestnut. Forewing : cell with one or no dot, the
second always absent, cell-bar reaching M generall}' about 1 mm. before origin of
M-, the same in jmsition as in the Sonth Indian E. at/iamas (i(iritriiii< f. temp.
agraiius, its upper end being at least 2 mm. distant from the discocellnlar spot^
mostly the npper portion of the bar obliterated ; sometimes the cell-dot fused with
the bar, the latter being in such cases more basal than nsual ; discal bar M' — M-
reaching M before origin of M', bar R' — M' close to D', following the curve of
W, very often pushed basad beyond D' into the cell where it appears as a
longitudinal line along D', a remnant only, so to speak, of the bar being left in tjie
angle D* — M' ; median bar R^ — R' seldom ij^nite absent, sometimes bordered white
distally, 2i to 3i mm. distant from discocellnlar bar ; discal area varying in width
at M- from 1 1 to 14 mm., partition R^ — M' obliquely sinuate outwardly between R' and
fold R^ — J[', the followiug partition also generally sinuate, but not always so regularly
as partition M' — SM- ; the postdical and submarginal arched bars, which are as in
a<^«»2as. joined together to form postdisco-snbmarginal reniform spots with pale
centres, are very thin, the proximal border lines (postdiscal bars) of the reniform
spots R' — M-' as thin and as black as the distal border lines (submarginal bars).
Hindwing : costal snbmedian bar along praecostal vein, generally crossing this vein
before its end, often very thin ; discal area 11 to 10 mm. broad at costal edge of
wing, more than half as wide again as the dark marginal area, outer edge of the
area crossing R^ at or beyond the bent of this vein, and M- at a distance of
o to 7^ mm. from the origin of M' ; brownish red postdiscal luniform spots as in
athamas ; spot R' — M' with an especially heavy, white, proximal lunule ; a series
of white and another of black submarginal dots, followed by ochraceous admarginal,
transverse spots, of which spots R^ — M- are generally very feebly marked.
S. Larger than c?, the white scaling more extended, outer edge of forewing
less concave, hindwing more rounded, less deeply concave between tails ; discal
band on underside Hi to 17 mm. broad at M- of forewing, 15 to 17 mm. at costal
margin of hindwing.
Length of forewing : J, 31 to 36 mm.
„ „ ? , 38 to 40 mm.
Hub. Assam ; Burma ; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Nias ; Natuna Islands ;
Borneo ; Java (and Bali ?).
Early stages unknown ; most likely very similar to those of K. fil/itimas.
In habits apparently not different from athamas.
A very remarkable feature of the pattern of this species is the variable position
of the median bar R' — M' of the forewing below, inasmuch as this bar in at least
half the number of individuals is, in consequence of the large development of the
discal band, partly or totally pushed from its normal place between R^ and M'
into the cell, thus standing partly or totally along the costal instead of the discal
side of M and D^. Sometimes this cellular line is about 1 mm. distant from M resp.
D*, and the interspace between the black line and those veins is filled np with white
scaling. In JJ. atliamas and hcbe the bar never enters the cell, while we have found
it situated in the cell in one specimen of K.jali/sus.
The geographical forms of E. moori run all very close ; the most obviously
different form is that described under e from Assam and Bnrma.
( a39 )
<i. E. moori heracles (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. (i, S).
Charaxes mnori, Staudinger, Exut. TiKjf. p. 173 (1880) (pt. : Borneo) ; Uulier, Eut. Xac/ii: XX.
p. 201 (1894) (pt. ; Borneo).
Charaxes heracles Rober, I.e. XX. pp 291. 294 (1894) (Borneo).
Ctiaraxrs moori, Butler, Journ. Linn. ''^oc. Limit. XXV, p. :'i85. n. 90 (1890) (pt. ; Borneo).
Charaxes javanus, Fruhstorfer, iliiil. XXIV. p. 54 (1898) (pt. ; S. Borneo).
Charaxes moori, id. I.e. (1898) (S. Borneo).
Eulepis nttiiJus moori, id. I.e. p. 50 (1898) (S. Borneo).
Eulejiis atlalits javanus, id. l.c. (1898) (pt. ; S. Borneo).
(?. This form is characterised by the marginal black area of the hiudwing
above, from the costal margin to R-, being broader, measuring along tlic liinderside
of SC^, from the tip of this vein to the white discal scaling, 9?. to 10|- mm. The
creamy white admarginal spots of the hindwing above are not often joined to the
discal white area and then only along li,-, not along R^, the black margini-
snbmarginal ai'ea is, therefore, generally not interrupted. The white discal scaling
is often so much constricted that a series of postdiscal, bluish white, more or less
ill-defined, lunules becomes separated, or the separation of the lunnles from the
discal area is at least indicated. There is sometimes little or no white scaling in
the cell of the forewing above.
? . Not known to us.
//"//. Borneo, 7 c?cj: Kina Balu, Lawas (February 189ri, A. Everett),
Pengaron ; Bunguran, Natuna Islands, 1 <? (July to October 18'.)5, Hose).
The Bnngnran individual has the white scaling on the upperside rather more
restricted than our darkest Bornean specimen ; the admarginal spots SC- — IV,
on the hindwing, are small, the last obscure, tlie anal admarginal yellow spot is
also very small. On the underside the band of the hindwing is only 11^ mm. wide
at the costal margin and deeply concave outwardly from the costal margin to R'.
The red postdiscal spots SC^ — R- are very thin, and the spot R- — R' is entirely
black.
/>. E. moori moori (Nov. Zool. V. t. XII. f. 4, S).
Cliam.res moori Distant, Rhop. Mul. p. 108. n. 0. t. 13. f. 3 jj (1883) (Prov. Wellesley, Mai. Pen.) ;
Nic^v., Butt, of Inch II. p. 277. note (1880) (Prov. Wellesley) ; Stand., E.r.i,l. Tiifif. p. 173 (188G)
(pt. ; Malacca) ; Hagen, /ra IX. p. 186. n. 245 (1890) (N.E. Sumatra).
Cliiiraxes moiirei Pagenstecher, .Jnhrb. A'ass. Ver. Nat. XLIII. p. 97. n. 63 (1890) (E. Java) :
Butl., Jowrii. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 385. n. 96 (1890) (pt. ; Sumatra).
Charaxes jorimus Riiber, Eiil. Xachr. XXI. p. 60 (1896) (Palabuan, S. Java).
Charaxes heracles id. l.c. p. 07 (1895) (Deli, Sumatra).
Charaxes (Eiilejiis) moori, Nice'v. & Martin, Joiirn. .I.v. Soe. Benrj. LXIV. ii. p. 43.'). n. 258 (1895)
(Selesseh to Bekautschan, N.E. Sumatra).
Eulepis moori, Moore, Lep. Inil. II. p. 260 (1880) (pt. ; Mai. Pen.).
Charaxes javanus, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Xachr. XXIV. p. 54 (1898) (pt. ; Java).
Charaxes heracles, id. l.e. (1898) (Sumatra, Singapore).
Eulepis attains jaraniis, id. l.c. p. 56 (1898) (pt. : Java).
Eulepis attains heracles, id. l.c. p. 50 (1898) Sumatra, Singapore).
(?) Charaxes {Eulepis) moori, Nic^ville & Elwes, Journ. As, Hoc. Bin;/. LXVI. ii. p. 092. n. 146
(1898) (Bali ; this species orhebe ?).
c?. The black margini-submarginal area of the liindwing above measures along
SC- from 7| to \)h mm. in breadth, while in the Bornean e.xamples of /iioofi the
measurements vary from 9J to 10| mm. The admarginal spots SC^ — R'' of the
hindwing above are mostly joined along R' and R-, often also along R', to the white
discal area, but there occur also specimens in Java, Sumatra, and the Malay
( 240 )
Peninsula in which the black band-like raargini-snbm.arginal area is not interrnpted.
The median bars (SM') — SJP of the hindwing below stand very often at right
angles to SM', especiallv in Malaccan specimens.
i. The white colour of the npperside mnch more extended than in d.
Forewing : cell blnish white except npper angle, discal area extending a little
beyond R', white scaling at SW approaching edge of wing. Hindwing : ad-
marginal spots (' — M- all developed, fused with the white discal area, the upper
portion of the black area reduced to a triangular patch at uj)per angle of wing,
pointing backwards, not reaching R', aboat 5 mm. wide at costal margin, portion
St'- — M- of the black snbmarginal area represented by elliptical black si)ots which
include the linear, white, snbmarginal spots, and of which the u])per three
are the smallest, tails and margin between them, as well as the extreme edge of
the rest of the distal margin of the wing, black.
Ilab. Malay Peninsula, 6 (J c? : Perak; Singapore (according to Fruhstorfer),
Prov. Wellesley (accord, to Distant). Sumatra, 10 (Jc? : Setinjak, W. Sumatra
(May 1898, Ericsson) ; Padaug Sidempoean, W. Sumatra (Ericsson) ; Upper
Palembang District, E. Sumatra : Gayoe country (.January and February 1893, Dr.
Martin) ; Bekantschau, Deli (March 1894, Dr. Martin). Java, 7 SS, 1 ? : Mount
Gede (Prillwitz, Fruhstorfer) ; East Java (accord, to Pagenstecher). Bali (accord, to
Niceville & Elwes, but most likely wrongly identified).
Dr. Martin, I.e. p. 430, says of moor/ that it occurs, like /w/jf, at lower
elevations in the Battak Mountains, N.E. Sumatra, from Selesseh to Bekantschau.
Though Herr Rober has given a name to a specimen of /iioori from Java, calling
it Javanus, we cannot find any difterential character that holds good in a number
of individuals. The specimens of moori from .Java and those from the Malay
Peninsula approach in the extent of black on the hindwing very often individuals
from Borneo (moori heracles), while the Sumatran individuals are generally more
extended white. The black apical area of the hindwing aliove measures along SC^
in our specimens {6 S) from Java from ~\ to 9J mm., in those from the Malay
Peninsula also T^ to 9i; mm., while in the Sumatran examples the numbers are
7^ and is| mm. On the forewing above, the white scaling at SM- is generally a
little more extended in the Sumatran than in the Javan or Malaccan examples ;
the discal bluish white scaling of the hindwing above penetrates more often across
R' into the black apical patch in Sumatran individuals than in those from the other
localities, and in the Sumatran specimens, again, the admarginal spots R' — M- of the
hindwing above are more often indicated than in the specimens of moori moori from
elsewhere. The Sumatran moori moori are, therefore, on the whole more different
from the Bornean moori /lerarh's than are the Javan and i\ra!accan moori moori.
Specimens in which the admarginal sjrats of the hindwing are not connected
with the white discal area are comparatively rare amongst moori moori. We have
one specimen each from Malacca, S.E. Sumatra, and W. Java (Gede), in which
those spots are not joined to the discal area.
In 1894 Herr Riiber differentiated the Bornean moori under the name of
heracles from moori moori. In 189.5 he said {I.e.) that " two c?<? of heracles from
Sumatra (Deli) are not different from specimens from South Borneo." This state-
ment is not in accordance with what we said above of Sumatran moori ; but we have
examined one of Riibcr's Sumatran individuals, and find that it agrees with our
Sumatran specimens, hence differing from the Bornean examjiles in the cbaracters
mentioned above, being, in fact, more different from the Bornean specimens of moori
( 241 )
heracles than are the average examples of Malaccan moori moori. We received that
Snmatran examjile through the kiudness of Herr Frnhstovfer ; the specimen is
marked and hibelled in Kiiber's handwriting '^ heracles spec, ti/pe " (!), though Herr
Rober, when describing heracles in 1894, had only Bornean specimens. The
strange labelling of that specimen misled Herr Fruhstorfer in 1898 to restrict the
name of heracles to individuals of E. moori from Sumatra and Singapore, and to
treat the Borneau examples of A', moori as E. attains m.oori and E. attalus javanas.
According to Herr Fruhstorfer there occur in South Borneo two subspecies of
moori ; Herr Rciber records also moori moori from South Borneo, and describes,
besides, moori heracles from the same country, so that we have the strange
phenomenon that three subspecies, = geographical (!) races, of one insect occur
together. The solution of the riddle shows that there is, in fact, no contradiction in
terms ; for there are, as regards the countries in question, only two fairly well
distinguishable " geographical " forms, as pointed out above, namely, those inhabiting
Sumatra and Borneo respectively, while the individuals from the Malay Peninsula
and Java partly agree with the Sumatran specimens, and partly approach, or are
identical with, the least deviating Bornean examples. AVe have here a complete
bridge from one extreme (race of Sumatra) to the other (race of Borneo) ; unfortu-
nately not the two extremes have been named, but the one extreme (Bornean race)
and individuals from the countries (Malay Peninsula and Java) where the specimens
vary from one extreme (Sumatra race) to the lower limit of variation of the other
extreme (Borneo race). As, further, these " intermediate " moori from Java are
not different from those from the Malay Peninsula, the name moori jacanus
designates the same as moori moori, hence we have in South Borneo only moori
moori (according to Rober and Fruhstorfer) and moori heracles ; however, what
Messrs. Hiiber and Fruhstorfer call /noori moori are most likely those specimens of
moori heracles in which the admarginal spots of the hindwing above are jiartly
joined to the white discal area. This character is very variable individually, and
cannot serve to characterise two subspecies of E. moori. As regards those Bornean
individuals which exhibit the lower limit of the variation of the distinguishing
character, having the black apical area of the upperside of the hindwing only
9i mm. wide behind SC-, it is quite wrong to designate them as m^ori moori, a
question which will more fully be dealt with in the appendix to this monograph.
In order to avoid having to allude to the same matter again under E. hebe, we
mention here that the nomenclature of the various races not only of E. moori, but
also of E. hebe, as given by Herr Fruhstorfer in Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. 56 (1898),
is monstrous ; Herr Fruhstorfer records, for instance, from Singapore Eulepis
attalus plautus, E. attains chersonesus, and E. attalus heracles, treating all the
forms of E. moori and E. hebe as subspecies of one species E. attains.
Though Messrs. Rober and Fruhstorfer have somewhat complicated the nomen-
clature of the insects in question by giving too many names, and ajjplyiug names
wrongly, one can easily recognise from their papers that they have studied these
insects more intensely than anybody before.
c. E. moori kaba (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 6, S).
Cluiraxes kaba KheU, /i'/,.,y,. .Mas p. 27. t. :!. f. 19 (,T884) (Nia-s) ; Stiiud., Kvot. Tagf. p. 173 (188(5)
(Nias) ; Rober, Ent. Xaclir. xx. pp. -291. 292 (1894) (Nias) ; id. I.e. XXI. pp. 65. 67 (1896)
(Nias ?, not (j).
Charaxes moorei, Butler, ./oiini. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 38,'). n. 96 (1896) (sub syiion.).
Eulejm attalus kaba, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachi: XXIV. p. 56 (1898) (Nias).
C 242 )
c? ? . The iritersjiace between the suljineiliaii ami iiieiliau lines of bars of the
lUKhTside of the hindwing is i)artly tiHeil np with bhiek scaling, so that the bars
apjjear more or less eoiiflueut in and before the cell. The black postdiscal spots are
ver}- heavy and partly replace the brownish red spots. On the npperside the white
area of the forewing is rather more dee])ly sinnate between R" and IM, and between
M- and «M-.
Hah. Nias.
Herr Ruber, I.e., XXI., p. liT, remarks that iu his S the interspace between tlm
bars is not partly black, bnt is normal as in hebe, etc. However, this S is ccrtainlj'
not hiiha, bnt a form of hehe, named by Herr Frnhstorfer faUncidex. Herr Rciber
himself. I.e. p. 06, says of /aiba that it belongs to the " kebe gronp '" and that the
? of kaba is an exception to the rule that the discal area of the hindwiug below is
longer in the moori than in the " hebe group," hence it is obvious that what Herr
Rdber calls the S oi kaba is not a nioori bnt a ki'be specimen, i.e. is not moori kaha,
but hchc fallacidcs, while his ? of kaba with the character of the " moori grouj) "
belongs really to the Nias form of moori, namely, moori kaba.
il. E. moori sandakanus (Xuv. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 4. .J, S).
Eulqiis moori, Moore, Lej>. Ind. II. p. lilJO t. 187. f. 2. in. ^ ? (1896) (pt. ; Naga Hills ; Burma).
Cliaroxes tnoorl, Butler, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 38a. n. !I6 (I89G) (pt. ; Burma).
Eulejjis attulus, subap. of, Fruhstorfer, Ent. \,irl)r. XXIV. p. 67 (1898) (Naga Hills).
Eulej>is hebe, subsp. of, id. I.e. (1898) ( ? , Burma).
J ? . Discal area of both wings paler (less yellowish) than in the other races of
J'J. moori ; black apical area of hiudwing abuve o — il mm. wide behind iSC-. Tliere
occur two very dift'erent-lookiug forms iu Assam, which, judging from the difference
in the seasonal forms of E. athamas of North India, we presume to represent
seasonal varieties which we introduce here as : —
a'. E. moori sandakanus f- marginalis Rothsch., f. nov. (Xuv. Zt«iL. V. t. XII.,
f. 3, (?).
J. l'jJiM'r.'<i<h: : Forewing with scarcely any bluish white scaling at outersido
of discal area from M- to near .SM-; the white scaling being here not more extended
than on the underside, the discal brown-black bar M-— SM^ of the underside does
not show through above. Hindwing : black margini-snbmarginal area not
iuterrnj)ted, 7 — 'J mm. wide beliind SC- ; bluish white scaling at edge of white area
from R' — SM- rather more bluish than in other forms of E. moori, often appearing
as separate lunules ; admarginal spots SO- — R^ separated from one another, not
joined to the discal area, pale yellow, with pale blue scaling near the veins, the
third spot R- — R' larger than the first S( '- — R^ (in the specimens of the other forms
of /■-'. moori with not interrupted black border to hindwing the third s])ot becomes
mostly obscure, or is, at least, not better defined than the first), admarginal spot R^ —
M' small, yellowish or pale blue, the following also sometimes present (pale blue);
white submarginal dots snuill and the ui)per ones almost absent ((i//'i\ Xaga Hills),
or (Khasia Hills) of the same size as in moori moori.
L'mlerside : Forewing, the cell-dot is often fused with the (generally) short
cell-bar.
Mr. Moore's figure of the S of this form {I.e.) is not correct in some details,
(2« )
while in one detail it is too correct, the figure showing distinctly that the hindwing
of the specimen has been mended, there being a spot too much in the anal region.
? . Upperside : Forewing, detached discal spot R^ — R- abont 5 mm. long ;
white scaling at outside of discal area as in ? of t/ioori moori. Hindwing, black
border of wing (i mm. wide in front of SC-, gradually narrowing to R-, then broken
up iuto rounded patches by means of the pale bluish white scaling extending along
the veins, this scaling not heavy at the veins ; admarginal spots SC- — R^ slightly
sejjarated, well defined, less bluish than in S , spot C — SC" also faintly indicated,
spots R' — M- thinner, especially the second of the two, with pale blue scaling at
veins ; submarginal white spots as in moori moori ; black portion of cellule
SC- — R' without bluish white scaling in front of R' between discal area and
admarginal spot.
Ij} E. moori sandakanus f sandakanus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII, f. 4. 5, S).
<S. Upperside : Forewing : greater ])art of cell with white scaling, this scaling
extending in ti/pe of m/u/a/m wis beyond U^ ; white scaling at outside of discal area
wide, from halfway between M' and M- to (SM') about twice as broad as in the
other forms of tnoori ; discal spot R' — R- in type with some white scales in front,
3 — 4 mm. long. Hindwing : discal bluish white scaling much extended, all the
admarginal spots C— SM- well marked, joined to discal scaling along veins R' — M-,
separating the submarginal black band into spots ; black apical area much reduced ;
cellule SC- — R' with {(i/pc) or without a white spot before R' between submarginal
dot and discal area.
Underaiile : blackish brown lines at the onter edge of the discal area of the
forewing, and brown-red jwstdiscal spots of the hindwing as thin as in ? of moori
moori.
? . DiSers from ? of moori moori in the bluish white scaling at the outside of
the discal area of the forewing above being wider, having nearly equal width from
M- — SM", the discal and the submarginal curved bars of the underside shining
through. The ? figured by Moore belongs here.
Hah. Sikkim, Assam and Burma.
y. marginalise : Naga Hills {t>jp(, 4 i$, Sherwill) : Upper Assam (?, E.
Hartert, in coll. Staudinger) ; Garo Hills 1 <{ ; " Assam " (Hamilton,
S in coll. Staudinger) ; Moulmein (Brit. Museum).
J. sandakanus: Khasi Hills (J, Hamilton, in coll. Staudinger) ; Sikkim,
I ¥ ; '• Assam," 1 ? ; " Burma " ( ? , Brit. Museum) ; ti/pe (now in
Tring Mus.) from " N. Borneo."
The ti/pe of 7^". moorei sandahanus is labelled " Nordborneo Alverett." Alverett
is a misprint for A. Everett ; the label bears on the underside the letters " Swhoe,"
which means most likely Swinhoe (the dealer in Lepidoptera at Oxford). Herr
Fruhstorfer received the duplicates of Everett's Lepidoptera after they had gone
through other hands. As the unique ^y/ye-specimen from "North Borneo "' agrees
so well with the individual from the Khasia Hills in Dr. Staudinger's collection,
we have no doubt that the locality " North Borneo " is incorrect, and that the
specimen is a Khasia Hills specimen which Herr Frnhstorfer received from Jlr.
Swinhoe.
It is quite ])ossible that the sjiecimeus from the Naga Hills represent a separate
subspecies inhabiting the higher countries from Up])er Assam to Tonkin. The
( 244 )
material available for examination does \n<\ atliuil ol drawiui; any coiicliisioiiM as to
the correctness of that suggestion.
The specimeus examined wore all without date of capture ; hence we do not
feel justified in treating the white form as representing a spring brood and the
dark form as belonging to the summer broods, thougli tliat surmise may ultimately
turn out to be correct.
tl'-. White or greenish white band on upperside as wide us below, no
additional white scaling at the outer side of the band on forewing.
11. Eulepis aija (Xcv. Zool. V. t. X. f. (i, 6).
Charaxcs "rjii Felder, Rrise Xorara, Lej). p. 43S. n. 713 (1867) (Assam) ; But)., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lund.
p. 119. n.4 (1870) (var. of Wmro/a .') ; Nice'v., liutt.'if Iml.U.p.-n^. n. 569(18K(;) (N.E.India,
Assam. Upp. Tenasserim) ; Staud., Exol. Toy/, p. 172 (\SM) (N. India) ; Elwes, Tr. Eiit.Sor.
Land. p. 3G8. n. 210 (1888) (Sikkim) ; Manders, ilM.p. :rJ6n. 91 (1890) (Shan States, common
all the year round) ; Watson, Juurii. linmhai) -V. H. Soc. VI. p. 4'J. n. 92 (1891) (Chin-Lushai) :
Rober, JCnI. Xaclir. XX. p. 291. 292. 293 (1894) (N. India) : Butl., .fmini. Lhin. Sn,-. Loml.
XXV. p. 384. n. 94 (1896) (Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, " Landour" he. err.).
\i/ni/>hiili.v alhiimax var. c. Chiiriues arja, Kirby, Cut. Diiini. Lip. p. 271. sub n. 43 (1871)
(Assam).
Eali'pis (ithonmn, Niceville, Jmmi. An. Sue. Beiiq. LI. ii. p. 61 (1882) ; (pt. : Sikkim, Oct.) ; Moore,
Lep. 1ml. II. p. 25."). t. 184. f. 1 e. J (1896).
C'Aaroj-es (KKfryi/s) or/«, Wood-Mas. t^- Nici'T., ./oh™. A». Sdc. 7Jra</. LV. ii. p. 363. n. ICMl (188(>)
(Cachar, VI. to VIII.) ; Nice'v., in Risley, Gnzellrer of Hihhim p. 147. n. 232 (1894) (Sikkim) :
Watson, I.e. X. p. 656. n. 120 (1896) (Chin Hills, February, 2000 ft.) ; Mackinn. & Nicev.,
Joimi. Bombay N. H. Snr. XI. p. 377. n. 122 (1898) (not seen west of Sikkim).
NijmpkalU atliamns var. orju, Robbe, Ami. Soc. F.iil. Belg. XXXVI. p. 130. n. 51 (1892)
(Kurseong).
Eulejiis till araUi, iiwmhtiti (non Fdder, 1867), Tr. Ent. Sor. Loud. p. 289. n. 193 (1893) (Khasia
HUls).
Eulijiis iirja, Moore, Lep. Iiid. II. p. 258. t. 186. f. 1. «— c. S ? (1886); Fruhst., Enl. Xiuhr.
XXIV. p. 60 (1898) (Sikkim, Assam).
Differs from /:.'. athamas in the discal band of the wings being white (pale
greenish white in fresh specimeus). The submarginal white spots of the hindwing
are, on the whole, larger, the blue shading at the outer edge of the discal baud of
the hiudwing above from R-^ — M- more distinct.
The submarginal dot of the forewing above is seldom absent ; sometimes
(esj)ecially often in ?) there is a second dot behind W. lu one of our iSiivkim ? ?
the band of the forewing crosses II' a little, there being a white patch indicated
wliich corresponds to a white spot of the underside standing at the outside of the
well-marked median bar R- — R^. In one of the S6 from the Xaga Hills there
appears a black line along SM' of the hindwing below, recalling the black lines
found in K. jji/rr/i us and many ('haro.ix.'i. The whitish, triangular patcli near the
end of the abdominal fold of the hindwing above is often scarcely indicated. Blue
streaks in tails well developed.
Seasonal variation as in E. utliamas.
fiK E. arja f. tem]). vernus Rothsch., f. nov.
Discal band very liroad ; detached discal spot of forewing large, sometimes
with a small spot in front ; in one of our specimens a white line behind middle of
costal margin; black bars of underside thin, sid)mediau ones moreor less obliterated,
( 245 )
median ones of hindwing also partly absent or only vestigial ; type with a rather
broad pale bine distal border to the band of the hindwing above.
41. E. arja f. temp. arja.
Band in $ about 9 or 10 mm. wide at M- of forewing, broader iu ? , generally
wider than in the specimens of E. athamas of the same month. There occur
individuals with the band much narrower on both wings, the blue scaling at the
outer side of the band of tlie hindwing above ratlier pronounced, and the anal
admarginal spot blue or nearly blue. These individuals (c? 6) are found together
with ordinary examples of arja, and are known from Sikkim, the Khasia and Naga
Hills, and from North Cachar ; therefore they do not represent either a seasonal or
a local race ; but the appearance of such individuals may depend on climatical
conditions— probably an excess of heat. A specimen of this form in the British
Museum is labelled " Sikkim, May 1889, S. C. Dudgeon"; we doubt the correctness
of the date, as our May individuals of E. arja and E. athamas approach the broad-
banded spring race. The name under which these aberrant individuals should be
known is
a-. E. arja f. temp, arja ab. roeberi (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 6, tj).
Eulepis athamas var., Moore, Lep. Ind., II. p. 255. t. 184. f. le (1896) (Khasia Hills).
Charaxes arja roeberi Fruhstorfer, Eiit. Xachr. XXIV. p. 59 (1898) (Khasia Hills).
Charaxes aeolvs id. (Rober in litt.), I.e.
Eulepis arja roeberi id., /.c, p. 60.
Ilab. From Sikkim to Tenasserim ; not found iu N.W. India and iu S. India.
The habits of this species are the same as those of E. athamas ; it is in most
places not quite so common as the latter, though occasionally the reverse is the case.
The larva and pupa are unknown.
12. Eulepis athamas (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 1 to 5 and 7 to 11 ; t. XI. f. 1 to 12).
Papilio Eqties Acliiriis athamas Drury, ///. Ex. Ins. I. p. 5. t. 2. f. 4 & Index (1773) (China).
S ? . Head and pronotum bistre brown, mesonotum more greenish olive, slightly
glossy, abdomen olive brown ; head with four creamy dots, and a line behind eves ;
pronotum often with a vestige of a dot at each side. Palpi beneath and middle of
sterna creamy buff, sides of sterna more grey, with black stripes underneath the
femora; underside of abdomen pale woodbrown in S, often more creamy, blackish in
? ; femora black, mottled with white scales, anterior tibiae black, middle and hinder
tibiae and all tarsi cream colour, extreme bases of second to fifth segments of middle
and hinder tarsi brown; anterior femora above with creamy or huffish scaling.
S. Wings, upperside : purplish black, slightly greenish at base, with a greenish
straw-yellow discal baud of variable width, occupying sometimes by far the greater
portion of the wing, while it is iu other forms barely 7 mm. broad at its widest
point. Forewing : distal edge more or less deeply concave, mostly dentate, but
often not produced at end of veins ; inner edge of discal band nearly straight or
slightly convex up to M', indented just in front of this vein, patch R' — M' being a
little shorter than that behind M', patch R^— M' rounded proximally and costally,
ofteu slightly triangular distally, its outer edge theu being oblique from R' to inter-
nervular fold 11^ — M'; outer edge of band straight, or somewhat concave between
veins, at right angles to internal margin or nearly so ; extreme portion of angle
17
( 246 )
formed bv veins R' ami M' always black, even iu the s|i(Himeiis with the baud miiili
widened; black triangular space before base of M- at least 1 mm. (generallj- 2 mm.)
wide at M-; no white or bluish white scaling at outer side of band; discal spot 11' — li-
very variable in size and shape, ofteu with a second, smaller, spot in front ; sub-
marginal spot SC'' — R' also variable, ofteu absent, seldom with a spot in front or
another behind; cell only in the extreme specimens of the Himalayan spring brood
with pale scaling (Nov. ZooL. V. t. X. f. 3), such specimens also with pale scaling
at costal margin. Hindwing : discal band triangular, reaching submedian fold,
where it is mostly joined to snbanal, abdominal, more or less triangular, pale patch ;
inner edge of band well defined in the dark forms, less so in the North Indian sjiring
brood with extended band ; outer edge concave from C to IV and then again from
R' to M-, or nearly evenly convex (in the specimens with extremely wide band) ;
at distal edge of band, beyond 51-, a trace of a pale bine Inunle, iu extreme si)ocimeus
of the spring brood (N. India) often with three very thin Inuules between K-' and
SM-; a complete series of white submarginal dots, the dot before S(.'- often absent;
admarginal spots tawny ochraceous, transverse, often obscure or obliterated, anal
one generally better defined and varying in tint from ochraceous to buff; tails
generally with bluish metallic plumbeous lines, the hinder line of second tail often
continued along anal margin of wing to subanal abdominal pale patch ; last two
white submarginal dots mostly with jjale blue scaling at outside; black submarginal
spots (between the white submarginal ones and the admargiual spots) not clearly
marked; fringe white at anal angle; tails pointed, varying in length.
Uiulersidc : discal band exactly as wide as above, but greenish white.
Forewing : middle cell-bur represented by two dots, encircled with white, the upper
often wanting, the lower closer to point of origin of M- than to base of wing,
upper cell-bar very obliijuc, continuous with submedian bar M- — (SM'), edged white
proximally, somewhat bi-undulate ; median bars M' — (SM') also continuous, bar
j{,3 — M' a little more distal, mostly prolonged a little along R^, and often not
separated at M' from point of origin of R'; bar D thin, heaviest in front behind R-;
median bar R- — R^ mostly absent, but sometimes indicated about midway between
cell and discal bar, median bar R' — R- always present, forming the proximal border
of the discal greenish white patch R' — R-, median bar 8C= — R' only present in
specimens which have also the respective greenish white discal spot marked ; discal
bars R^ — SM= mostly forming the outer border of the discal band, but ofteu
separated from it, especially bars R' — M^ by a rufous interspace, the bars themselves
sometimes rufous, discal bar R-— R^ rather heavier than the others, bars SC^ — R-
mostly rather thin, straight or convex, seldom slightly concave, bar SC — SC"' seldom
marked, but always present in the specimens which have a submarginal spot between
those veins; postdiscal and submarginal bars joined to form strongly arclied lunules
between R- and (SM'), bars SC— R- forming mostly rings, upper postdiscal bars
often (sometimes all the discal bars) rufous; a black jiatch behind (SM') replacing
the last postdisco-submarginal lunulc, another patch behind SM-; interspace between
submedian and median lines of bars olivaceous, mostly more or less rufous chestnut,
this chestnut, colour extended between R- and R' distad to discal bar, forming mostly
a patch at the proximal side of that bar, sometimes also cellules SC!^ — !{'- more or
less rufous chestnut ; outer marginal area olivaceous, rest of wing vinaceous fawn
colour, shining in side-light. Hindwing : submedian line of bars just outside the
praecostal vein, bordered white proximally, concave, continued a little beyond M ;
median line of bars entering cell at origin of It'-, crossing ]\I at or a little beyond oris^iu
( 247 )
of M^, interspace between the two lines of bars coloured as on forewing; discal band
as above ; discal bars Inuiform, nearly always well separated from band by rnfoas
cbestniTt interspaces, bordered distally by silvery white thin lines, of which the last
ones are more or less bluisli, follnwcd by a complete series of rufous red or dark
rnfous, more or less luniform spots ; of these spots the njjpermost is oblique, wider
in front than behind, the third is thin, the fourth often replaced by black, ail (except
the second) bordered distally by the black, postdiscal, luniform bars ; submarginal
white spots rather ill-defined, followed distally by black transverse submarginal
spots, which are separated by thin white lines from the ochraceous admargiual bars,
anal admargiual bar generally paler yellow than the others ; cellule SC- — R' at
outside of rufous red luniform spot more or less scaled white ; base of wing and
abdominal fold up to (SM') pale viuaceons Isabella colour, submarginal area pale
olivaceous ; tails with metallic plumbeous scaling, similar scaling at the black
submarginal spots.
Tenth tergite rounded triangular, pointed in middle.
?. Similar to t?, larger, wings broader, forewing less falcate, hindwing less
triangular, tails broader.
llah. From Ceylon, N.W. India and S. China, to the Pbilippiues and Timor, in
a number of geograi>hical forms.
Piepers, Tijdsclir. r. Ent. XXI. p. 11. n. 38 (1878), records atliamas also from
Alloe, Bouthain, South Celebes.
The larva and i)upa are described and figured of the races from South India
and Ceylon, and Java.
The species exhibits considerable seasonal variation, especially iu South and
North India ; for we find that the specimens obtaiued in March and April in North
and North-West India have the discal band much widened and the underside pale,
while the individuals flying in May and June have the band narrower, and those
found in Sikkim from August to November have it narrowest. In South India there
are two well distinguished forms, the one corresponding to the spring form of North
India, but with the band less broad, and representing most likely the dry season
brood, respectively a form that inhabits dry districts, and the second having the
band narrower and the underside brighter in tint. In Burmah broad-banded, pale,
specimens occur also, besides narrow-banded ones. The Sumatran specimens we
have seen were all narrow-banded, and we have also not met with a broad-banded
individual from Borneo, though we have no doubt that there occur, in the latter
locality, examples that correspond in tint and pattern to the pale brood of South
India. The ordinary Java afk/'mas are pale, but on Mt. Arjuno occur examples that
are much brighter in colour, resembling Borneo individuals. The races from the
lesser Sunda Islands, Lombok to Timor, are apparently mouomoriihic ; the examples
are similar to the ordinary Java form, but the underside is often brighter. The
wings are in the pale form longer than in the narrow-banded form, in all localities.
The differences exliibited by the pale and the narrow-banded forms have often
been treated as being of specific value : for instance, the pale South Indian form has
been described as E. ugrarius, while the darker form is referred to as E. samatha,
the North Indian spring form has been designated as E. hamasta, the form flying
from May tf) June as E, bharata, and the summer form as E. athunias.
As the species is so susceptible to climatical diflerenccs, it is self-evident that
the individuals caught in the same month at the same locality, but in different years,
are not always identical in the width of the band, and that, further, in different
( 248 )
localities of the same conutry one maj- meet with somewhat different forms of
athamas in one year, and identical forms in another year. This one must bear in
mind in working with the individuals of athamas from a certain country.
An interesting individual variation, which is observed especially in the pale
forms, and which does not rarely occur in all localities (? except Sumatra), is
represented by those specimens which have two submarginal spots ou the forewing,
there being marked, besides the ordinary spot SG° — R', a second spot in front of
vein SC, or behind R'. We have not seen an individual in which all three spots
are present.
a. E. athamas agrarius (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 7, <?, t'eylon).
EiiUph samatha, Moore (non Moore 1878), Lep. Ceyl. I. p. 29. t. 14. f. 2. 2a. 2b. ^ ? , 1., p. (1881)
(Ceylon).
dial-axes athamas, Nic(!ville, Butt, of I ml. 11. p. 275. n. 5G8 (1882) (pt.) ; Aitk., Journ. Bomhay N.
H. Soc. I. p. 133. n. 25 (1886) (Ghats from XII. to III.) ; Wats. Ibkl. V. p. 33. n. 56 (1890)
(Mysore, Xovember) ; Davids. & Aitk., ibirl. V. p. 277. n. 38 (1890) (larva, variat., habits) ;
Betham, ibid. V. p. 285. n. 49 (1890) (Central Prov.) : Fergus., ibid. V. p. 440. n. 80 (1891) (Tra-
vancore, common up to 3000 ft.); Davids., Bell & Aitk., ibid. X. p. 258 n. 65 (1896) (N.Canara,
everywhere and at all seasons).
ClMnixes agrarius Swinhoe, in Nici^v., Butt, of Iml. II. p. 277. sub n. 568 (1882) (Mhow and
Assirghur in October) ; id., P. Z. S. p. 425. n. 34 t. 40. i. 3 g (1886).
Charaxes samatha, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. p. 130. n. 41 (1885) (Matberan, Dec).
Charaxes athamas form samatha, Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Benrj. p. 355. n. 81 (1888) (Nilgheries,
common, 3 to 4000 ft.).
Eulepis athamas, Moore, Lep. Ind. U. p. 252 (1896) (pt.).
Eulepis agrarius, Moore, I.e. p. 257. t. 185. f. 2. 2a. ^ ? (1896) (Hills of Central India ; Eastern
OhrUs ; not Chin Hills).
Eulepis athamas aberratio samalha, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. GO (1898) (pt.; Ceylon).
Eulepis athamas agrarius, Fruhstorfer, I.e.
Charaxes agrarius, Fruhstorfer, I.e.
Cell-bar 4 of forewing below less oblique, its upper end farther away from
upper angle of cell, than in the other geographical races.
Two forms are known, which are most probably climatic varieties. "\Vc have
very scanty knowledge about the occurrence of the two forms. In most places both
varieties seem to be found, but at diti'erent times of years ; but it is quite possible
that in the dry districts only the one form is produced, while in the localities without
a pronounced cold season the other is the only one found. The pale form, which,
is described by Swinhoe as a distinct species under the name of agrariits, and which,
according to the dated specimens examined by us, is most probably the dr3'-season
form, is very interesting, being always considerably different from the North Indian
pale spring form. The band of the wings becomes never so broad as in spring
specimens from North-West and North India ; the underside is also pale, but never
so pale as in March examples from Sikkim, and the femora are always as white as
the tibiae ; while in Sikkim individuals of the cold-season brood the submarginal
spot of the forewing above becomes often obsolete or disappears entirely, the South
Indian dry-season examples have (always ?) two submarginal spots. These two
spots are also present in a ? from Deesa in Colonel Swinhoe's collection, which
has the cell-bar of the forewing below like North Indian specimens, and agrees
with the latter also in the size of the white submarginal dots of the liindwing above.
The darker South Indian form of a warm and wet climate differs very slightly from
the corresponding summer form of North India, and is sometimes not distinguishable.
( 249 )
f'. E. athamas agrarius f. (temp. ?) madeus Rothscli., f. nov.
(? ? . White snbmarginal dots of the npperside of the hindwing generally
slightly larger than ia North Indian individuals of the snmmer broods ; anal
admarginal spot paler, less ochraceons.
Band of wings always narrow, widest at C of hindwing (7 to 9 mm.) ;
snbmarginal spot SC^ — R' of forewiag above sometimes absent ; snbmarginal,
white, dots of hindwing in most individuals well marked, the posterior ones
somewhat enlarged. The anal admarginal, transverse spot is mostly creamy buff,
mostly with a glaucous blue tint, seldom pale ochraceons. The underside is
generally somewhat paler than in North Indian examjiles.
The snbmarginal spot of the forewiug above is in most specimens well marked,
in others very faint, seldom quite absent.
5'. E. athamas agrarius f (temp. ?) agrarius.
<S ? . Both wings more elongate than in f. madeus ; the bases above paler,
forewing apparently always with two snbmarginal dots above ; discal spot R' — R^
large, not rounded outwardly, more or less trapeziform ; discal band up to 11 mm.
wide at SM'- in ? , 8 or 9 mm. in cJ. Hindwing : discal band at SC" from 7 (cJ)
to 10 (?) mm. wide, biconcave outwardly; white triangular subanal abdominal
patch very distinctly marked ; white snbmarginal spots R^ — SM- more than twice
the size of spots C — R', the last two merged together to a slightly curved bar ;
last admarginal spot (at anal angle) pale glaucous green, admarginal spots R^ — M'
creamy with a faint greenish tint, often obliterated, the other admarginal markings
more ochraceons, but mostly absent or very faint ; pale bine scaling in tails heavier
than in preceding form.
Undei-side paler, interspace between lines of black bars much less rufous than
in the supposed wet-season form ; the upper end of the cell-bar of forewing
3 to 5 mm. distant from discocellnlar mark ; upper submedian bar of hindwing (at
outside of praecostal vein) incomplete, its anterior portion only being marked ; bar
M — (SM') less oblique than the submedian cell-bar, well separated from the latter.
Middle and hinder legs dirty white, femora not being more or less extended
black as in the North Indian forms of uthcunas. Sterna and underside of abdomen
grey.
Hab. Ceylon and South India as far north as the Central Provinces, 20 i <S,
3 ? $ . Specimens from Deesa (in Colonel Swinhoe's collection) belong to the North
Indian geographical race.
/. macleas in the Tring Museum from Ceylon (Kandy, fi/pe) ; Karwar,
September and October ; N. Canara, September ; Calicut ; Coorg ; Kalar, June,
August, September. Recorded by Swinhoe from Slathcran, December.
/. agrarius in the Tring Museum from Bangalore, Mysore, October ; Kalar,
May. Recorded by Swinhoe from Mhow and Assirghur, October. Not in Ceylon.
Desideratum : It is much to be desired that exact observations should be
published by entomologists in South India about the time, season, and localities of
occurrence of each of the two forms of agrarius. As the form agrarius is apparently
not so common as the form madeus, it is not improbable that madeus alone occurs
during the insect " season," the monsoons, while the specimens that emerge from
the chrysalis during the dry period, when comparatively very few insects are on the
( 250 )
wing, arp ograrius. The larva and chrysalis are described br Moore, Lep. Ceylon
I. ]). 30 : " Larva elongated, thickened in th& middle, dark green ; head large,
■wide, flattened, snrmounted by fonr sjiinons processes ; last segment with two short
naked points ; the segments with an obliqne yellowish-white stripe most prominent
on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh ; beneath these a lateral series of small white
spots. Fnpa cylindrical, back and thorax convex, head truncated, pointed in front ;
green, streaked with white. Feeds on Caesalpinia."
Messrs. Davidson & Aitken, .Town. Bombay 2s. H. Soc. V. p. 277. n. 38 (1890),
after citing the above description of the larva, give the following acconnt of their
observations : " This is I\Ir. Moore's description and is good, but we have found
different specimens to vary very much in the distinctness and colour of the lateral
stripes ; they are always present, but sometimes very faint indeed. Another more
important point, which seems hitherto to have escaped notice, is that the last pair
of legs are almost obsolete, and are not used in walking. We found this from
June to October on the ' Goolmohr ' (^Foinciuna reqia), the 'Khairee' {Caf.mljJi'/iia
mimosiotdes), and several other trees. The larva, like those of most wary and
strong-winged butterflies, is very shy and cautious in its habits, feeding by night
and remaining motionless all day ; but it is much preyed on from the time it leaves
the egg, and only a small proportion seem to reach maturity. The pnpa is almost
oval, smooth, and without irregularities ; in colour green, with faint white lines
more or less distinct."
The insects seem to be common in most districts, but we do not always know
which of the two forms is meant by the respective authors.
Moore, Lep. Ceylon I. p. 30 (1881), says: ^^ Males most frequently found
perched high up on acacia-trees. Flight quick and strong. Common ( U fff/e)."
Aitken, Journ. Bombay X. H. S. I. p. 133 (1886), remarks about athanms :
" This is common enough on the Ghiits, chiefly, I think, from December to March.
. . . They have a. penchant, for certain places. In the Society's collection there are
one or two old specimens of large size, with the apical spot which is wanting in the
smaller form."
Davidson, Bell it Aitken, I.e. X. p. 258. u. 05 (1890), in their acconnt of the
North Canara butterflies, say that E. athumas "is found everywhere and at all
seasons ; the food plants are many — Poincianu, Caesalpinia, Grewia, etc."
b. E. athamas athamas (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f 1 to 5, 9, 10).
Papilio Eques Achirus alluimtis Drury, III. Ex. Ins. p. 5. t. 2. f. 4. & Index (ITi.'i) (China) ; Cram.,
Pup. Ex. I. p. 140. t. 89. f. c. I). (177C0 (China).
Pupilio Eqiirs Arhirns jii/nim-i, Fabricius, .Synt. Ent. p. 449. n. 30 (177:'j) (pt.) ; Goeze, Enl. Biytr.
III. 1. p. 78. n. 31 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins. p. 10. n. 41 (1781) (pt.) ; id., .Uanl. /«s. II. p. G.
n. 45 (1787) (pt.) ; Gmclin, Si/st. Nat. I. 6. p. 2234. n. 2'. (1790) (pt.) ; Turton, Syst. of Xat.
III. 2. p. 71 (1806).
Papilio Nijnijihilis jiijrrlius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. fil. n. 192 (1793) (pt).
Papilio pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins. nf Ind. t. 29. f. 3 (18U0).
Eriboea atliamis, Hiibner, Vtrz. bck. Schinett. p. 47. n. 430 (1816).
Nymplialis athumas, Godart, Eric. MeHi. IX. p. 353. n. 11 (1823) (pt. ; China') ; Doubl., Westw. &
Hew., Gen. Dium. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 29 (1850) (pt. ; E. India ; China) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat.
Lep. E. I. C. I. p. 205. n. 4)7 (18.-,7) (pt. ; N. India) ; Lang, Enl. Mn. Marj. I. p. 181 (1864)
(N.W. Indi.a, habits) ; Kirby, Cut. Dinrn. Lrp. p. 271. n. 43 (lH75)(pt.) ; Nicev., Jnurn. .is.
Sue. Sen;/. I. p. 58. n. 38 (1881) (Runjit valley, common, October) ; Wood-Mas. & Nicev., I.e.
p. 248 (1881) (Pt. Blair) ; Robbe, Ann. Soc. Ent. IMg. XXXVI. p. 129. n. 50 (1892) (Darjeeling).
( S.M )
Chnraxes athamas, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 634. n. 45 (18(i£)) (pt. ; India ; China) : id., Cut. Dkirn. Lep.
descr. bi/ Fair. p. 51. d. C (18G0) (pt.) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. 340 (187:i) (? China) ; id., I.e. p. 106
(1874) (Chentaboon, Siam) ; Moore, ihul. p. 271 (1874) (Cashmere) ; Nici'v.. Indian Agrindtiirixl
for January (1880) ( Kotgurth, October); id., Bidt. of Ind. II. p. 275. n. 568 (1882) (pt.) ; Staud.,
Ej-nt. Tnnf. p. 172. t. 59 (1886); Elwes & MiiUer, Ti: Eid. Soc. ion//, p. 367. n. 209(1888)
(Sikkim) ; Nicc'v. Juuni. Bomhou N. II. Soc. V. p. 297. n. 49 (189i)) (Chin Lushai) ; Mauders,
Tr. Eld. Sor. Land. p. 5_'6 (1890) (Shan States) ; Wat.son, ./<<«)■«. Bniahmj N.H. .SV. VI. p. 41.
n. 91 (1891) (Tilin, XI. II. III.) ; Walker, Tr. EiU. Soc. Loud. p. 458. n. 52 (1895) (Hong-
Kong, seen).
Chamxes sanuitlui Moore, P. Z. S. p. 831 (1878) (Moolai, 3 to 6000 feet, Upp. Tena.sserim).
Eulepk cithanuis, Moore, P. Z. S. p. 238 (1882) (N.W. Himalayas ; Kangra : Kulu, 3000 feet); Nicfjv.,
Joiini. .U. Soc. Bciig. LI. ii. p. 61 (1882) (Sikkim. October ; pt.) ; Swinh., Tr. E,d. Soc. LomJ.
p. 2811. n. 192 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, Lcp. Ind. II. p. 252. t. 184. f. lb. Ic. Id.
(1896) (pt.).
Charaxex ulliamas var. xamaiha, Distant, PJiop. Mai. p. 106. n. 4 (1883) (pt. ; Mai. Pen.).
Eulejiis hatnasta Moore, P. Z. S. p. 238 (1882) (Dharmsala, 6200 ft., in March and June).
Charaxes {Eulepis) athamas, Wood-Mas. & Nicev., Journ. Ax. Soc. Bemj. LV. ii. p. 363. n, 99 (1886)
{Cachar. A'l. to VIII.) ; Doherty, ibid. p. 124. n. 94 (1886) (Kumaon) ; Elwes & Nicer., ibid.
p. 426. n. 81 (1886) (Ponsekai & Davoi = samatlia) ; Nicev., Gazetteer nf SiMim p. 147. n. 231
(1894) (Sikkim) ; Watson, Jotmi. Bombay X IT. Soc. X. p. 656. n. 118 (1896) (Chin HUIs) ;
Mackin. & Nicev., ibid. XI. p. .377. n, 121 (1898) (Mussoorie and the Dim, IV. to IX., common).
Eulfpis samatha, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. IT. (5) XVI. p. 306. n. 48 (1885) (Mylong R.).
Charaxes hharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 438. n. 712 (1867) (Darjeeling) ; Butl., Tr.
Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 119. a. 3 (1890) (pt. ; Nepal) ; Staud., E.cot. Tag/, p. 172 (1886) ; Kober,
Ent. Nai-hr. XX. p. 292 (1894).
Nijmpha'ix athamas var. b. C. bluirata, Kirby, Cat. Diurii. Lip. p. 271. sub n. 43 (1871) (Sikkim).
Eidepis athamas hainastn, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. ISO (1898) (Sikkim ; Kashmir).
The gradation from the wide-banded individuals (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 1. 3. 9.)
to the narrow-banded examples (I.e. t. X. f. 2. 5. 10) is complete. The specimens
with broadest band occur in Sikkim in March, those with a somewhat narrower
band in April, May, and June, and the narrow-banded ones from August to
November (December ?). Hence there can be no doubt (1) that the specimens
belong to only one species, and (2) that the differences in the individuals must be
accounted for by the differences in the season. Such specimens as represented by
fig. 3 we have not seen from any other country than Sikkim, but they occur doubtless
also in other parts of North and North-West India. From North-West India we
have not received (nor have we seen in other collections) specimens with such a
narrow band as fig. 5 has. The wide-banded specimens (I.e. f. 1. 3) from Sikkim
are certainly those that emerged from pupae wliich had hibernated ; hence we must
expect to meet with similar specimens in North- West India only in the early spring
at higher elevations. Judging from the differences in the characters of the pale
South Indian form, which corresponds to the broad-banded North Indian forms, it
is not probable that the extreme broad-banded form occurs at low elevation in
North India. The product of the " dry " season in South India is a pale, but
comparatively narrow-banded, form ; in Burma and Teuasserim, at low elevations,
there occur also individuals which are somewhat similar to that " dry " season form,
having also a comparatively narrow band. Therefore, it seems to us probable that
the widest baud of athamas is the i)rodiict of a cold climate — we do not say that
the low temperature is the " cause " of there existing such a wide-banded form —
and not of a " dry " and warm one.
The narrow-banded form is the one figured by Drury as athamas. Felder s
bharata has the band moderately wide, like the Sikkim iudividuiils caught in Slay
and June ; in Moore's hamasta, described from North-West India, the band is
( ^52 )
wider tlian in bharata, bnt not so broad as in the extreme March examples from
Sikkim ; the name ma}-, however, stand for the broods witli the widest band.
cJ ? . Cell-bar of forewing below ver}^ oblique, pointing towards nppfir angle of
cell or to discocellnlar spot ; two dots in cell, one of them sometimes absent in
f. temp, kamasta ; red postdiscal spot C — SC- of hindwing below obliquely reniform,
or regularly arched ; posterior white snbmarginal spot of hindwing above not, or
only a little, larger than the anterior ones ; second tail in S longer than, or as long,
as, in ? shorter than, the first tail. Femora black, oversprinkled with white scales.
a}. E. athamas athamas f. tomji. athamas (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 4, ? . 5, eJ).
J. Forewing from 30 to 35 mm. long in North India, sometimes shorter in
Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula ; our smallest individnal, from the
Shan States, has the wing 2" mm. long ; snbmarginal spot SC» — R' mostly present,
in the large as well as in the small specimens, sometimes very faint (in examples
from all localities), less often quite absent (in examples from all localities) ; band,
at SM", about as wide as the black basal area. Hindwing : band biconcave
outwardly ; its inner edge entering cell close to, or at, origin of R' ; subanal
abdominal pale patch very variable in distinctness, often almost absent ; white
snbmarginal dots also very variable, often very minute ; the ochraceous or tawny
admarginal spots sometimes clearly marked, bnt in most individuals rather obscure,
the upper ones often absent, anal one somewhat paler than the others, seldom so
pale as in South Indian examples of agrarius f. (temp. ?) nmdeus.
Underside. -Forewing : cell with two heavy spots ; upper end of cell-bar
sometimes nearly joining bar D : interspace R^ — M- between band and discal bars
either rufous-brown or black, variable in width. Hindwing : outer edge of band
crossing R' between the base and the bent of that vein ; bars sharply marked ;
interspace between submedian and median lines of bars, as on forewing, bright in
colour ; red postdiscal spots heavy, spot R^ — M' deeply incurved ; median bars
SM' — SM' well marked, varying in position.
?. Forewing 3.5 to 42 mm. long ; band paler than in S, at leasts wider than
basal black area at SM-, white snbmarginal spots all very prominent ; snbmarginal
dot of forewing always (?) present.
i'. E. athamas athamas f. temp, bharata (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 9, c?).
cJ. Of the same size as the preceding form, hindwing sometimes a little more
triangular ; band of forewing one third as wide again, or twice as wide as, black
basal area at SM- ; discal spot R' — R- at least 4 mm. long ; on hindwing the outer
edge of the band crosses R' at the bent of this vein.
Underside pale ; the black markings in the basal half of the wings are some-
times less heavy than in f. temp, athamas, the second spot in the cell of the
forewing occasionally absent, the post<liscal red spots thinner than in f. temp.
athamas, more regularly curved.
? . Band of forewing twice the width of basal black area at SM-.
Mr. Watson records {l.c.) a peculiar form from Tilin Yaw, Burma, caught by
him in February. The band is not wider than in f temp, athamas, but the wings
are more elongate, the red spots of the underside are thin, the underside is paler,
the cell of the forewing has only one spot ; the outer edge of the band of the
( 253 )
hindwing above is nearly straight, the white snbmarginal dots are heavy, the
forewiug has two snbmarginal dots (as cujrariusi f. (temp. ?) agrariua). But the most
remarkable character found in a number of individuals is the colour of the band on the
underside, the l)and not being white, but yellow with a white edge. As Mr. Watson
obtained in the same locality at the same time of the year (February) also ordinary
specimens, it is probable that this yellow-banded form is not of normal occurrence.
But collectors visiting the same locality should pay special attention to E. atkamas.
For the present it is best not to name the form, but to keep it under bhurata on
account of the small red spots on the underside of the hindwing. Mr. Watson
obtained in the same locality at the same time of the year also specimens which
have broader bands, coming nearer to blmrata, and with only one snbmarginal dot on
the forewing. Moore, Lep. hid, II. p. 257, treats the form as agrarius on account
of the presence of two snbmarginal spots on the forewing ; with the South Indian
atkamas agrarius it has, however, nothing to do ; it occurs within the area of
atkamas atkamas^ with which it agrees in the position of the cell-bar of the
forewing below, and has also the darker femora of the latter.
c^. E. athamas athamas f. temp, hamasta (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 1. 3, S).
i. Wings more elongate than in f temp, athamas and f. temp, hknrata. Band
very wide, at SM- more than twice as wide as the black basal area ; base of both
wings and especially the abdominal fold paler than in the preceding two forms ;
discal patch SC° — R' of forewing large, mnch longer than broad, seldom with the
trace of a small sjjot in front ; generally one small siabmarginal dot, which is some-
times absent ; a white line in middle of costal margin, and rarely a whitish patch
in cell in the extreme sjjecimens.
Underside pale, postdiscal spots small ; submedian line of bars more or less
obsolete in the palest individuals, often also the median bars of the hindwing nearly
all obliterated.
Hub. Kashmir, N.W. India, N. India to Siam, Malacca, Tonkin and South
China (Hong-Kong).
In the Tring Museum are specimens from the following localities ; —
a^.f. temp, athamas: Sikkim, July to November, SS, ? ? ; Khasia,
Garo and Naga Hills, Assam ; Tonkin ; Burma, various places,
October to December ; Tenasserim, March, May ; Penang, October ;
Perak, Blay.
4'. f. temp, bkarata : Ranikhet, May ; Kulu, Naini Tal, Kangra, N.W.
India, June ; Sikkim, June ; Khasia Hills ; Shan States.
c^. f. temp, hamasta : Sikkim, March.
Authentic Chinese specimens we have not examined. The specimens from the
Malay Peninsula are partly indistinguishable from the following race.
As many authors have mixed up the pale forms of athamas with E. arja, we
do not always know if what is recorded about the habits refers to atkamas only, or
to atkamas and arja. But as both species have most likely the same habits, we shall
give here what is said of them, without trying to keep that which refers apparently
to arja separate from the notes on athamas.
Lang, I.e., in his notes on the Diurnal Lepidoptera of North-Western India,
says of athamas : " An insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning up and
( 2M )
down rocky-bedded streams iu Ilimalayau glens (3,0i)0 to 5,000 ft.). It pitches on
rocks iu luid-stream and flashes off again if approached. It is not common, and
very difficnlt to capture ; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals
sitting with closed wings, motionless, on a fonl spot (by tlie damp sandy margin of
a stream), so close together, that I miglit have put my liat over nil of them.
E.Kcept on that occasion, I have only seen one at a time."
Niceville remarks (see Moore, Lep. hnl. II. p. 257) about North- West Indian
athani'ts : " I took one specimen in October, 1878, at Kotgurth, imbibing moisture
on a damp s})ot near the Komilrsen stream. Of all the butterflies I am acquainted
with, this insect is the swiftest on the wing. I have taken a few small and
apparently hibernated specimens on hill tops near Simla in April, and have seen
the ordinary sized ones in various places near Simla in the autumn. My Darjeeling
specimens are decidedly darker than those taken at this end of the Himalayas.
E.Kpanse from 2'2 to 2-9 in." Mr. de Niceville was at the time when he wrote this
note (1879) most proliably not yet acquainted with the very pale Sikkimese
s])ring form.
Hocking, P. Z. S. p. 238 (1882), considers onr insect " The wildest butterfly
that I know. Takes very long flights at a time, and returns to tlie same point.
Very shy."
According to Elwes and Moller, I.e., the species is " common in Sikkim at low
elevations from April to December, and occurs up to 5,000 or 0,O0o ft." There are
several March examples in Moller's collection from Sikkim (now in the Tring
Museum) labelled 9. 3. 88 and 11.3. 87.
Mr. Elwes adds : " I have seen his (Moore's) type of /nimasta, and have Oeylon
specimens {samafka). In neither is there anything at all to make them worthy of
distinction even as varieties."
In Gazetteer of Sikkim, Mr. de Niceville says of nthamas : " The commonest
species of the genus occurring iu Sikkim, and found from A]iril to December from
OOOO ft. to the level of the Terai. The larva feeds on a sjiecies of plant very like a
prickly Mimosa."
Mackiunon, Journ. Bombay N. 11} Hoc. XI. p. 377. n. 121 (1898): "Very
common in Mussoorie and in the Dun from April to September. The larva feeds
on the leaves of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz., Legumimsae, in Mussoorie, and on
Acacia catechu Wild., Lcguminosae, in the Dun."
c. E. athamas uraeus Rothsch., snbsp. nov. (Nov Zool. V. t. X. f. 8, S).
Ch<irtt.'-is fttlianiaitf Janson, Cruise .^farchem IF. p. .S75. n. t)^ (1886) (Borneo) : Hagen, Tijthchr.
Kim. Ned. Aardr. Genmlsch. p. 211. n. .3 (18',i0) (Deli, Sumatra) ; Snell., in Snelleman, MkUl.-
Suiiuilm II. p. IC (1890) ; Rober, Knt. Nnrhi: XXI. p. 05 (18'J5) (Sumatra) ; Hagen, /;vs IX.
p. 180. n. 243 (1896) (Sumatra).
Cliaraxex (Eulejih) alluimas, Niceville & Martin, Journ. As. .s'»c. Beng. LXIV. p. 4115. n. 2.'')G (1895)
(Sumatra).
Cliaraxes mtiialJia, Staudinger (non Moore, 1878), Exot. Tiigf. p. 172 (1880) (pt. ; Borneo) ; Hagen,
I.C., p. 211. n. 4 (18911) (Deli) ; Riiber, Knt. Nachr. XX. p. 291 (1894) (pt. ; Borneo) ; id.. I.e.
XXI. p. G5 (1895) (Borneo, Sumatra).
Charaxe.i utiunnas var. 5. C. alta/us, Butler (non Felder, 1807), .founi. Linn. Soc. Lonil. XXV. p. .184
(1890) (pt. ; Sumatra, Borneo).
No seasonal dimorphism ; one form only known in each locality. The Sumatra
specimens agree in the proportional width of the band with the examples of the
( 2o5 )
North Indian summer broods (f. tumi). af/mma.s) ; the Boruean individuals approach,
however, in this respect the wider-bauded f. temp, bharata. The Siimatran
individuals are, on the whole, somcwliat different from the Bornean ones ; bnt as we
have only one sex (S c?) for comparison, we do not think it advisable, for the present,
to treat them nnder two snbspecifio names, but shall describe their characters
separately. The Bornean race is the more differing of the two when cotupared
with continental individuals.
Distance of tip of ujiper tail from a line connecting tip of R- with the angle
formed by the second tail and the anal edge of the wing larger than the distance of
the tip of the second tail from tliis line ; in f. temp, aihamiis the reverse is the case.
Cell of forewing below with one dot, the second very seldom visible, and then
e.xtremely small.
Discal band in Sumatra specimens widest beyond SM- on forewing, 8 — 9 mm.,
the last partition convex outwardly, more extended distal than jjartitiou M- — SBI- ;
submarginal spot SC" — R' mostly absent, bnt sometimes clearly marked, though
small. Submarginal white spots of hindwiug well marked, somewhat larger than in
the ordinary individuals of f. temp, athamas ; admarginal spots very obscure or
absent, anal one pale. Ou the underside the red postdiscal spot G — SC- compara-
tively larger than in North Indian individuals, less half-moon shaped, more
obliquely ovate, heavily bordered with black, spot R- — R' generally replaced by
black ; median bar M- — (SM'), bordering the last partition of the discal band
proximally, absent from most specimens.
Length of forewing : 28 — 32 mm.
The Bornean specimens are mostly somewhat larger than the Sumatran ones,
the forewing varying in our examples from 30 — 35 mm. Band in front of SM- of
forewing one-third wider than the black basal area at this vein, 9 — 10 mm. broad ;
discal spot R^ — R^ obviously smaller than in North Indian specimens with the baud
of the same width ; submarginal spot SC^ — W very rarely indicated. Hindwiug:
somewhat less triangular than in f. temp, hkarata and most f temp, athamas ; tails
often very short, the upper one mostly very broad at base ; submarginal and
admarginal spots as in Sum.itrau individuals. On the underside sometimes both
spots in cell of forewing obliterated ; red postdiscal spot (J —SO- of hindwing more
often obliquely luniform than in Sumatran examples.
Our single examjile from Bunguran, Natuna Islands, is in a bad state of
preservation ; it agrees in the width of tlie band with the Bornean individuals.
Ilah. .Sumatra, 17 c?c? : Deli, Battak Mts., Palembaug ; Fort de Kock and
Setinjak, West Sumatra. Borneo, 13 S S : Lawas, February (A. Everett), Mt.
Dulit, February, March (Hose), Mt. Mulu, November, December (Hose), j\It. Kina
Balu, Baram R., October (Everett), Pengaroean (S.E. Borneo) : Bunguran, Natuna
Islands, September to October 1894 (Hose), 1 c?.
Martin, I.e., says that athamas is without doubt tlio commonest of all tlie
"Charaxes" in Deli, occurring from near the sea to Bekantschau and Soengei Batoe ;
females are very rare. The males are very fond of moist places and faeces, to which
they will always return after being disturbed ; when frightened they retire tem-
porarily to the leaves of the higher trees well out of reach, and settle with folded
wings. On the wing they are not easily differentiated from the Pierinae, only their
flight is very much stronger and more rapid. Dr. Martin's collectors did not obtain
females, according to the material in Dr. Martin's collection. Occurs at Selesseh all
the year round according to the dated specimens obtained by Dr. Martin.
( 25fi ;
d. E. athamas palawanicus Hothsch., subsp. nov. (Nov. Zool. V. t. XI.
f. 0 i. 10 ?).
Charaxes alhamas Drur. (and ab. bliarata Feld.), Staudinger Iris II. p. 81 (1889) (Palawan).
S ? , Approaches f. temp, hlturafu in the widtli of tlic band, bnt differs from it
especially in the less triangnlar hiudwing, the proportionateh' shorter second tail,
the heavier, yellow, admargiual spots of the anderside of the hindwing, the absence
of the second spot in the cell of the forewing below.
Foreivinij nborc : band not indented upon veins outwardly, while in xraeus tlie
band is indented at least upon SM-, not wider behind SM- than before this vein, last
partition generally less wide than partition M- — SM-; baud at SM- more than one-
third broader than black basal area at this vein; detached discal spot R' — R^ nearly
as in f temp, bharata, somewhat larger than in iiracus ; submarginal sjwt SO' — R'
seldom marked. Hindwing : outer edge of band generally almost straight,
seldom obviously biconcave ; white submarginal spot large, in ? closer to edge of
wing than in ? of f temp, athamas and hkarata.
Undei'side. Forewing with one spot in cell, the second seldom indicated.
Hindwing, admarginal yellow bars longer and broader than in all preceding forms,
not or scarcely interrupted at veins.
There is one 6 in Dr. Standinger's collection caught by Dr. Platen in 1887,
which differs considerably from the ordinary Palawan form. The forewing is more
falcate, tlie hindwing much more triangular, the baud is considerably narrower,
widest on the forewing at M- (only Gi mm.), outer edge indented on forewing upon
SM-, taken as a whole somewhat concave, obviously biconcave on hindwing ; two
submarginal spots on forewing between SC° and R- ; admarginal spots of hindwing
tawny, very large, nearly as deep in tint as in the Philippine race ; on the underside
the band of the hindwing is bordered with brownish black down to R' ; tlie
admarginal spots are as large as in the typical Palawan examples,'^but tawny ; the
upper end of the cell-bar of the forewing is about as far from the upper angle of
the cell as in the Philippine Island specimens. This individual approaches in
several characters the following subspecies. A similar individual is in the British
Museum. We do not know whether athamas exhibits seasonal dimorphism on
Palawan, as all the specimens we have examined from that island were not dated.
Hah. Palawan, 5 (?c?, 1 ?.
In Dr. Standinger's collection there is a specimen with the band of the hindwing
densely suffused with black ; on the underside the white band is on the forewing,
replaced by a baud of reddish brown, on the hindwing by rufous red scaling ; the
black discal lunules of the hindwing are absent.
e. E. athamas acutus Kothsch., subsp. nov. (Nov. Zool. V. t. XI. f 7 3.
8 ? , Mindoro).
Charaxes athamax, Semper, Tag/, r/tili/i/i. p. 79. n. 98 (1887) (Luzon, Mindoro, Bohol, E. Mindanao,
Sarangani, January, May to July).
Cliariixes uthaiiiaH var. 4. C. snmnlhd, Butler (non Moore, 187fi), Joum. Liiiii. Soc. Loud. XXV.
p. 383. sub. n. 92 (189G) (pt. ; Philippines).
i. Forewing deeply concave outwardly, hindwing triangular as in agrarivs
f. temp, agrarius ; both tails acute, upper one short, wing deeply concave between
tails ; admarginal spots of hindwing above and below mucli deeper in tint than in
( 257 )
any other form of E. athamas, deep tawny ; tails without j)ale blue scaling ; upper
end of cell-bar of forewiug below farther from angle of cell than in atkamas athamas
and uraeus, similar in position to the bar of agrarius f. (temp. ?) agrarius.
Upperside : forewiug, submarginal spot SC!^ — R' minute or absent ; band more
yellowish than in Palawan atkamas, 9 mm. wide upon M-, scarcely J wider at SM-
than black basal area, not indented upon veins, but more or less sinuate between
veins, last partition not more, or not so far, extending distad as partition M^ — SM^,
the outer edge of the band taken as a whole slightly convex. Hindwiug : band
conspicuously biconcave outwardl}', indented just -behind R' ; white submarginal
sjwts small but all well marked, excejjt the upjiermost one which is sometimes
'absent, the last two much shaded with blue; admarginal spots deep tawny, the
posterior ones rather broad, anal one pale, creamy at least in middle.
Uiiilerside : band more greenish white than in the preceding races. Fore-
wing : cell-bar not curved at ujjper end, second cell-dot seldom indicated ; silvery
scaling at outside of postdisco-submarginal kidney-shaped markings not spot-like.
Hindwing : outer border of discal baud black or blackish brown, not rufous red;
npjjer jiostdiscal brown-red spot heavy; admarginal spots tawny, not ochraceons,
thin, separated at the veins, especially the posterior ones, anal one pale, at least in
middle ; median bars (SM^) — SM' at right angles to SM^, or even pointing a little
distad posteriorly, not basad as in the preceding races.
Length of forcwing 30 — 32 mm. (Mindanao) ; our single Mindoro <J measures
only 27i mm., but there arc specimens in Dr. Staudinger's collection which are not
smaller than the Mindanao examples. Semper gives 30 — 33 mm. as the length of
the wing. The upper tail is in Mindoro individuals sometimes longer than is usually
the case in the present subspecies.
? . Mindan ao ? ? unknown to us. The Mindoro ? has the band as i)ale as the
Palawan form, but the baud is somewhat narrower, the admarginal spots of the
hindwing are deeper in tint, below much thinner ; outer border of discal band of
hindwiug below blackish brown in front. Length of forewiug according to Semper
34—37 mm.
Hal). Mindanao, 4 <?<?, f>/pe (Dr. Platen); Mindoro, 1 c?, 1 ? (Dr. Platen) ;
Luzon, 1 (? (Lorquin, ex coll. Felder") ; Bohol, Sorangani. Semper's specimens were
obtained in January and May to July. Occurs probably all the year round.
/. E, athamas attalus (Nov. Zool. V. t. XI. f. 1 <?, 3 ?).
Ni/iiijilidlis ai/iama.s, Godart (non Drury, 1773), Enc. Meth.IX. p. 353. n. 11 (1823) (pt. ; Java);
Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuni. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 29 (1850) (pt. ; Java) ; Horsf. & Moore,
Cat. Lcp. Jfus. E. I. C. I. p. 205. n. 417. t. 4. f. 3, 3a, l.,p. (1857) (pt. ; Java).
Ptijiliia athamas, Horsfield, Cut. Lep. Mas. E. I. C. t. 8. f. 7 a — g, /., p. (1828) (Java).
Charaxes atluiuias, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 634. n. 45 (1865) (pt. ; Java) ; id.. Cat. Dium. Lep. descr. by
Fair. p. 51. n. 6 (1869) (pt. ; Java) ; Piep., rijuUchr. v. Ent. XIX. p. 146. n. 19 (1876)
(Batavia) ; Nicev., Butt, uf Inch II. p. 275. n. 568 (1882) (pt. ; Java) ; Pagenst., Jahrh. Nass.
Vei: Nat. XLIII. p. 97. n.(;2 (1890) (E. Java, July) ; Rbh.,E,it. Xactu: XX. p. 291. n. 1 (1894)
(pt. ; Java).
Charaxes atttiius Felder, Ileise Novum, Ltji. III. p. 438. n. 711 (1867) (Java) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc.
Loud. p. 119. n. 2 (1870) (not distinct).
Nymphatis athamas var. a. Char, allalus, Kirby, Cat. Dium. Lep. p. 271. sub n. 43 (1871) (Java).
? . Charaxes fruhsloiferi Eiiber, Ent. Nachr. X.XI. p. 63 (1895) (Java).
? . Cliaraxes [ihrirus Rober, I.e. p. 64 (1895) (Java).
Eulepis attains, Moore, Le/i. Lid. II. p. 263 (lH9li) (^Java ; = fruhatiirferi = />hri.ciis).
Cliaraxes athamas hatavianus Fruhstorfor, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. 57. n. 3 (1898) (Batavia).
( 258 )
Charaxes batavianus Fnihstorfer, Lc. p. 58 (1898) (Batavia : not Lombok).
Charaxes athamas, Fruhstorfer, I.e. p. 58 (1898) (E. Java ; = jihrixm).
Charaxes olphhis, Fruhstorfer (non Staudinger, 1881)), I.e. p. 59 (1898) (frulistor/eri = ? alpliius
ex errore).
Eulepis atliamax aberratio samatha, Fruhstorfer (non Moore, 1878), I.e. p. 60 (1898) (pt. : Java).
Eulepis athamas halavianun Fruhstorfer, I.e. p. GO (1898).
Kulepis athamas alphitoi^ Fruhstorfer, l.c
The type specimen of attains is a very broad-banded individual (cj), which
Felder found in the old collectiem of Van der C'aiicllen. As it does not agree exactly
with any of the other Javan examples we have examined, we were at first inclined
to attribute this ditference to a mistake as to locality ; but the individual also does
not agree with the examples from any other locality. The comparatively large
white snbmargiual dots of the hiudwing, above, it has in common with the ordinary
Java specimens ; the discal spot R' — R- of the fonwing is much shorter than in
Indian specimens with an equally wide baud ; the hiudwing is less produced anally
than in either the ordinary Java form or the wide-banded continental forms ; the
cell-bar of the forewing below has the same jwsition as in athamas athamas, pointing
towards the discocellular spot ; the red postdiscal spots of the hiudwing are thin —
especially spot ('— SC" is much thinner than iu other Java individuals,— but this is
attributable to the width of the band ; the admarginal sjiots of the underside of
the hiudwing are pale yellow as in athamas athamas, small and ill-defined, while
the tails are acute and slender as in Java examples ; the femora are black with
white scattered scales as in athamas athamas, athamas uraeus, and athamas acuttis ;
the body and wings beneath agree in general tint best with the North Indian
summer form. On Mount Gede, at about 4000 feet, Mr. Prillwitz obtained a form
which agrees with the type of attains in the black femora, the colour of the body
beneath and the general tint of underside of the wings, but has the band, which in
the type is 11 mm. wide at the internal edge of the forewing and lU mm. at the
costal margin of the hiudwing, only 10 and 9i mm. broad respectively ; moreover,
the yellow admarginal spots of the hindwiug below are as large as in ordinary Java
specimens, not so small as in the type, and have the deeper tawny-yellow tint of
the spots of the former.
A specimen collected in South .Java by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer, at 1500 feet
elevation (Nov. Zool. V. t. XL f. 1, J), agrees fairly well with the Gede form, but
approaches in the paler imderside the ordinary Java specimens. Such specimens
show, however, that there is considerable variation among the Java athamas, and
hence we believe that the t3-pe of attains is really a Javan examjjle. The material
iu collections is mostly without the date of capture ; besides, there is little or no
material available for comparison from the mountains except Mount Gede, where
Prillwitz has collected, and is still collecting, Lcpidoptera ; hence we do not know
what kind of variation the different specimens from Java illustrate. If we have to
do with seasonal variation, the form with the white femora, silvery underside of the
wings, and elongate wings is most likely the dry-season form ; but then the wet-
season form would have the wider band, while, judging from the differences between
the seasonal forms of continental E. athamas, it should have, on the contrary, the
narrower baud of the two forms. The difference in the individuals would be more
satisfactorily explained if the broad-banded individuals with the dark femora and
less white underside represented a mountain race, while the specimens with the
paler underside and more elongate wings represented the lowland race. Or, it is
also possible that the difference in the specimens indicates only individual variation.
( 259 )
Which of the three possibilities here adduced will ultimately prove to be the true
explaDiition, we do not venture to suggest. Anyhow, we have the interesting fact
that there are in Java two forms, of which, though not very different from one
another, the one resembles more the summer broods of continental athaman, while
the other agrees more closely with athamas from the Lesser Sunda Islands.
The ua.mea /rukstorferi and balavumus apply to the individuals with the paler
underside ; attains and phrixtis to the broader-banded specimens with the darker
underside.
y. E. athamas attains f. attalus (Nov. Zool. V. t. XI. f 1, S).
S ?. Band varying on forewing before SM" from 9^ to lOi mm., at least twice
as broad at that vein as the black basal area ; on hindwing the inner edge of the
band crosses SC^ just at (not beyond) origin of R' ; discal spot R' — R'' of forewing
smaller than in athamas athamas f. temp, hh'trata ; one, seldom two, submarginal
dots ; submarginal spots of hindwing larger than in f temp, bharata ; costal angle
of hindwing less rounded ; tooth at SC^ more prominent ; femora black with white,
scattered scales; underside of body and basal region of wings as in f. temp, athamas.
g\ E. athamas attalus f fruhstorferi (Nov. Zool. V. t. XL f 3, ? , type).
S- Wings shaped as in the Suutli Indian f (temp. ?) ngrarius, more elong.ate
than in f. attalus.
Upperside. Forewing: discal band varying in width at SM- from 7 to 8 mm.,
one-quarter or less wider than the black basal area ; discal spot R' — R- concave
pro.ximally, variable in size ; submarginal dot SC* — R' always well marked, often
with a second in front. Hindwing : pale subanal abdominal patch very distinct,
mostly joined to the discal band ; submarginal white dots as large as in f. attalus,
the last two separate as in f. attains ; admarginal spots tawny, anal one very pale.
Underside pale ; basal region of both wings and abdominal area of hindwing
vinaceous silvery grey. Forewing with one or two dots in cell, cell-bar reaching
SC before upper angle of cell ; median bar M' — M-, as in f. attains, more proximal
than in the ordinary specimens of £ temp, athamas. Hindwing : submarginal
black spots transverse.
Underside of palpi and sterna more white than in f. attains and f. temp.
athamas ; femora all greyish white on account of the dense whitish scaling.
?. Similar to S, but wings broader. Forewing mostly with a second, small,
submarginal spot behind (not before, as in S) the ordinary spot SC'^ — R' ; discal
spot R' — R- often with a small spot in front ; admarginal tawny ochreons spots of
hindwing all marked, larger than in c?, larger above than below ; basal half of
abdomen below grey or greyish white.
Ilab. Java.
In Tring Museum, 9 c?c?, 3? ? :
f. attains from Mt. Gede, 40Ui) feet, August 1892 {11. Fruhslorfer) ; the
ti/jie labelled " Java, coll. V. d. (iapell." Perhiips tlic mountain form.
A transition to the next from S. Java, 15(10 feet (H. Fruhstorfer).
f fruhstor/eri from Batavia and S. Java, 15U0 feet (H. Fruhstorfer).
Perhaps the lowland form.
The larva and chrysalis are figured by Horsfield, i.e. ; they agree with those of
( 260 )
E. athatnas agrarius, considering that the caterpillars of agrarim, and most likel}'
also those of the other geographical races of athamas, are not quite constant in
colour and pattern.
g. E. athamas sumbaeusis (Nov. Zool. V. t, XI. f. o S, Lonibok, 0 S , Snmba,
4 ? , Sambawa).
Cltaraxes athanms, Snellen, Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 239. n. 18 (1891) (Flores); Doherty, Jown.
As. Soc. Beiig. LX. ii. p. 174. n. 47 (1891) (Sambawa; Sumba); Pagenst., JaArt. Nass. Ver. Nat.
XLIX. p. 144 (1896) (Sumba).
Charnxe.1 athamas var. attalus, Rbber (non Felder, 18G7), Tijrlschr. v. Ent. XXXIV. p. 308 (1891)
(Alor; Flores).
Cliaru.as alpliins, Rober (non Staudinger, 1886), Ent. Nuchi: XX. p. 291 (1894) (pt.; Flores; Alor);
Butl., Joum. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 384. n. 93 (1896) (pt.; Sambawa); Fruhst., Ent. Narhi:
XXIV. p. 58 (1898) (Lombok ; .Sambawa).
Charaxes phrixus, Fruhstorfer (non Rober, 189.'.), Berl Ent. Zeil-ichr. XLI. p. 389 (1896) (Lombok).
Charaxes atharmts alphius, Fruhstorfer, I.e., XLII. p. 6 (1897) (Lombok ; not rare near the coast).
Charaxes athamas phrims, Fruhstorfer, I.e., p. 6 (1897) (Lombok).
Eulepis sumhaensis, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. X 77. (6). XIX. p. 408 (1897) (Waingapo, Sumba).
Charaxe.f {Eulepis) athanuis, Nic^ville and Elwes, Joum. As. Sue. Beng. LXVI. ii. p. 691. n. 142
(1898) (pt.; Lombok; Sambawa).
Cliaraxes (Eulrpi.f) batariarins, Nic^viUe and Elwes, I.e. n. 143 (1898) (Lombok).
Charaxes {Etilepis) alphius, iid.. I.e. n. 144 (1898) (Lombok).
Charaxes batavianus, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Naehr. XXIV. p. 58 (1898) (pt.; Lombok, coast, April).
The specimens from Lombok to Alor and Sumba form a complete transition
from the pale and slender Javanese attalus i. J'riikstor/eri to athatnas alpkius from
Timor and Wetter. There is always a discal spot SC° — IV marked on the forewing;
this spot is in the specimens from Lombok, Sambawa, Flores, Adonara, mostly
about one-fourth the size of the second discal spot, R' — R^, but in the examjiles
from Sumba, Pantar and Alor often as large as, or even larger than, in alphius.
From attalus i. fruhstorferi it differs in the angle formed on the forewing by R' and
M' being above somewhat more extended black, the band appearing deeper incised ;
on the underside the bar R' — JP stands not quite so close to the base of M' as in
attains f. fru/istorfcri, there being a distinct reddish brown spot visible at proximal
side of bar in nearly all specimens ; the rufous brown scaling at the proximal side of
the discal spot R^ — R- on the underside of the forewing is generally more extended ;
median bar SC' — R' is well marked, and the tawny ochraceous admargiual spots of
the hiudwiug below are generally larger than in attalus.
From alpkius the present form is distinguished by the larger snbmarginal white
spots of the hiudwing, the paler colour of the discal band on the upperside, and the
less extended brownish red scaling in the costal region of the forewing below, there
being scarcely any obviously brown-red scales between SC^ and R'.
The females have often a second snbmarginal spot on the forewing placed in
front of the spot SC» — R\ which latter is never absent ; in some 7nales there are also
two submarginal spots marked, but the additional one stands behind vein R'. The
white submarginal spots of the hindwiiig are, at least in the female, as large as the
submarginal spot SC* — R^ of the forewing. There are always two dots in the cell
of the forewing below ; the cell-bar is hooked at upper end, it does not reach the
upper angle of the cell. Abdomen below greyish white or creamy white in ? ; legs
and sterna greyish white, anterior tibiae also much shaded with white scales. Most
specimens have the median bar R- — R- of the forewing below in front of band more
or less obviously marked.
( iJCl )
Our specimeus from Flores were caught duriug the dry seasou when the country
was quite parched up and when there had not been any rain for a long time. These
individuals have the underside of the body, legs and base of wings very white, almost
chalky. As they agree well with tiip individuals from Sambawa, Adonara, and some
from Lombok, and disagree with those from Sumba, Pantar, and Alor only in the
upper discal spot SC* — 11' of the forewing not being quite so large, we have no doubt
that on these islands, either during a wet season or at higher elevations, a form of
athamas occurs which resembles the Javanese attains f attains with dark femora,
wide band and darker underside. In fact, in Dr. Pagenstccher's collection (Wies-
baden), there is an individual from >Sumba, kindly lent to us for inspection by the
owner, which is so much like attalus f. attains that we do not find any distinguishing
character. The example is small (forewing 26i mm. long), the submarginal dot of
the forewing is very faint, the admarginal sjwts of the hindwing above are obscure,
on underside they are pale yellow ; there is one dot in cell of forewing below, the
cell-bar points towards the disco-cellular spot, the hook not being developed ; the
median bar R' — M' close to cell. The discal band is at SM- of the forewing almost
twice as broad as the black basal area. Median bars (SM') — SM^ of hindwing below
more oblique than in the ordinary atliamas from these islands.
Hah. Lombok ; Sambawa ; Flores ; Adonara ; Alor ; Pantar ; Snmba.
In the Tring Museum 13 cJcJ, 5 ? ? from: Pringabaja, Lombok, April 1S06
(H. Friihstorfer) ; Sapit, Lombok, 2000 feet. May to June 1S96 (H. Fruhstorfer) ;
Tambora, Sambawa, (W. Dolierty); South Flores, October and November 189(3, dry
season (A. Everett) ; Snmba, February 1800, below 2000 feet (W. Doherty) ;
Adonara, November 1891 (W. Doherty); Pantar, April 1897 (A. Everett).
/(. E. athamas alphius (Nov. Zool. V. t. XI. f. 11. S Wetter, 12 $ Timor).
Ch/inixes alphius Staudinger, Exot. laijf. p. 17"2 (1886) (Timor); Rober, Ent. Nachr. XX. p. 201
(1894) (pt.; Timoi'); Butt, Joimi. Liim. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 384. n. 93 (18116) (pt.; Timor).
c? ? . Wings shaped as in smn/iticnsis, attalus f. frukstorj'eri, and ugrarius f.
(temp.) agrariiis ; discal band on upper side more yellow than in other forms of
athamas. Forewing with two discal spots SC^— R-, more or less fused together,
the upper seldom less than half the size of the second, band narrow, very little or
not wider than the basal black area at SM-, its inner edge indented before BF as in
sumbaensis. Hindwing : submarginal white dots smaller, but admarginal spots
heavier and deeper in colour than in sumbaensis, anal one pale yellow, heavy.
Underside as in sumbaensis ; cellules SG^ — R' more or less reddish brown beyond
the discal spots.
Hub. Timor; Wetter; Savn.
In the Tring Museum 10 SS from: Dili, Timor, May ls02 (W. Doherty);
Wetter, May LS92 (W. Doherty); Savu, August ls90 (A. Everett).
1 ? from Timor in Dr. Standinger's collection.
i;f. Eulepis jalysus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 7, S).
Cluimxes jalysus Felder, Reise. Nm-ara, Lrp. p. 438. n. 714. t. 59. f. .5 (1867) (Malacca) ; Butl., Tr.
Ent. Snc. Lond. p. 120. n. 5 (1870) (Penang, err. loc. ?) ; id., I'roc. Liun. Snr. Loud. (2), Zool. I.
p. bS'X n. 1 (1877) (Prov. Wcllesley) ; Dist., llliop. Mai. p. 108. n. 7. 1. 13. f. 4 (J (1883) (Prov.
Wellesley ; Malacca : Borneo) ; Xici'v., IIkU. <;/' Jndia II. p. 278 note (1886) (Perak) ; Staud.,
Exot. Tuij/: p. 172 (1886) (Malacca; Borneo); Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 284. (1891) (Karen
18
( 262 )
Hills, Burma) ; Riiber, Ent. Nuchi: XX. pp. 291. 293 (1894) (Malacca ; Borneo) : Hagen,
Jris IX. p. 187. n. 246 (1896) (N.E. Sumatra, not rare) ; Butl., Joum. Liim. Hoc. Lorul. XXV
p. 382. n. 89 (1896) (Borneo ; Perak ; Malacca).
Nymphalis hehe var. a. Cliar.jalysus, Kirby, Cat. Ditirn. Leji. p. 271. sub n. 43 (187.5) (Malacca).
Charaxes jalasm (!), Druce, P. Z. S. p. 246 (1873) (Malacca).
Chanixes moori, Adamson, Cat. Burm. Bull. p. 20 (1889) (Poonkan, Tena-sserim, August).
Charaxes (Eiilepis) jali/sus, Nic<?ville & Martin, Joum. As. Sue. Be/iff. LXIV. ii. p. 435. n. 259
(1895) (N.E. Sumatra).
Eul>pis jah/sii.-^. Moore, Lrj,. hul. II. p. 259. t. 187. f. 1. la, (J (1896) (Burma; Malay Peninsula) ;
Fruhst., Ent. \achr. XXIV. p. 56 (1898) (Sumatra ; Borneo).
d ? . Bof/'/ as in J'J. lube, nppersicle of abdomen varying from giovisli white to
olivaceous black ; posterior jiart of metasteruum black.
^Vings, upperside : purplish black, the greater part occupied by a very broad,
yellowish white — iu live specimens probably more greenish white— discal band.
Forewing : discal band about as wide above as below, a very little broader posteriorly
than below, the edge of the band of the underside shining through, extending basad
to the points of origin of M' and M-; base of wing and basal two-thirds of cell with
a bluish tint, cell often partly scaled white posteriorly ; band 14 to 16 mm. wide
behind M' in <?, a little broader in ? ; its outer edge nearly straight, oblique,
sometimes slightly convex, in some individuals slightly concave between veins ;
discal spot R' — R^ at least li mm. long in i, larger in ? than <?. Hind wing :
discal band extended basad to origin of R', but base of wing and abdominal fold
also scaled white, the latter with a brown patch of variable size beyond apex
of SM^ ; outer edge of band almost parallel to outer margin (taken as a whole),
crossing R' far beyond bent of the vein, bordered with a thin band of bluish white
scaling up to R' (seldom SC"), this scaling more or less concave between veins,
sometimes extended along veins to admarginal spots ; black border of wing varying
iu width, not more than 6 mm. wide at C, either entire or (more rarely) broken up
into patches, the proximal portions of these patches often not wider than the
yellow admarginal spots ; white submarginal spots sometimes minute, heaviest in
the sj^ecimens with very wide band ; admarginal spots clearly marked, yellow, the
anal one scarcely or not paler than the others ; spots R' — M- generally shorter than
the others, spots C — SC" often absent; tails with jjale blue streaks, upper tail longer
than second.
Underside : base of both wings, costal region of fore-, and abdominal region of
hindwiug pinkish white, slightly viuaceous ; interspace between submedian and
median lines of bars ferrugin(jus chestnut, this band prolonged on forewing across
D' to median bar R' — R- and discal bar R- — R^, filling up the cellules R' — R' as far
as those bars, and also produced on hiudwing along hinderside of M^ to median bar
M- — (SM'). Forewing: one or no dot in cell, cell-bar approaching disco-cellular
bar with upper end or somewhat abbreviated ; discal band not extending across R^
in either sex, its outer edge as above ; postdisco-submarginal rcniform spots thin,
but very clearly marked, owing to the interspace between them and the discal bars,
as well as the scaling at the outside of the spots being nearly white, the spots
appearing to be situated in a narrow, almost white, band, marginal border dark
tawny olive, about 4 mm. broad at R' ; black discal bar behind SM- about 3 mm.
from tip of SM'-, mostly rather clearly marked, sometimes patch-like, no white
scaling between it and internal angle of wing. Hindwitig : upper submedian bar
situated upon praecostal spur ; white discal band separated from black discal
luniform bars by a thin, ferruginous or blackish brown interspace, which is barely
( 203 )
1 mm. wide between B,^ and M^ where it is widest ; discal and jiostdiscal black
Inniform bars thin, not widened to patclics, inclnding between themselves the
brownish red postdiscal spots which are all of nearly the same size, spot R- — R'
(luly being smaller, owing to the veins being closer together ; the metallic white
proximal borders of these spots also the same in width ; submarginal white spots
fused with the white borders of the yellowish adraarginal spots, forming a more or
less continuous (at the veins constricted) narrow white band in which the black
submarginal dots are placed ; interspace between this band and the postdiscal spots
more or less slate-colour ; tails metallic pale blue. '
Length of forewing : c? , 32 — 39 mm.
9 V)
>) )) )) + ! *''' >!
Hull. From Burma to Borneo and Sumatra. In Tring Museum 30 cjc?, 1 ?
from Thaunguyn Valley, Tenass., 1.5(iO feet, March 189n (Bingham); Dalgwin-
Papnn, December 1891 (Bingham); Downat Range, August 12th, 1893 (Bingham),
March 1895 (Hauxwell); Theiping, Pcrak; Selesseh, Deli, May, August (Dr. Martin);
Gayoe country, January, May (Dr. Martin) ; Battack Mts., July (Dr. Martin) ;
Setinjak, W. Sumatra, June (Ericsson) ; Mt. Mulu, Borneo (Hose); Peugeron,
S.E. Borneo.
Dr. Martin, in the list of the Butterflies of Sumatra (I.e.), refers to this species
as being mostly captured by the Gayoe collectors in the forests west of Langkat,
leading to their country ; while Dr. liagen (I.e.) says that he found it more often on
the plains than E. hebe and moori, especially on the Ramunia Estate at Serdong,
close to the sea, but received also many examples from the Karo and Gayoe
countries.
(I. Forewing below without kidney-shaped postdisco-submarginal markings.
e'. Brown band on basal luilf (if hindwing below at least 2 mm. distant from
base of praecostal veinlet.
c". White submarginal spots of upperside of forewing present.
cl Yellow-brown median band of forewing below curving distad
behind W.
14. Eulepis eudamippus (Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f 1 to 6).
Charaxcs eudamippus Doubleday, Ann. Sue. Ent. Fraiice (2). I. p. 218. t. 8. (J (1841!) (Silhet).
(?. Body above olivaceous black, with the usual white dots on head and
pronotum, or more greyish olive, or head, pronotum and front part of mesonotum
pale olive, and the rest of upperside yellowish white.
Underside : palpi, breast and legs white, front side of anterior tiliia and of four
posterior femora, and stripes on breast underneath the femora, black ; abdomen
black, marked white, or white with black markings, or white with black spots at
base, seldom quite black.
Wi/i(/s, upperside: black, with a yellowish white band which occupies sometimes
the greater part of the wings. Forewing : discal band either extending to base
and occupying also the cell, or the band more restricted, the base of the wing being
black; band entire from R' to internal margin, but separated into three spots from
R' to SC''; spot R-'— R^ close to cell, separated from partition R'' — M' of band by a
black streak of even width (Ij mm.) which extends along W and D' and corresponds
to the discal branch of the yellowish tawny olive median band of the underside ; on
( -'M )
account of this black streak the partition R' — M' is somewhat hook- or liammer-
shaped; the (distal) dilated portion of the partition is often joined to spot R- — R',
the partition is seldom not wider distally than proximally, the partition then being
reduced to a streak along M' : spots SC^ — R^ obliqnc to each other, about midway
between discal spot R- — R'' and postdiscal series of spots ; this series stands
obli(jue, approaching the onter edge of the wing posteriorly, it consists of seven
or eight spots, the first is small or absent, the fourth, R- — R', is smaller than those
before and behind it and more discal, the posterior ones are mostly luniform, the
last sometimes pale blue, occasionally small, the last two often fused to a W-shajied
sj)ot: there is, besides, often a patch of yellowish white or pale blue scales at internal
margin close to angle of wing ; a submarginal series of seven or eight more or less
elongated small spots parallel to outer margin of wing. Hiudwing : discal baud
as variable in width as on forewing, in the 'narrow-banded forms broader than on
forewing, its outer edge (taken as a whole) varying from being evenly convex,
nearly ]iarallel to outer margin of wing, to being quite straight ; basal area of wing
white or black, with every intergradatiou in the extent of black, the black area often
prolonged towards anal angle along (SM'); abdominal fold all white, or with a
black or blackish patch beyond tip of SM^ ; a black disco-submarginal baud of very
variable width, generally with a series of pale blue Innulos near its inner edge
(corresponding to the outer border of the discal series of bars), and with a series of
eight white submarginal spots ; of the latter the uppermost is largest, the seventh
is small, the eighth thin, linear, the last two more or less suffused with pale blue ;
admarginal, biconcave, vellowish white, interspaces heavy, distally, or at least at
veins, more or less heavily shaded with pale blue, the pale blue scaling extending
into tails, which are long and pointed ; edge of wing black, except between M'' and
SM'-, where the margin has seldom black scales ; fringe at internervular folds more
or less restricted white.
Underside chalky white, glossy, discal area slightly yellowish. Forewing :
cell with two, mostly heavy, black dots, which are sometimes again subdivided, the
last about on a level with base of M^, or more distal ; cell-bar 4 angle-shaped,
reaching M about half-way between M' and M'-, and SC close to upjier angle of cell.
snbmedian bars M' — (SM') short, forming a prolongation of cell-bar; bar M- — (SM')
fused with the resp. median bar; median bar M' — M- slightly curved or straight
reaching M' close to base or even toncliing M ; median bar R^ — M' a little more
distal, very oblique, parallel to R', but its distal end curved suddenly towards R^,
the interspace between these bars, the cell-bar, bar U and vein W tawny olive (or
more yellow), the figure thus formed resembling the letter Y ; median bar R- — R'
fused with bar D ; bars SC° — R^ present, or partly or totally absent, standing about
at one-third or one-fourth the way from cell to apex of wing ; an oblique, almost
straight, tawny yellow baud (varying in tint) of 1 \ and 3 mm. width expands
between costal and internal margins, beginning about half-way between cell and
apex and reaching SM- 7 to lu mm. from tip of that vein ; this band is bordered
distally by a complete series of black discal bars, which are more or less luniform,
seldom straight ; the bars M-— SM- fused together, followed behind SM- often by
a black jiatch ; posterior postdiscal black bars more vestigial, bars M-'— SJl- often
well marked, angle-shaped, the interspace between them and the discal bars often
blackish or bluish ; these postdiscal bars correspond to the onter edge of the
yellowish white postdiscal spots of the upperside, which are also on the underside
more or less indistinctly marked, as are also the white submarginal spots ; margin
( 2na )
bordered with tawny yellow or yellow-olive ; area between discal and marginal
bands white or greyish, in the latter case (form from Formosa) the white postdiscal
and submarginal spots plainly marked ; costal margin in some forms tawny olive,
except a streak at base. Hindwing : submedian and median series of bars close
together, parallel, interspace varying from tawny olive to orange ochraceons in the
various local forms, representing a band that appears as a prolongation of the
forewing, and extends to the disco-postdiscal black- blue-black marking jM- — SM- ;
the two costal bars often joined together at costal margin, in other individuals
divergent costad ; the discal and postdiscal bars form together a series of half-
moons, in which are situated blue or tawny-olive half-moons ; the series is closer
to onter margin behind than in front ; it is curved, or from C— M' almost straight ;
lunnle R' — M' about midway or at two-thirds of the way from liase of M^ to tip of
It', the series bordered i)roximally by a band of the same colour and nearly the
same width as the median band ; submarginal area white, mostly interrupted at
M- and (SM'), often also at M', with a series of more or less jffomineut, seldom
minute, submarginal, black, dots ; a deep tawny olive, or olive, marginal band, with
tawny ochraceons admarginal spots of variable size ; edge of wing and tails black,
whitish blue streaks in tails ; anal admarginal yellow spot large.
?. Like c?, larger, forewing generally less concave outwardly; abdomen
beneath always black, with edges of segments partly white, and with a faintly
marked white middle line ; tails longer, the upper one not pointed, often some-
what dilated at tip ; cell of forewing sometimes nearly all black above (summer
form ? = warm and wet season form ?).
Tenth tergite of abdomen of cJ somewhat bent downwards at tip and more or
less obviously sinuate ; the dorsal dilatation of the clasper often forming a broad
tooth.
Early stages unknown.
Length of forewing : (S, 41 — .52 mm.
„ „ „ ?, 49— 60 mm.
Ilcib. Nepal to Tenasserim, China, Formosa, and the Loo C'lioo Islands.
A specimen captured by 0. Miiller on the 2nd of July, ISSO (the only one found
so late in the year we have) has the black colour at the base of the forewing,
especially in the cell, more extended than the specimens obtained in April. As this
increase in the amount of black (as compared with tlie spring specimens) is in
accordance with the difi'erences between the spring and summer form of E. athamas,
it is probable that E. eiidamippus is, in North India, seasonally dimorphic.
a. E. eudamippus eudamippus (Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f 1. <?).
Charaxi's eudamippus Doubleday, Ann. Sue. Ent. I'mncc (2) I. p. 218. t. 8 cj (1843) (Silhet) :
Butl., P. Z. S. p. G36. D. 47 (1805) (Silhet ; Assam) ; Staud., Exot. Tag/, p. 173. t. 59. ^
(1886) (N. India) ; Niwv., Butl. of Imlla II. p. 273. n. ,",ti6 (1886) (Sikkim, common ; Sylhet ;
Sibsagar, Upp. Assam, Naga Hills ; Thoungyeen forests, Upp. Tenass. ; Tavoy) ; Elwcs, Ti-.
Ent. Soc. Land. p. 367. n. 208 (1888) (Sikkim, common at low elev., April to Augnst) : Watson,
Joum. Bombay M. H. Hoc. VI. p. 41. n. 90 (1891) (Tilin, Chin Hills, Februai-y) ; Butl, Journ.
Linn. Snr. Loud. XXV. p. 380. n. 83 (1896) (Nepal ; Silhet ; Darjiling ; Bhutan ; Mungphu ;
Khasia Hills ; Meetan, Burma ; Tilin Yaw ; East Pegu).
Nymphidis eudamip/jus, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 23 (1850)
(Silhet) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lip. p. 271. n. 44 (1871) {cit.fals.) ; Robbe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
XXXVI. p. 130. n. 52 (1892) (Darjiling ; Kurseong).
Nymphaliii cuclamippos (!), Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Juk. .Vus. E. L C. I. p. 20G. n. 420 (1857)
(Darjiling).
( 2Cfi )
Clianij-es {Etilrjiix) eiuhmippus, Doherty, Joiini. «ls. Son. Bemj. LIV. ii. p. 124. n. 95 (1886)
(Kumaon, seen ! Bate sjier. vel E. dnlo,,?) ; Elw. & Xicfiv., ihid., p. 427. n. 83 (188l>) (Tavoy ;
Ponsekai); Nicev., in Risley, Ga^cllrrr of Sild-im p. 147. n. 230 (1«U) (Sikldm) ; Watson,
Jouni. Bombay N. H. Soe. X. p. 656. n. 118 (1896) (Chin Hills, April).
Murmtreda emhmippus, Moore, Lep. Iiul. II. p. 264. t. 189. f. 2. 2ii (1896) (E. Himalayas ; Assam ;
Xaga Hills ; Burma ; Tenasserim).
(J. Mesonotnm more or less grey, becoming white behind ; mctanotum uuil
abdomen (c?) yellowi.sh white or nearly pure white, the latter seldom all white
beneath, bearing at least at base some black scaling, sometimes the underside of
abdomen more extended black than white ; in ? underside of abdomen black, with
edges of segments somewhat white — occasionally there is a vestigial white middle
line.
]V//iffs, upperside : discal yellowish white area alwa3s e.xtended to base.
Forewing : cell for the greater part yellowish white, bnt sometimes this colour
reduced to a broad streak along M that scarcely extends basad beyond M- ; yellowish
white area very oblique distally, at SM- only 5 or G mm. distant from edge of wing ;
detached discal spot R- — R^ very variable in size, sometimes joined along R' to the
dilated part of partition R^ — M' of discal area, the black streak behind this spot
along base of R' often overshaded with white scales ; postdiscal spot R- — R' more
basal than the others, often as close to discal spot R' — R- as to postdiscal one
R' — R-; last two postdiscal spots luniform, often fused together, spot (SM') — SM-
sometimes bluish, tliere is always a patch of whitish or bluish scales at internal
margin close to internal angle, often fused with discal area. Hindwing : no black
scaling at base ; disco-submarginal black band variable in width, as are the white
snbmarginal spots situated in it, the part proximal of the white submarginal sjiots
often not wider (or even narrower) than the jiart outside these spots, but also often
twice or three times as wide, the pale blue or olive buff lunules in this band mostly
separated from the discal area, but sometimes the posterior ones contiguous with it.
Underside : Forewing, median bars SC" — R- often wanting, mostly vestigial,
seldom so well marked that they touch the veins : discal tawny olive band not
quite straight in most specimens, being generally somewhat curved distad between
SC^ and W. Hindwing : discal tawny ochraceous band curved, almost parallel to
outer margin (taken as a whole) ; disco-postdiscal luniform spots including either
only whitish blue lunules, or, besides, tawny ochraceous ones.
Length of forewing : cj, 43 — 50 mm.
?, 51—00 mm.
JTab. Nepal; Sikkim UcJcJ, 4?? (April and .July, 0. Mr.ller) ; Bhutan;
Assam: Silhet, Khasia Hills 1?, Shillong IJ, Jaintia Hills 1?, Garo Hills
2SS, Naga Hills SJc? ; Burma : Katha 2(J(J, N. Chin Hills Ic?, E. Pegu, Meetan;
Tenasserim : Meple 1 <S (Bingham, March 1891), Tavoj', Thoungyeen forests.
The species occurs in Sikkim, where it is common at low elevations from A]ml
to August, according to Muller ; in Burma it flies already in Februar}-. It is found
rather plentifully in the beds of streams ; the female is scarce in collections.
h. E. eudamippus nigrobasalis (Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f 2. 3, cJtJ).
(?) Churaxfs eui/umiji/m.-^. Maudurs, Tr. KH. S,,c. Low!, p. 525. n. 89 (1890) (Shan States).
(?) Murwareda eudamipjmi', Moore, Lep. hid. II. p. 264 (1896) (pt. ; Upper Makong, Shan States).
Euleph nigrolnimlis Lathy, Eiilorn. XXXI. p. 192 (1898) (Pak-a-jong, Siam).
(?. Upperside of body all brownish black, or mctanotum and abdomen drab or
drab grey, or abdomen pale yellow (ti/pe) ; undersidr of abdomen black with a series
( 207 )
of wliite spots on each side, and a white, interrupted, median lino, or white witli
edges more or less liLick.
Wings abore, j'ellowish white colour more restricted than in E. eudamippus
eudamippus. Forewing: cell all black {ti/pe), or with a yellowish white, ill-defined,
patch of variable size, base of wing from cell to internal mnrgin black or almost
without black scaling, with intergradations ; this black area in the darkest individuals
about as wide at SM- as the black outer area at M- ; last postdiscal spot more or less
bluish. Hindwing : base with or- without black scaling ; disco-submarginal band
as in those examples of E. eicdamippus eudamippus in which it is broadest, the portion
])roximal of the white sjwts in it broader (except before SC-) than these spots.
Underside as in eudamippus eudamippus.
? . From " Yunnan ": Upperside of body olive grey, abdomen paler ; underside
of abdomen brownish black, somewhat greyish at sides.
Wings aboce. Forewing : cell pale olive (except black band at apex), the
white scaling not entirely su])pressed, extreme base of cellule M' — M- olive l)Iack,
base between cell and hiternal margin for about S) mm. pale olive. Hindwing:
disco-submarginal band of almost even width from C — M^ (7 mm. between veins), its
proximal edge concave between veins, blue lunules in it well marked, separated from
white area, except heavy spot M' — SM-, which touches yellowish white area at
(SM^). Underside as in E. eud. eudamippus.
On the underside of the hindwing the specimens (cJc?) in Mr. Adams's collec-
tion have the admarginal " orange markings and orange spot at anal angle much
more dull and indistinct " than eud. eudamippus, wliich is not the case in our
specimens (J J) and in Mr. Qro^lefs female.
Length of forewing : tj 43 to 52 mm.
? 50 mm.
Hab. Pakajong, Siam {type, 2 (?c? in Mr. Adams's coll.) ; "Yunnan'" (1 ? in
Mr. Crowley's coll.) ; Muong Gnow, Shan States, 2 c? c? ; Shan States, 1 i.
One of the specimens from Bluong Gnow is said to be collected during July to
November ; it is small (43 mm.), has the base of both wings and the cell 'of the
forewing as well as the upjierside of the body black ; the other individual from the
same place, caught earlier in the year, is larger (52 mm.) and there is a small white
patch in the cell of the forewing, the black basal area of the forewing is more
restricted, and there is no black scaling at the base of the hindwing. Are these
differences seasonal ? Our third individual from the. Shan States, without more
precise locality, is figured Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f 2 ; the black at the base of the
forewing is much restricted in this example, and the abdomen is below sparsely
spotted with black. It appears singular that in the specimens from Pakajong the
abdomen is " pale yellow " as in E. eud. eudamippus.
c. E. eudamippus rothschildi (Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f. 5. 0, iS).
Chamns ganymedrn Leech (nr/n Staudinger, 1886), Entom. XXIV. Suppl. p. .30 (1881) (Omei-shan,
July and August).
Charaj-es rothsi-hiUli Leech, Butl. China I. p. 128. t. 14. f . 3 c? (1893) (Chow-pin-sa, Omei-shan,
Mupin, .July— Aug., .0000 feet) ; Butl., .fmmi. Linn. St,c. Lowl. XXV. p. 380. n. 85 (180G).
Murwareda rothscliihli, Moore, Li'ji. Ind. II. p. 267 (189G) (W. China).
(S. Body above olivaceous black, abdomen beneath black, with a series of white
dots on each side and in middle mostly with some white hairs.
( 2G8 )
]]'ii>ffS, ahote : discal baud restricted on account of the great develojiment of black
at the base. Forewing : base and cell black; discal yellowish white band 8 to
In mm. broad in front of SM-, 11 mm. from outer margin at SM-, distally incised
at M', jiartition R' — M' small, often sc]iarated from the partition behind it in
consequence of M' being scaled black, its dilated oater portion thin, or there is no
dilatation ; postdiscal series generally more straight than in the Indian form, the
spots of the scries rather larger, the last ones mostly somewhat rounded, not deeply
concave or angle-shaped as in nigroba.mlis and eiicfamij/j/iis. Hindwing : base
black, this colour extending along (SM') to uear disco-submarginal band which it
does not generally reach ; abdominal fold yellowish white, in the darkest specimens
black beyond tip of SIP, with a yellowish white triangular patch at end ; disco-
submarginal black band nearly or quite straight pro.ximally down to (SM'), 01 to
Sh mm. broad between SO- and R', narrowing behind, the pale blue spots near its
discal edge more or less obsolete ; white submarginal spots (within band) varying
mneh in size, the upper one the largest ; admarginal spots smaller than in
I'udamippKs, much shaded with olive buff and pale blue, sometimes nearly separated
from each other ; black marginal line somewhat broader than in the Indian form,
visible also at anal angle.
Underside ; the median and discal bands darker in colour than in K. eudamippus
eudamippus. Forewing : costal margin tawny olive, especially in middle ; discal
band somewhat more proximal, less oblique, close to discal branch of median band,
which it sometimes touches ; black discal bars less curved, the upper ones straight or
nearly so; no median bars SC'^ — R-. Hindwing : discal band down to M' straight
or almost so, more proximal than in eudamippus, the interspace between the discal
and postdiscal black luniform bars tawny olive, the discal bars with very thin or
without bluish white distal borders ; white submarginal area 5 to 7 mm. broad
between SC- — R', very much narrowed behind, divided into spots below M';
admarginal spots dark tawny olive, shading into orange ocliraceons proximally ;
pale blue lines in tails very thin; anal admarginal spot gallstone 3'ellow.
?. Like c?, body above and base of wings more brown, less black.
Wings, upjierside. Forewing : jiartition R-* — M' of discal baud larger than
in (?, especially the dilated portion, which is joined to the discal spot R- — R^ by
means of yellowish white scaling along R^ Hindwing : base less extended black
than in S , inner edge of disco-snbmarginal black band less straight ; upper
admarginal .sjiots paler, less shaded with pale bine.
Underside : the dots in cell of forewing small (individual character ?).
Length of forewing : 3, 41 — 46 mm.
„ „ „ ?,49mm.
Ilab. Central and West China, (S Si,\ ¥: Mnpin, Ya-tscheu, Siao-Ln, Chow-
j)in-sa (May — June), Ichang.
According to Leech E. eudamippus rothschildi is found in July and August,
but one of the specimens we received from Mr. Leech bears the date " May & June "
on the label.
d. E. eudamippus formosanus Rothsch., snbsp. nov. (Nov. Zool. V. t. VIII. f. 4, <?).
cJ. Body as in E. eudamippus rothschildi, but abdomen more or less pure white
beneath.
Wings, upperside : as in rothschildi,\Mi forewing with outer edge of discal band
( 269 )
irregular!}' concave between veins, band itself somewhat broader, discal spot Sri^ — R2
more proximal, and liindwing with outer edge of yellowish white area dentate at
veins, admarginal spots pale bine, olivaceous, except anal one.
On underside the median and discal bands are more yellow; the forewing has
the median bars SC/^ — R- strongly marked, there is mostly also bar SC* — SC present,
these bars are more proximal than in the Indian race ; the discal band is broad,
more irregular than in /•otkschildi, the discal black bars are very heavy, the
submargiual area is less pure white, more grey, hence the white postdiscal and
submarginal spots well visible; marginal band somewhat broader than in rothschildi-
Hindwing: all the black lines heavy; disco-postdiscal band slightly, but almost
evenly, convex ; postdiscal black Innules heavier and more curved, the white
submarginal area much narrower, the black submarginal spots larger and the
admarginal ones heavier, than in rothschihli.
?. The same differences as in S, still more pronounced, especially those
presented by the imderside ; abdomen beneath as iu rothsckildi ? .
The blue Innules in the black band of the hindwing above are in both sexes
deeper blue than in the continental races, and in ? well pronounced. The large,
bine, admarginal spots of the ? show some yellowish scaling in centre.
JIab. North Formosa, 2 SS, 3 ? ?: Keelung, 25. vii. 9G (tijpe), and August
1897; Patchima, July 1896; collected by BIr. Jonas.
e. E. eudamippus weismanni.
Charaxes vxisniaimi Fritze, Znol. Jalirb., Abth. Systeniat. VII. p. 898. n. 13. f. 12 (1894) (Okinawa).
<S. Similar to E. eudamippus rothsckildi a,nd formoscmus. Differs from all the
other forms of E. eudamippus in the yellowish white discal band of the upperside of
the forewing being shorter and narrower ; the partition R' — M' is almost entirely
obliterated; the postdiscal spots R^— M- of the same wing are very large, while spot
(SM') — SM- is absent ; the admarginal spots of the hindwing above are large ; tails
short. On the underside the black markings are very heavy ; the cell spots of the
forewing fused together, the discal baud is broad, touches the discal branch of the
median band ; the median bars SC^ — R- are present ; the hindwing seems to be
similar to that oi formosnnus.
Length of forewing 44 mm.
Hub. Okinawa, Lin Kin Islands.
We have not seen this form.
dr'. Median band of forewing below not curving distad behind Rl
15. Eulepis nepenthes (Nov. Zool. V. t. IX. f 3, 6).
C'lara.ces nepenthes Smith, Eid. Monthli/ Mmj. XX. p. 58 (188.S) (Siam) ; Nicev., Buil. nf lad. 11.
p. 274. note (188G) ; Smith & Kirby, Rhop. Exot. I., Chanix. t. 2. f. 3. 4 (1887) ; Biitl., Joimi.
Linn. Snr. Loml. XXV. p. 380. n. 84 (ISOCi) (Salween E., Shan States).
Jfurwaredfi twpenthes, Moore, Lep. Irul. II. p. 267 (189li).
cJ. Body aboce white ; upperside of palpi black, head and pronotum bistre,
mesonotum olive in front ; underside white, anterior tibia, frontside of femora,
stripes on sterna underneath legs, and some si^ots on basal half of abdomen, black.
Wings, upperside for the greater part white, with a faint yellowish tint.
Forewing : white area extended to base, occupying also cell, its outer edge oblique.
( 270 )
about 6 to 9 iniu. from outer mai'giu before M-, dentate upon veins, iliscal patch
R- — W not separated from white area, discal spots SC° — R^ more or less isolated ;
costal margin and outer area of wing blaik ; disco-cellular bar marked, broad in
front, fused with black costal border ; within black outer area there arc two series
of white spots, the inner (postdiscal) series is oblique, the upper three spots
SC'^ — R^ more or less roi;nded, spot >SC^ — R', the largest of the three, 1§ to 2i mm.
long, about 9 or 10 mm. from outer margin, spot R- — R' the smallest, a little more
proximal, the following four mostl}' angle-shaped, heavy, spots M' — SM- merged
together, the black discal bars separating spots R^ — .SM- from the discal area
become graduall}- thinner behind, the bar R'— M' being 1 to 3 mm. wide in middle
(broader at the veins), double bar M- — SM- thin (in specimen figured very thin),
resembling the number 3 ; there is mostly a black patch at internal margin,
partly separating a white patch at internal angle from the white area, jiostdiscal
spot SC^ — SC^ not marked ; submarginal spots thin, no spot before S( '"', that
l)efore R' sometimes vestigial only, spot M- — SC- longer, fused with one anotlier
and with respective postdiscal spots, isolating two black dots or arrowhead-shape(l
spots. Hindwing : a postdiscal series of black, luniform, or arrowhead-shaped
spots, the upper ones the heaviest, but all comparatively small ; the scaling at
their proximal side is mostly somewhat bluish (owing to the presence of black
scales under the white ones), and there is a trace of the black discal bars close
to the postdiscal spots between C and R^ and the last discal bar is at least partly
marked at abdominal margin, being separated from the last postdiscal one by pale
blue scaling ; a complete series of black submarginal spots, transverse, elongate,
ellipsoidal, the upper four shorter but broader than the spots R' — M', the last
spots M- — SM- thin, bluish, separated from one another at (SM'), joined to black
postdiscal lunnles M- — SM-, which are also separated at (SM') ; the white sub-
marginal spots separating the two series of black markings about as broad as the
black submarginal spots, or somewhat broader, except the last ones, M- — SM-,
which are very thin, or even absent (as in figure): admarginal interspaces bluish
at veins R' — M-, the blue scaling extending well into tails, anal interspace forming
a large pale yellow spot ; a lilack marginal line ; tails pointed, of about the
same length (6 to 7 mm.).
Underside white. Forewing : two heavy cell spots black, upper cell-bar
more or less incompletely separated from the disco-cellular bar by a pale blue line,
submedian and median bars BI' — (SM') merged together; these black markings form
a narrow black baud which is interrupted at veins and is almost straight, median
bar R' — M', if present, close to cell, not prolonged distad as in E. eudamippus,
partition M- — (SM') of that band sometimes wanting ; median bars SC° — R^ present,
dot-like, or elongate, not straight and transverse, closer to cell than to discal band,
at least the upper one ; white area bordered distally by an olive tawuy or tawny
ochraceous band of about 2 mm. width that corresponds to the inner border of the
black outer area of the upperside, this band almost straight, bordered distally by
the black discal, more or less luniform bars ; area between discal bars and tawny
olive or tawny ochraceous marginal border grey, this colour extending to edge of
wing at apex ; within the grey area the postdiscal white spots are marked, size as
above, bordered by a series of black postdiscal spots, of which the last ones are the
largest, spots R^ — M- more or less angle-shaped, spots SC° — R' minnte, the upper
ones sometimes absent ; the white submarginal spots also visible, and there is
sometimes an indication of the dark submarginal l)ars AI-— SM-. Hindwing :
( 271 )
snbmedian and median series of black bars close together, tlie upper bars mostly
more or less merged together, bnt the bars of the same series mostly rather widely
apart at veins and liable to obliteration, the posterior bars often dot-like, median
bars (SM') — SM'' more or less heavy, oblique, never extending to (SM'), interspace
between snbmedian and median series of bars tawny ochraceous or ochraceous,
representing a band that extends towards anal angle, where it meets a discal band
of about the same width, bnt of a somewhat darker tint ; this discal band on the
whole about parallel to outer margin, bordered distally by a series of disco-
postdiscal black hmiform spots, which includes pale blue lunules ; snbmarginal
area white, broader than the discal band plus luniform spots, with prominent Ijlack
snbmarginal spots, between M- and SM- the white area reduced to two small dots
with or without ill-defined black centres; admarginal spots transverse, thin, more
or less ochreous, with bluish scaling at tip of middle and posterior veins, anal
admarginal spot large prolonged along (SM') to black discal lunnle ; marginal
line black, not or scarcely vestigial at anal angle ; tenth tergate of abdomen
rather deeply sinuate.
?. Unknown.
Length of forewiug : cJ, 43 mm.
Hab. Shan States and Tonkin : 3 cJ cJ in Tring Museum from " Tonkin "' and
Van-bu, Upper Tonkin.
A rare insect in collections. Nothing 'is recorded of the time of appearance
or the habits of the species.
/'-. Forewing above without distinct snbmarginal dots.
10. Eulepis dolon (Nov. Zool. V. t. IX. f. 1. 2,* i 3).
Chfiriixes dolnn Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. t. 27. f . 2. 3 (J (1848).
(?. Uppersiih of head and thorax olivaceous bistre brown, abdomen rather
more black ; head with fonr white dots above and one ))ehind each eye, prouotum
with three dots, the middle one, situated at the hinder edge, often concealed, hairs
at sides of meso- and metanotum more or less grey ; palpi above like head or darker.
Underside of palpi and thorax, innerside of palpi, the middle and hinder tibiae, all
tarsi, onterside of the brown anterior femur and tibia white, middle and hinder
femora black or brown with sparse white scales ; abdomen brown or black, valves
beneath with white scales.
Wiw/a : uppersidfi yellowish white with a slight greenish tint, distal region
and costal margin of forewing, and a narrow baud of hindwing composed of the
discal, postdiscal and snbmarginal bars, brownish black or black. -Forewing: dark
outer area measuring at SM" about 4 mm., its inner edge oblique, nearly straight
up to R', where the area is about 9 or 10 mm. wide, then more curved basad,
sometimes the edge of the area is almost evenly curved from SC'^ to SM-, rather
often the black area is extended basad between U- and B? : costal margin as far as
SC and SC'-' brown, the brownish black outer area appearing to extend to base
along costal edge of wing ; interspace between black disco-cellular bar and upper
cell-bar black or brownish black, forming a short band, wliieh is often continued
beyond M',the interspace between median bars and R^ — M-' and il resp. the cell-bar
being then also j)artly filled up with brownish black scaling ; in outer area there is
* The explanation ot rialc IX. shoukl read Fig. 1, Sikliim ; Fig. 2, Shan States.
( 272 )
a straight series of yellowish white, postdiscal, spots, the npper one SC!' — SC^ seldom
marked, the seeoijd and third the largest, mostly triangular, juiinting distad, seldom
the second rounded, the last two, M- — SM-, sometimes j)artly or totally olditerated,
ofteu replaced by bluish triangles, base of second spot about lu to 13 mm. from
outer edge of wing, that of spot M' — IVP only 4 or 5 ram. ; the white submarginal
spots of Ji.eiif/amippus here sometimes vestigial, being in some individuals traceable
under a lens. Hindwing : distal, postdiscal and submarginal black bars fused to
a narrow band, 2J to 3 mm. broad, of nearly even width, bnt more or less con-
stricted near veins, separated from the thinly black edge of the wing by the
adraarginal interspaces ; the band taken as a whole evenly curved, parallel to
the outer edge of the wing ; each partition of the b;uid includes a ])ale, huffish,
lunnle which separates the thin (often very thin) discal, curved, bar from the
heavier postdiscal one, between the latter and the submarginal bar (which is
generally convex distally) is included the bluish white or pale blue submarginal
dot, anal partition of band and its pale blue spot largest ; admarginal, biconcave,
pale butf or pale yellow, interspaces about H to 'ih mm. broad, slightly separated
from each other by the black veins, often shaded with blue ; black marginal line
varying in width, absent from anal angle ; tails black with two pale blue streaks,
npper tail mostly somewhat shorter than second, length 6 to 10 mm., and 7 to
12 mm. respectively.
i'mlerside white, with a greenish tint (the membrane of the wing being green),
marked with black and brown. Forewing : basal two-thirds of costal margin
occnjjied by a stripe of about 2 mm. width of raw umber colour, including a white
basal streak; this stripe joined at its distal end to a straight band, of about the
same width and colour, running obliquely to the anal angle, crossing SM- about
3 to 4 mm. from tip of vein, outwardly bordered by a complete series of black
(discal) bars, which stand more or less separate, and are mostly slightly curved (the
upper ones generally excepted), discal bar SO — SC^ often obsolete ; outer margin
occupied by a band of similar width and colour ; the interspace between marginal
and discal band appears less greenish than the rest of the wing owing to the black
scaling of the npperside ; between M- aud SM= there are generally two more or less
obvious, black, spots, representing the postdiscal bars ; similar but smaller spots are
occasionally visible between R^ and M-, they are jilaccd at the outer edge of the
postdiscal, white, spots of the up])erside which ^shine through ; the submarginal
bars which should stand at the edge of the marginal band are not traceable ; cell-
bar 3 represented by a heavy, black, dot standing just behind SC in middle of cell,
cell-bar 4 at upper end about 1 mm. from bar D, curved, reaching M about
i to 1 1 mm. before base of M', almost continuous with submedian bar M'— M-,
cell-bar 4 and submedian bars M' — SM- on the one side, aud bar D together with
median bars R'— (SM^) on the other form the borders of a yellowish tawny olive
band of about 2 to 2i mm. breadth (incl. of bars) ; median bar R'— M" short,
oblique, median bar SC;^— R' sometimes jirescnt, olili([ue, placed at the edge of the
tawny olive costal border. Hindwing : submedian bars V. — (SM*) forming one
broken line, entering cell at origin of D', crossing M at or near base of M-, bar (!
ofteu absent ; median bars forming a line parallel to the first ; interspace between
the lines about 1 J to 2 mm. wide, ochre yellow, sometimes gallstone yellow, this
band continued to the disco-postdiscal baud which it joins at (SM') ; outer edge
of white discal area evenly convex, parallel to outer margin of wing (taken as a
whole, apart of tails and dentition) ; the disco-postdiscal band composed of the
( 273 )
luniform discal and postdiscal bars, wliich are concave distally, and the j'ellowish
tawuy interspace olive between this series of donble-bars and the white discal area,
the interspaces between discal and postdiscal bars also tawny olive, discal bars,
besides, bordered distully with very thin bluish white lines ; the band is narrower
than on iipperside owing to the black siibmargiual bars not being included into it,
these bars being reduced to small black dots placed in white patches ; border of wing
tawny olive, li to 2 mm. broad, blackish at edge, with pale blue scales at end of
veins in our specimens, border at anal angle more yellow, tails blackish with two
thin, indistinct, bluish white lines close to veins.
?. Like (J, larger, tails longer and less pointed; the disco-submarginal band
of the nppersidc and the disco-postdiscal band of the underside of the hiudwing
somewhat narrower, the black outer area of the forewing above also a little more
restricted.
Length of forewing : c?, 39 to 54 mm.
„ „ $ , .55 mm. (onr specimen).
Tergite of tenth abdominal segment of cJ sinuate at apex, the edge of the plate
being bent downwards in middle ; the depth of the sinus variable, greatest in
the specimens from the Shan States.
Hab. Malwa, Kumaon, Kalu, Nepal, Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Cachar,
Shan States, Tenasserim.
In North India it occurs during April and May, while in Tenasserim it has been
found in December and February. The species has one brood only, judging from
the short time it is found on the wing. The larva and chrysalis are unknown.
The species is described by Westwood from a specimen in the collection of
Captain Boyes, the specimen being said to be from " Malwah in the East Indies."
In Doubleday, Westwood & Hewitson, Gen. Diiini. Lep. II. p. 309 n. 34 (18.50),
the species is recorded as being represented in the British Museum from " Malwah,
East India." Dr. Butler, in his " Account of the Butterflies of the Genus Charaxes
in the Collection of the British Museum " {.Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 379.
n. 82 1896), enumerates under II. a tj from " N. India (Capt. Boyes)," but this
example is not the type, as it does not agree with Westwood's tigare.
We have lately received a number of specimens from Naini Tal, Kumaon,
collected by Mr. Charles Maries. The upper postdiscal spot of the forewing above,
which is seldom vestigial in the examjiles from other localities, is in one of those
Naini Tal individuals as well marked as in Westwood's figure, while in some of the
other specimens from there it is minute, the remainder of our series being without
that spot.
The specimens of E. dolon from Kulu differ yet a little more from the Sikkimese
and other more eastern individuals than our Kumaon examples do, but tlie difference
is very slight.
The locality " Malwah " whence the type came is most likely Malwa Tal iu
Kumaon.
a. £. doIon dolon.
Cluiraxev dolaii Westwood, Cab. Or. Enl. t. 27. f. 2. 3. ^ (1848) (Malwah, E. Ind.) ; Butl., P. Z. S.
p. 635. n. 49 (1865) ("E. India" !) ; Nic.'-v., Bull, of Ind. II. p. 272. n. 565 (1886) (pt. : Kulu).
Nymphalis dohm, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., (ien. Diiirn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 34 (1850) (Mahvah).
Munmrda (!) dolor,, Moore, Lri>. hid. II. p. 261 (1896) (pt. ; Kulu).
Charajces (Murwaredu) dohm, Mackinnon & Xice'v., Journ. Bombay -V. //. Soc. XI. p. 377. n. 12U
(1888) (Tehri Uarwhal, 8000 ft., April, May).
( -'-4 )
<?. Anterior tibiae and stripes of sterna underneath femora paler than in the
following subspecies, underside of abdomen also paler brown.
Wi/iffx a/iflve-. forewing, of postdiscal series of spots the uppermost, SC* — SC,
rather often marked (Ji/jie), spot M- — (SM') rather heavy, rounded or somewhat
triangular, the following one absent or minute. The pale huffish Innules near the
inner edge of the disco-submarginal band of the hiudwing all well marked, inclusive
of Innule C — SG-, the band itself rather thinner than in F.. ilolon cfntralia : admar-
ginal, cream colonred, spots (interspaces) pale, purer cream colour than in K. dolon
centralis, being less shaded with blue, especially in individuals from Kulu.
Underside : submedian and median black bars thinner than in E. dolon centra lis,
especially those of the hindwing.
On the whole somewhat inferior in size to North Indian examples of PL dolon.
Hub. N.W.India: Malwa Tal (= " Malwah ") ; Naini Tal, Knmaon, 16 6
(Chas. Maries) ; Kulu, 166-
According to Mackinnon {I.e.) this species is very rare in N.W. India : he
found it at 8000 feet elevation in April and May at Nag Tiba in Tehri Garwhal.
Doherty, I.e., records E. eudamipjma as having been seen by himself at Knmaon ;
it was doubtless E. dolon, as E. eudamippus is not known to occur so far west.
b. E. dolon centralis Rothsch., snbsp. nov. (Nov. Zool. V. t. IX. f. 1, 6, Sikkim *).
Nymphalis dolon, Horsfield & Moore (non Westwood, 1848), Cat. Lep. Im. Mits. E. I. C, I. p. 206.
n. 421 (1857) (Darjiling) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 271. n. 46 (1871) (Sikkim).
Charaxes {Baridra) dolon, Butler, Ann. Mag. X. H. (5). XVI. p. 306. n. 52 (1885).
Chara.tes dolon, Staudinger, Exot. Tagf., p. 173 (1886) (Sikkim) ; Nici^v., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 272.
n.56.i. t. 22. f. 100. 6 (If^^'') (pt- 1 Sikkim ; near A.ssam) ; Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 367.
n. 207 (1888) (^Sikkim, rare, 3 to 4000 feet, April and May) ; Butl., Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lond.
XXV. p. 379. n. 82 (1896) (pt. ; Sikkim ; Nepal).
Charaxes (Eulepis) dolon, Xic^ville, in Risley, aazettnr of Sikhim p. 147. n. 229 (1894) (Sikkim,
low elevations, April and May ; desc. of ? from Bhutan, May 2nd).
Murwarda (!) dolon, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 263. t. 189. £. 1. la. 6 (1896) (pt. ; Eastern Himalayas,
Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Upp. Teuasserim, Tavoy (December), Tboungyeen Valley (February) ;
" Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo " ex en:)
6 ? . Abdomen beneath almost pure black. Postdiscal spot (SM') — SM- of
forewing above larger than in the preceding form, mostly angle-shaped, seldom both
submedian spots very small. Hindwing : disco-submarginal black band some-
what hea\'ier than in E. dolon dolon, especially posteriorly, the pale huffish lunulos
near its proximal edge seldom conspicuous, the upper three or four mostly, the
upper one always, absent or obsolete; admarginal, cream-coloured, spots much
overshaded with bluish scales, hence appearing darker than in dolon dolon ;
upper tail somewhat longer. On the underside the submedian and median black
bars of both wings are heavier than in the western race.
JIab. Nepal to Tenasserim, 27 6 6 , I ? : Nepal (in Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (ti/pe,
26 iv. 88, 0. Moller) ; t'achar (ace. to Moore) ; Sylhet (ace. to Moore) ; Khasia
Hills (May 1889, Hamilton) ; Tavoy, Thoungyee.n Valley and Upp. Tenasserim
(ace. to Moore).
* Fig. 2 repre.sents a specimen from the Shan States.
( 275)
c. E. dolon grandis Hothscb., subsp. nov. (Nov. Zool. V. t. IX. f. 2, $).
$. Large, forewing measuring 61 — 63 mm. iu length.
Uppersidi' : forewing, disco-cellular band not extended beyond R^ generally
wider in front than behind, broad ; apical black area a little more extended than in
E. dolon centralis, the upper partition SC^-*^ — R' of the yellowish white discal area
reduced to a narrow, long, triangle, the black colour also more extended basad
between R'^ and R' ; postdiscal yellowi.sh white spots comparatively small, upper-
most, SC^ — SC*, absent, the second rounded, not triangular like the third, last two,
M= — SM-, absent or represented by blue angles, a more or less indistinct blue spot
behind SM-. Hind wing more strongly dentate than in the other form of E. dolon ;
disco-submarginal black band about as broad as in those specimens of E. dolon
centralis in which it is heaviest, rather wider in front ; the pale blue distal borders
of the discul bars of the baud variable iu number as in E. dolon centralis, lunnle
C — SC^ always absent, submarginal spots within band blue, larger than in either
dolon centralis or dolon dolon ; admarginal interspaces wider than in the other
races, the marginal line being extremely thin, much shaded with blue at veins, anal
interspace pure pale yellow, wide ; tails almost entirely scaled blue.
Underside : the costal border of the forewing and the bands of both wings more
yellow, less olivaceous than in the other forms. Forewing : the interspace
between discal and postdiscal bar (near internal angle) more or less obviously
suffused with blue scaling, jiostdiscal spot (SM') — SM- somewhat angle-shaped ;
discal bars wider apart than in the other forms. Hindwiug : median band (like
that of forewing) comparatively broader, and white submarginal scaling more
extended, the anal yellow patch purer yellow and larger than in E. dolon dolon and
centralis ; submedian bars CM — C and M — (SM') absent or only vestigial ; in three
out of four specimens the postdiscal bars R' — M- are vestigial ; black submarginal
dots well marked.
Hab. Shan States, 4 cJ c? without more exact indication of locality in the Triug
Museum.
/'. Yellow-brown Viand in basal half of liiudwiug below touching praecostal
veinlet.
g'. Cell of forewing below with many black dots, abdominal fold of
hiudwing below speckled with black scales ; postdiscal olivaceous
brown band of underside of forewing parallel to margin of wing.
17. Eulepis posidonius (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f ,s, S).
Charaxes posidonius Leech, Entoin. XXIV. Siipjd. p. 30 (ISHl, May) (Wa-ssu-kow, June ; Xi-tou,
May) ; id., Butt. C'hhia p. 127. t. 14. f. 4. ^ (1893) (Wa-ssu-kow, June ; Ni-tou, May, 5000
feet) ; But!., Jauru. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 381. n. 87 (1896).
Chavuxes ditiphon Oberthiir, Et d'Eid. XV. p. 12. t. 2. f. 11 (1891, July) (Tse-kou).
Murwareda posidonius, Moore, Lip. Lid. II. p. 2i57 (1896).
c?. Bod>j,aboee : olivaceous black; abdomen deeper black than tliorax and head;
antennae quite black; spots on head present, those on pronotum obsolete. Underside
of palpi and thorax yellowish white, with black stripes underneath the legs; sides of
palpi white ; abdomen black, claspers edged white ; anterior tibiae, upper part of
anterior tarsus and front part of femora, black.
f 276 )
TVin^s, above : black and greenish white or yellowish white. Forewing :
elongate, but apex rounded; greenisli white discal band about 11 mm. broad at SM",
its outer edge somewhat concave, band touching M at base of W, partition R' — M'
costally convex, separated from W by a black interspace of about 1 mm. widtli,
discal spot R-'— R^ clos(^ to cell, isolated, elongate, dimensions about '^ : li mm.,
discal spots SC° — R" close together, nearer postdiscal spots than cell, upper one a
little longer than the second, extending more basad; some white scales in upper half
of cell and also a few in middle of costal margin ; a series of 8 yellowish white
])Ostdiscal s])ots, parallel to edge of wing, the last two fused, upper four smaller than
posterior four ; no submarginal spots. Hindwing : base as for as origiu of R'
black, this small black area across M along (SM') about half way to outer black
area whicli it seldom almost tonches : abdominal fold greenish white, somewhat
slightly blackish at base; outer edge of greenish white discal area obliipie from C to
R^, straight or faintly concave, then somewhat concave between veins; disco-marginal
black area 9 mm. broad at R', 8 mm. at M', including a series of rather large,
yellowish white, admarginal spots, the upper three more or less square, the following
three longer, oblique, pointed at ends, anal one more yellow, large, about 2J, mm.
l)road; at outer side of these spots, except anal ones, there are pale blue scales which
form heavy streaks in tails, black edge of wing about as broad as the admarginal
spots or narrower, at anal angle it forms a thin line ; in black disco-marginal band
there are, between M" and SM", two pale bine lines, one close to inner edge of black
band, marking the outer border of the discal bar, the other close ti) pale yellow anal
spot, generally divided, representing tlie submarginal series of white spots present
in allied species ; outline of wing triangular, outer margin not dentate at veins,
upper tail (10 mm.) longer than second (6 to 7 mm.).
Underside greyish silvery white, faintly vinaceous ; the white markings which
correspond to those of npperside more greenish except at edges, scales of these
greenish parts narrow. Forewing : costal margin white at base, but C blackish ;
cell greyish, with numerous small black dots, the cell-bar of the allied species
vestigial opposite point of origiu of M'-, but the place wliere it .should be is indicated
by the proximal edge of a band of bistre colour, which is about 2A mm. broad and
has about the form of the letter Y with the disco-cellular branch very short; this
band is bordered ontwardly by the three continuous black median bars, which line
crosses M- about 2i mm. from base of M-, touches M before base of M' and then
runs distad, parallel to R', the discal branch of the band is bordered in front of R^
by median bar R-— R^, which runs here along R^ and is continuous with bar D; there
are some black scales behind R'' which represent the upper end of median bar
R'^ — R', the greenish white spot in front of R' as above, median bars SO' — R' 8 mm.
from end of cell, each with a triangular patch of bistre colour at jiroximal side and
a greenisli white spot at outside (as above) ; discal black bars almost straight,
forming a scarcely interrupted line which is parallel to, and is situated G mm. from,
outer margin of wing; this line forms the distal border of a band of bistre colour of
2 to 2\ mm. width, the proximal edge of which is slightly convex between veins; the
postdiscal spots of the upjjcrside are visible below, all are bordered distally by thin,
black, postdiscal, curved lines the ends of which are pointing basad ; a marginal baud
of bistre colour 2 to 21 mm. broad, faintly edged proximally with tawny ochracoous,
slightly indented at veins. Hindwing : costal submedian bar vestigial at PC,
subraedian bars C — (SM') nearly continuous, crossing SC' close to base of this vein,
bar M — (SM') almost at right angles to M ; median bars continuous, the bars down
( -^77 )
to M forming a line that is cnrved basad: this line touches M Ijefore M-, extends a
little along M and joins liar M' — M', which is situated close to the base of M-, bar
M^ — (SM') about parallel with M', close to it, reaching (or almost reaching) discal
black bar M- — (SM'), bars (SM') — SM' oblique, heavy; interspace between submedian
and median bars bistre colour, band-like, this band extending to discal series of bars;
upper discal black bar extends from tlie upper end of the first median bar very
obliquely to C, which it reaches about middle, discal bar C — SC" begins in middle
of C, curves round to SC^, which it reaches 8 to 0 mm. from tip, the other discal
bars Inniform, the series on the whole parallel to outer margin, slightly angled at
IF, bars bordered by jiale blue lines distally, followed by dark red Inniform spots
which are bordered distally by very indistinct black postdiscal bars ; interspace
between oblique costal bar and costal margin reddish brown ; submarginal area
white, with very thin black submarginal dots, dots R^ — M- mostly obsolete, anal
two or anal one larger, admarginal spots visible, liordored with tawny ochraceons
outside, extending into bases of tails ; marginal band bistre colour, al)out 21 mm.
broad, very thin at anal angle; blue streaks in tails; abdominal region up to median
band oversprinkled with black scattered scales.
Length of forewiug : C, 40 mm.; SM", 27 mm.
Cell of forewing narrow and long (17 mm.), longer than in the allied species.
Hal/. Western China: Ni-tn, 5000 ft., May 1800, 1 c? ; Wa-ssu-kow, Jane
(Leech) ; Tse-ku (Oberthiir).
The pattern of this species presents some interesting features. In the position,
parallel to the edge of the wing, of the postdiscal spots of the npperside and the
discal bars of the underside of the forewing, in the presence of red, Inniform, post-
discal spots on the hindwing below, and in the development of a series of postdiscal
black bars on the forewing below, E. posidonim is more ancestral than its allies,
while the large admarginal markings of the npperside of the hindwing — which
the describers of the species have erroneously treated as being homologous of the
submarginal spots of E. narcaeus, — the dots in the cell of the forewing below, the
obliteration of the cell-bar of the same wing, the position of costal discal bar of
the hindwing below, the sprinkling of black scales over the abdominal area of the
same wing, are specialisations which we do not find elsewliere in Enlc/jis. Though
the few specimens we have seen bad no white submarginal sjwts on the forewiug
above, and only a vestige of the last submarginal spots on the upperside of the
hindwing, it is probable that such (yellowish white) spots appear sometimes in this
sjiecies as minute dots. On receipt of more material it will perhaps also be found
that of the cell-bar of the forewing below there is sometimes a greater portion
developed, and that the abdomen is occasionally spotted white beneath from base
to middle.
h-. Cell of forewing below without many black dots ; abdominal fold of
hindwing below without a sprinkling of black scales.
18. Eulepis narcaeus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VIL f. 1). Ki).
NyiiLphalis narcaeun Hewitsuii, Kx. Butt. I., Nymph, t. 1. f. I. 4 (1854) (Chekiang).
Clumi.res narcaenXj Butler, Joiini. Linn. Sue. Loud. XXV. p. 381. n. 80 (1 890) (^Slianghai ; Kiukiang);
Leech, Tt: Knt. Soc. Lund. "p. 108. n. 39 (1889) (Kiukiang, apparently common) : id., Butt.
China I. p. 12G (189.S) (throughout Eastern, Central, and Western China).
cj. Bo<li/ ahovc olive black, abdomen often more or less extended white ; dots
on head and prouotnm yellowish white, those on the latter often obsolete.
19
(278)
L'whrside of palpi and thorax wliito, somewhat ypllnwish, streaks nndernenth
lecfs hlack : aluloraen all white, or lilack with white markings ; anterior tibia Mack,
middle and hinder femora Maek with scattered white scales, rest of legs white, scales
often partly rnbbed away.
^yinf|S, uppersidi' : purplish black, more or less extendedly greenish white,
slightly yellowish, in the pale form the black colonr reduced to some narrow bands
and streaks. Forewing : costal and onter margin always black ; greenish white
discal baud separated into two portions by a bla<-k streak of about 1^ mm. width,
which is situated behind R^ and is the distal portion of a black median band which
begins below the base of M- aud which is joined to the costal border of the wing
by means of a short disco-cellular band of the same width ; the posterior, larger
portion of the greenish white band is sometimes extended to the base, mostly,
however, the base is black beyond cell ; a series of eight to nine jjostdiscal, greenish
white, spots separated from the discal band by a continuous, more or less straight,
black band ; the series of spots is nearly parallel to the outer margin, the spots are
eitlier separated or more or less fused together; the first is small, spot (!SM') — SM-
is seldom obsolete ; snbmarginal greenish white dots often marked. Hindwing :
greenish white discal band sometimes occupying the basal three-fifths of the wing;
mostly the base of the wing is black ; this colonr extends as a broad stripe across
cell and runs along abdominal fold to disco-marginal black area, separating the
greenish white abdominal area from the discal band proper, the latter forming a
large triangle; within the black outer area there is a series of snbmarginal, greenish
white spots of variable size, often fused to a band ; spot IP — M- smaller than those
before it : spots M" — iSM- minute or only vestigial ; near proximal edge of black
area there is, at anal angle, a bine lunnle, another is vestigial before JI-; anal
admargiual spot narrow, yellow ; admarginal spots R^ — M- mostly marked, obliijue,
at veins with blue scaling which extends into tails, the other admarginal spots
vestigial at least in the pale form ; tails slightly pointed, the upper one as long as,
or longer than, the second.
Underside very pale green, the edges of the pale green areas more or less
heavily silvery grey ; costal margin, except a streak at base, and outer margin, raw
umber-colour, the costal border suddenly narrower at apes of wing ; cell seldom
without black dots, there are generally two or three, one at the edge of the costal
border before middle of cell, the posterior one opposite base of M-; sometimes the
spots are fused to a bar, which, however, does not reach M; cell-bar reaching from
base of M" — SC near upper angle of cell, angle-shaped, mostly recurving basad
along costal border to upper cell-spot ; cell-bar continuous with snbmedian bar
M-— (SM') ; median bars (SM')— M' parallel to cell-bar ; bar R'— M' directed
distad, parallel with \V\ its distal end suddenly bent costad, the interspace between
these bars, vein R^ and bar D, of the same colour as costal border of wing ; median
bars R' — R' fused with bar D (or absent ?) ; median bars SC^ — R' situated along
costal border of wing ; discal bars nearly straight or somewhat luniform, forming
a continuous line which is jiosteriorly closer to outer margin than anteriorly ; nj)j)er
bar oblique, pointing distad with upper end ; this line of bars is the onter border
of a tawny olive, almost straight band, of 2 mm. width about, which joins the
costal border ; the postdiscal pale green spots as above, the two last ones in the
dark form vestigial, but here their outer edge indicated by two black dots repre-
senting the postdiscal bars. Hindwing: abdominal fold greenish white, slightly
silvery grey ; a line of submediau bars from costal margin to (8J1') crossing C close
( 279 )
to PC, and M half-way to M-, slightly curved ; a median line of bars, parallel to the
first, entering cell at base of R"', crossing M just before M-, with bar M- — (SM') very
long and parallel to M", the tawny olive interspace between these lines of bars
continued to discal series of bars, forming a baud of about If mm. in width which
is paler at ends ; median bars (SM') — SM' oblique, often obliterated ; discal bars
continuous, the last from R' — SM- Inniform, the line crossing R' 3 to 5 mm. from
M', bordered bluish white distally, followed by a continuous band (about 1 i to
2i mm. broad) of maroon red spots (sometimes more ferruginous red) ; spots
R' — SM^ Inniform, all bordered distally by the postdiscal black bars ; pale green
submarginal spots as above, bordered with pale silver grey, black submarginal dots
close to outer edge of this whitish area ; admarginal spots orange-baff, often very
small and ill-defined ; marginal border bistre-colour, about 1 mm. broad, much
narrower at anal angle, where it is nearly black ; tails with pale blue streaks.
? . Like S, somewhat larger ; abdomen more black ; forewing somewhat
broader, its outer edge on the whole less concave ; tails blanter.
Length of forewing, c? 31 — 43 mm.
„ „ „ ? 40 4J ,,
The species has not been bred, the larva and pupa being, in fact, unknown to
science ; but there is scarcely any doubt that there are two broods, which differ so
considerably from one another, though they are connected by all intergradations, that
they have been described as two species. Mr. Leech, in Butt. China L j). 127, sa3'8
that " the sijecies is on the wing from April to August, but the type-form appears
only to be found from April to June." According to the specimens that are dated,
the individuals with the greenish white colour of the wing extended (f. temp.
narcaeus) belong to the spring brood, or, as is perhaps safer to say, emerge from
April to June ; whUe the examples that come out later in the year have the
greenish white colour of the wings restricted (f. temp, mandanmis), and represent
most likely a second brood. The differences between the two forms are remark-
able in one respect. The early form narcaeus lias the black colour of the wings
restricted, as is the case with the sjjring broods of E. athamas, Papilio sarpedon,
eurypylus, etc. ; but the abdomen is much more extended black in f. temp.
narcaeus than in the dark-winged f. temp. 7na7idarinus, while in Eidepis athamas
the darker-winged specimens of the summer brood (or broods) have also the
darker abdomen.
In the individuals from Central and Western China the tawny olive bauds of
the underside are, as a rule, more olive than in the specimens from Eastern China.
The rows of scales on the greenish jiarts of the underside do not cover one
another, the green wing membrane is visible between them ; on the forewing the
scales of the discal greenish band are rounded at the apex, while those of the discal
band of the hindwing are unisinuate.
The tenth abdominal segment of the S is broad and sinuate at the apex ; the
tooth-like dorsal dilatation of the clasper is generally acute.
«'. E. narcaeus f. temp, narcaeus (Nov. Zool. VL t. VII. f. 0, <?).
Ni/mplmiis niireaeus Hewitson, I-lr. Butt. I. Nymiih. i. I. f. 1. 4 (1854) (N. China) ; Khhy, Cat.
ninni. Lep. p. 271. n. 45 (1.S71).
Chamxes narcaeus, Butler, /'. Z. S. p. G35. d. 48 (1865) (N. China) ; Lewis, Knt. .Monthly Mag. XV.
p. -Ibl (1879) (Japan ! !) ; Elwes, 7'. Z. S. p. 891 (1881) (Shanghai) ; Leech, /..•. (1893) (pt.) ;
Butl. I.e. (1896) (pt. ; menedemua = typical narcaeus).
( 280 )
Charaxea sali/iina var. menahinKii Obertliiir, El. d'Ent. XV. p: 13. t. 2. f. 9 (1891) (Tsc-kou).
Chamxes siili/riiui (!), " Butler," Obertliiir, /.<■. (Ta-tsien-lou : sntijiina " Butler " ex err., dealer'
name).
Murmtreda narcaeiis, Moore, Lep, Iml. II. p. 2lj7 (189G) (N. China ; Chusan Is. ; Japan).
Murwaredu menedemuii, id., (.e. (W. China).
cJ?. Abiloraeii black ; underside in S mostly with some white spots ; edge of
claspers white or huffish.
Wings, upperside : greenish white colour occujij'iiig the greater jnirt of the
wings. Forewiug : cell all or nearly all greenish white ; greenish white discal
area often extended to base, broader behind than black outer area, black streak
along 11^ often separated from black outer area ; greenish white patch in front of
this streak large, not broken tip ; postdiscal greenish white spots mostly fused to a
band, often extended to internal margin ; a series of minute white submarginal dots
is occasionally jircsent. Hiudwing : the greenish white area extends sometimes
to base, the disco-postdiscal black baud narrower, the streak along abdominal fold
pale, often partly, seldom totally, obliterated ; submarginal greenish white spots
heavy, fused to a broad band ; spot M' — M'- half-moon-shaped, sometimes isolated,
admargiual spots mostly present, separated from the greenish white submarginal
ones by the black, mostly abbreviated, submarginal bars. Tails seldom very short
and mostly blunt.
Length of forewiug, 6 31 — 42 mm.
Occurs from April to June ; 21 c? cJ, 2 ? ? in Tring Museum.
Oberthur's menedemus is based on a small specimen with very short tails ; we
have not seen a specimen with the tails so short as they are in Oberthur's figure.
The tawny scales (ujiper layer) of the marginal band of the forewiug below are,
in the April exami)les from Niugpo, bidentate ; while in the specimens from the
Central and West Chinese localities they are mostly tridentate.
b\ E. narcaeus f. temp, mandarinus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VII. f. 10, cJ).
Charaxes 7ii<tmtariiiiis Felder, Reise ynnmi, Lep. p. 437. n. 710 (1867) (Shanghai) ; Butl., Tr. Eiil.
Soc. Lorul. p. 119. n. 1 (1870) (distinct?).
Nymphalis narcaeun var. a. Char. jutriulin-i/tHS, Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 271. sub n. 45 (1871)
(Shanghai).
Chararjjs narcaeus Tar. tliibclaiius Oberthiir, Et. d'Eitt. XV. p. 11. t. 2. f. 10 (1891) (Chang Yang ;
Ta-tsien-lou); Alphdr., Mem. RmnunofflX. p. 98 (1897) (.Tuly, Sze-Chuen).
Charaxes mircwAis var. inniuhirinus Leech, Tr. Eiit. Soc. Loud. p. 108. sub n. 39 (1889) (Kiukiang) ;
id., BuH. Cliiim I. p. 126 (1893) ; Butler, Joiirii. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 381. sub n. 86 (1896)
{maiulariiiiis = thihetanus).
Murmireda mamhiriiiiis, Moore, Lcp. Ltd. II. p. 267 (1896) (Shanghai ; Chusan Is.).
.Vurvxireda tibcltiims (!), Moore, I.e. (1896) (E. Tibet, sic !).
(J ¥ . Abdomen of S beneath white, often with black spots, above more or less
extended white or grey ; in ? grey or black above, beneath white, but middle more
or less black.
Wings, vppcrside : greenish white markings reduced. Forewiug: cell and
base of wing black, often a greenish white patch near apex of cell ; posterior jiortion
of greenish white discal band about as wide as the black outer area, upper portion
incised at veins, sometimes almost broken up into three spots, the upper one of
these spots occasionally very small, tiie third extended to cell, while the second docs
not often reach so fiir basad ; jiostdiscal greenish white spots separated from each
( 281 )
other, more or less rounded ; sj)ot at internal margin mostly wanting ; spot
(SM') — 8M- also sometimes absent. Hindwing : longitudinal black streak heavy;
submarginal greenish white spots mostly sc'i)arated, sometimes the upper five
incomi)letely merged together ; spot M' — M° always isolated, the spots as wide as,
or smaller in diameter than, the proximal portion of the black disco-marginal area,
sometimes the spots only 1^ mm. in diameter ; admarginal spots 11^— M^, if present,
small ; anal one yellow.
On the intdersidc the dark bands and spots ,are generally lieavier than in the
spring form, the last median bars near abdominal margin seldom absent.
Length of forewing, S 36 — 43 mm.
)j II II ^ 47 ,,
Occurs from June to August ; 32 J cj, 2 ? ? in Tring Museum.
Hab. The species is found in both forms from the coast to Mnpin, and as far
north as Shanghai. The southern limit of its range is not known ; the species
extends probably into Tonkin.
BIr. Lewis, I.e., records E. narcaeiis from Japan ; if the species should really
occur in Southern Japan (which we do not believe), the Jajiauese specimens will,
no donbt, be diiFerent from the Chinese individuals.
D. Submedian and median bars of the underside not continuous, forming some rings.
r.». Eulepis delphis (Figs. 4i), 41, 42).
Charaxes delphis Doubleday, Ann. Sur. Ent. Frunce (2) I. p. 217. t. 7 c? (1843).
(?. Head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum pale olive, rest of
uppersiele of body creamy white, but black colour of chitin of mesothorax generally
shining through, upperside of palpi brownish black, four dots on head, a line behind
each eye, a dot at each side of pronotum white.
Underside : white, stripes on breast beneath femora, upperside of anterior tibia,
middle legs, ujiperside of posterior femora and bases of tarsal segments more or less
extended black.
Wings, upperside: yellowish white. Forewing : a black apical area, widest
in front, very narrow behind, varying somewhat in extent in the different subspecies
and also individually ; it seldom reaches upper angle of cell along SC*-', interspace
between cell and inner edge of black area at least 4 mm. in front of R", inner edge
of black area more or less deeply incised upon veins, the partitions of the area
between 11^ and M'- mostly strongly convex discally, partition M' — M" 3 — 10 mm.
long in fold M'— M-, partitions M'- — SM- short, mostly separated from each other,
and sometimes also from partition M'— M-, the last of those two sometimes obso-
lescent ; the white scaling extends along (SM') close to margin, expands here and
separates more or less complete partition (SM')— SM' from edge of wing, in some
specimens this admarginal white scaling extends to M- ; before R" a black spot is
sometimes separated from the apical area; a black disco-cellular bar is in many
specimens vestigial ; the black area includes mostly one postdiscal, yellowish white,
spot of variable si/.r stiinding before R', sometimes, especially in the North Indian
form, there is another, smaller dot behind it, or even a third behind R-, in a few
specimens the postdiscal spots arc altogether wanting ; no submarginal spots ;
costal edge of wing from base to apical area more or less shaded with brown.
Hindwing: all yellowish white, abdominal fold pnrer white (if not greasy); a series of
( 282 )
postdisco-submarginal spots with white centres rejjresenting the white snbmarginal
dots, upper three almost straijrht, the first seldom obliterated, at right angles to the
veins which they do not always tonch, well separated from each otlicr, spots H-— ISM-
arched, densely shaded with pale blue, extending distad along the veins, reaching
tips of tails, veins SC- and R' mostly thinly black beyond spots : admarginal inter-
spaces more or less tinged with pale yellow in middle : edge of wing strongly
dentate, forewing almost short tails at R- and M', tail W longer than tail M',
pointed ; fringe black, excejrf at and near tip of (SM') in many specimens.
Underside : chalky white, somewhat glossy. Forewing : cell-bar three
separated into three dots, the uppermost close to SC largest, the second and third
close together, sometimes fused, the third below origin of M", larger than the
second, the latter sometimes absent or mitiute : upper cell-bar curved, its ends
touching bar D, forming with the latter a half-moon filled up with pale bluish grey
scaling ; no median and submedian bars M- — (SM^) and R' — M', median and sitb-
median bar M' — M' fused together forming a ring filled up with pale bluish grey
scaling; this ring varies very much in size, it seldom touches the veins and is always
more than 1 mm. distant from origin of M' ; median bar R- — R^ close to apex of
cell, sometimes touching bar D, either straight or curved basad at ends, median bars
SC — R- always present, well marked, straight or angled, about 9 mm. from cell ;
a series of rather thin, bluish grey — the black underscales being covered by white
scales — seldom blackish, strongly arched, discal bars, from St"' to SM', bar St'^ — SC"
being marked only as a small dot or streak, bars SC^ — R^ at outside with bluish
grey scaling generally, but two bars joined together in most individuals forming a
mark resembling number 3, bar SC' — R' about 14 mm. from edge of wing midway
between veins, the next about lOi, the following one Hi, the last three about
Sh mm. distant from edge of wing ; a series of seven postdiscal spots from SC^ — SBP
(representing the postdiscal bars), deep wax yellow, the upper ones a little closer to
discal lunules than to edge of wing, the posterior ones much closer to discal lunnles,
the first two and last two rounded, the other three luniform, the upper ones some-
times faintly marked ; there is often (especially in continental individuals) a series
of wax-yellow, small, snbmarginal spots ; fringe black. Hindwing : submedian
and median costal bars fused to a ring which varies in size and is filled up with pale
bluish grey scaling, a similar but smaller ring (sometimes absent) behind C ; cell-
bar close to ajiex as on forewing, generally joined at ends to tlie median bar R- — R'
thus forming an ovate ring in which bar D is situated, submedian bar M' — M^, if
present, abont halfway between bases of M' and M- or nearer M', submedian bar
M- — (SM') also often marked, about 3 mm. from base of M" ; median bar M' — M-
behind base of M', seldom absent, bar M" — (SM') also mostly present, obli(jue like
the preceding ones, about S mm. from base of M", median bars (SM')— SM' separate
from each other, at right angles to SM^ or more obliijue, the npper one of the two
touching generally with n])per end the respective discal bar : a complete series of
luniform discal bars, the black lunnles overshaded with white, hence appearing pale
blue, the upper ones the heaviest, lunnle C— S(!^ about 10 mm. from edge of wing,
the last one about 6 or 7 mm. from margin at (SM'), Innules M'^— SM'- interrupted
or complete ; this series followed by a series of dots, of which the upper four are
deep wax-yellow and larger than the posterior four, which are red, the last two
sometimes fused to one sjwt ; snbmarginal bars of nearly eijual thickness, the npper
ones almost or quite straight, the others curved, pale blue, separated from the wax-
yellow admarginal interspaces by white borders, which are nearly as broad as the
( 283 )
snbmarginal Innnles themselves ; postdiseo-snbmarginal area white, with a wax-
yellow baud (= postdiscal series of bars), the upper three spots of the band more or
less isolated, sometimes faint, resembling somewhat the letter M, the band not
interrupted from 11" to SM', twice as broad as the anterior spots, or more, somewhat
dilated discad at veins, especially much dilated basad at (SM'), the additional
proximal portion — which corresponds to the distal end of tlie brownish yellow median
band of athani'is, eiulamippus, etc. - -cnt off from the band of the discal Innnles
M'— SM" not interrnjited ; edge of wing white with a faint blue or green tint, fringe
black ; end of veins thinly black.
? . One battered specimen in the Tring Maseum ; somewhat larger than onr
largest <?<?, the teeth of the hindwing less acnte, otherwise like the c?.
Tenth tergite of i broad, slightly emarginate at tip ; clasper with the upper
edge produced dorsad into a broad tooth of variable length and breadth.
Length of forewing : c? 41 to 48 mm.
„ „ ? about .52 mm.
Ilah. Assam to Palawan and .Java, from near the sea up to 4i)00 ft.
Larva and pupa are unknown. The ? in onr collection was found alive in an
empty whiskey bottle at Ipoh, Perak, in August 1898 by Mr. Blaze. The larva
must have crept into the bottle to pupate. Unfortunately when breaking the bottle
to get the specimen out the collector injured the insect very much.
We recognise four geographical forms which occur respectively in (1) Assam,
(2) Burma to Borneo and Sumatra, (3) Java, and (4) Palawan.
The most interesting feature of the distinguishing characters of these four
forms is that the Palawan form agrees so well with the Assamese snbsj)ecies in the
lesser development of black on the upperside of the forewing as compared with the
subspecies from the other localities.
A highly remarkable phenonomen in the habits of this species is observed by
Martin and Hagen (see E. delphis concha), namel}", the association of the J" with
Pieridae, which it resembles in its white colour.
n. E. delphis delphis (Fig. 40, 3).
Chanixes ihlphh Douljleday, Ann. Snr. EhI. Fiance (2) I. p. 217. t. 7. J (184.".) (Silhet) ; Butl.,
P. Z. S. p. G35, n. 50 (18G5) (Silhet ; si/ii. excl.) ; Druce, ihid., p. 346 (1873) (Silhet) ; Dist.,
Ithn/,. Mai. p. 10.5. n. 3 (1883) (pt.); Nicev., Butt, nf Intl. II. p. 272. n. £64 (188C) (pt. ; Assam ;
Cachar ; Sylhet) ; Staud., Ej-ot. Tagf. p. 173 (1886) (pt.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lowl.
XXV. p. 379. n. 81 (1896) (pt. ; Silhet).
Nijmplialis delphis, Doubleday, Westw., & Hew. Gen. Dinni. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 33. (1850) (Silbet) ;
Horsf. & Moore, Cut. Lrp. Lim. .1/«s. E. I. C. I. p. 206. n. 419 (18,J7) (Silhet) ; Kirby, Cat.
Diurn. Lep. p. 271. n. 47 (1871) (Ind. bor. ; sijn. excl).
Clmro.res (EnUpiH) delphis, Wood-Mason & Nic(?v., Jown. As. Soc. Bent). LIV. II. p. 362. n. 98 (1886)
(Cachar, August).
Munoiirrda delphis, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 266. t. 180. f. 1. la. ^ (1896) (pt. ; Assam; Cachar ;
Sylhet).
c?. Upperside. Forewing : black area not so far extended basad between
SO'' ' and R' as in the following two forms ; the white colour more or less
separating a spot from the black area in front of R- ; this spot corresponds to
median bar R' — R- of underside, and is sometimes very small, quite isolated, or
even obliterated ; j'ellowish white postdiscal spot SC'— R' 1^ to 4J mm. long, as a
rule concave distally, mostly followed by a second or even a third dot.
(284)
Underside. Hindwing : jiostdiscal red spots R'— SM' rather larger than
ill the other races, the hist two merged together, spot R-~IP also of a
somewhat reddish tint ; discal pale
lihie Innnles JI- — SM- not iuterrnpted
ut (.SM'), or very slightly so, the wax-
yellow scaling at the proximal side
of this Innnle, if present, separated
from the wax-yellow Ijand of the post-
disco-snbmarginal area.
Hub. Assam, '.i 6 S •■ fSilhet ; Khasia
Hills ; Cachar.
Specimens from Bnrma and Tenas-
serim connect this form with K.
(Iciphis concha.
(I. E. delphis concha (Fig. 41, S, Sumatra).
Charaxpn cnnchn VoUenhoven, Tijihchr. r. Eiit. IV. p. 1G2. t. 10. f. 1. 3 (18G1) (Java? ; Padang;
Sumatra).
Charaxes tMphis, Butler {mm Doubleday, 1843), P. Z. S. p. 6.35. n. 50 (1805) (pt.): Dist., Rhop. .Vnl.
p. 105. n. 3. t. 15. 1 1. J (1883) (pt.; Mai. Pen., Malacca: Labuan; Tenasserim); Nici^v., Biilf.
of Intl. II. p. 27-2. n. 5(54 (188t;) (pt.); Staud., Exol. Tanf. p. 17.S (1886) (pt.; Borneo); Dist. &
Pryer, Ann. Mag. X H. (5). XIX. p. 52. n. 50 (1889) (N. Borneo); Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 283
(1891) (foot of K.-iren Hills): Butl., ,/oi<™. Lhm. Snc. I.imd. XXV. p. 379. n. 81 (1896) (pt.,
Labuan): H.igen, Irh IX. p. 182. n. 239 (1896) (N. E. Sumatra).
Ni/mphaliK delphis, Kirby, Cat. Dhirn. Lep. p. 271. n. 47 (1871) (pt.).
Charaxrx (Euhpis) thlphis, Elwes & Nicev. Jourii. As. Snc. Bmg. LV. ii. p. 426. n. 81 (1886) (Tavoy);
Wood-Ma.s. & Nici'v., il,!(l. p. 362. n. 89 (1887) (Cachar, August); Nicev. & Martin, ibid. LXIV.
ii. p. 433. n. 253 (1895) (X.E. Sumatra).
Munmreda delphis, Moore, Lep. Intl. II. p. 266 (1896) (pt.: Upp. Tenasserim, Mai. Pen., Sumatra,
Borneo).
S . Wiru/.'i, 2(jipe/:v(/i'. Forewing : black area more extended than in
E. (lelpld-i (lelphh, especially in front, partition R' — Ii' of this area not incised in
front of R'-, the black spot which is more or less separated from the black area
in E. (lelpkis r/eljj/us is here entirely
fnsed with the area ; yellowish white
snbmarginal spot small or absent.
Uiulfiisifle : black markings
generally somewhat heavier than in
(lelphis (lelphis ; on hindwing the
greyish blue discal bar M- — SM"
as well as the red postdiscal spots
M" — SM- separated each into two
markings, the yellow submarginiii
scaling extending basad along the
submcdian fold, the upper of these
two red dots often aljscnt.
][fib. Burma to Sumatra (t>/])c)
and Borneo, at lower elevations.
18 <Jc? in Tring Museum: N.E. Sumatra, coll. by Dr. Martin, (^hiala Lcmoerak,
June 1894, Begoemit, May 1^04, Gayoe country, January and May 189:3; S.E. and
( 28,T )
N. Borneo, Mt. Dnlit, December 1893 to January 1S94 (Hose); Malay Peninsula ;
Tenasserim, Dalgwiu, December IS'Jl (Bingham), foot of Donat Range, October 1N91
(Bingham). A specimen from the Salween valley, July LsSU (Bingham), has the
red spots M' — SM- of the underside of the hindwing large and confluent, while tlie
discal greyish blue bar M- — SM^ is divided at (SM').
The individuals from Tenasserim and Lower Burma connect E. delpliis co)icha
with rh'lphls f/elpkis.
Nic6ville, Butt, of Imh, I.e., records it from the Donat range (January), the
Thoungyeen forests, Moulmein, and Perak; and Moore, Lep. Ind., I.e., says thai it
was caught by Major Adiimson at " Tavoy and Hpapoon in October and November,"
and that Mr. Tucker also found it at Tavoy.
Vollenhoven described this form from specimens from Java and Padaug,
Sumatra, but he doubted the correctness of the locality " Java." His figure
represents certainly the Sumatran example, as it does not show the distinguishing
characters exhibited by Javau specimens ; hence the name of eoneha is to be
restricted to the Sumatran form of delplii.i, from which the individuals from Borneo
and the Malay Peninsula do not differ. VoUenhoven's figure 3 is not correct in so
far as there is on the forewing one vein and one discal lunule too much ; the black
median bars SC' — R' on the forewing should stand in the same cellules as the upper
two yellow postdiscal dots.
According to Martin and Niceville, I.e., E. delphis occurs in N.E. Sumatra
" from near the sea to the elevation of Bekantschan, but not higher. Though it is
met witli everywhere over a large area, it is never so plentifal as are C. dolon,
Westwood, and E. eudamippus, Doubleday, in Sikkim in the beds of streams in the
spring. As Gayoe collectors brought this species in some numbers, it may perhaps
be less rare in the north of Sumatra. No female has been obtained. The male is
fond of places on forest roads ; also small pools and moist places on roads,
especially if there are any Pierinae assembled to suck up the moisture, with whom
the big Chara.ees always associates. In such spots will be found sitting in the
hottest sun perhaps half a hundred or more L'atopsilias and App/as hippo,
Cramer, and amongst them one Chara.ves delphis, numbers of similarly coloured
butterflies evidently afi'ording mutual protection. Dr. Martin's Javan collector Saki,
in consequence of this characteristic, used to call C. delplii.'i the ' Koepoe Raja,'
because it sat amongst the Pierinae like a Raja, surrounded by his followers.
C. delphis is not restricted only to big jungle, but is found on roads far from the
forests, if only there are assembled the protecting Pierinae."
Dr. Hagen says of E. delphi.'i concha of N.E. Sumatra, l.<\ : " Ueberall, aber
nicht hiiufig, uud jetzt wohl mehr auf die Vorberge beschrankt. Mit Vorliebe auf
dem feuchten Sand an Furthen durch fliessende Wasser, oft mitten unter Schareu
von weissen Pieriden uud Fapilio antipkates, selir gem auch an fiber das Wasser
hereinhiiugeaden Zweigeu."
c. E. delphis cygnus Rothsch., subsp. nov.
CImriixf.s cimchii Vollenhoven, Tijdschr. v. But. IV. p. 162 (1861) (pt.; Java V).
CUariixes ilelphia, Fruli-storier, Berl. Ent. Zeil. XLI. p. 302 (189G) (Java).
(?. Wings, upperside : as in E. delphis eoneha, but submarginal spot 0— SC- of
hindwing small, more or less obliterated, admarginal interspaces more distinctly
20
( 28(1 )
yellow. Tlie hlark apical aroa of tlip forcwitifj is moro or less incised in front of
R"; there are one, two, or no siibmarfjinal spots in this area.
I'ndprside : on forewiug posterior pair of eell-siiots, npper cell-bar (close to D),
ronnd spot before M'', and on hindwing round costal spot, and bars at end of cell,
smaller than in E. delphis concha. The yellow markings on hiudwing between
postdiscal yellow dots and greyish bine submarginal bars less heavy than in concha,
especially the upper ones small, the postdiscal dots also rather smaller, the last two,
M- — SM- either separate or confluent, the yellow scaling at proximal side of discal
bar M' — SM' (in submedian fold), less extended; there is no round spot behind (' in
our specimens.
Hal). Mt. Gede, Java, 40(H( ft. (Prillwitz), received from I[. Frnhstorfer, 2 SS.
A specimen in Dr. Staudinger's collection from the same locality and also obtained
by Prillwitz, has two submarginal spots on the forewing above.
'A E. delphis niveus Hothsch., subsp. nov. (Fig. 42, d).
ChariufH iltl/iliis, Staudinger {iion Doubled.ay, 18415), Iris II. p. 81 (1889) (Palawan) ; Semper,
Tanf. Phil,),,,, p. 3.S5. n. 516 (18il2) (Palawan) ; Butl. Joum. Linn. Soc. L„mI. XXV. p. 379.
n. 81 (189G) (pt. ; Palawan).
(S . Winys, uppersule : as in E.
tlfl/iliix delphis, i.e. the black area
more restricted than in delphis
concha ; the submarginal spot of
the forewing larger than in concha,
more or less rounded, generally some-
what smaller than in tyj)ical dclphia
delphis.
Vnderside: postdiscal dots
R' — SM' less deep red than in
the other races, more brownisji red,
the last two separated as in concha,
not confluent as in drlphi.t ilclpliix^
the greyish blue discal lunule
M*— SM' also divided a submedian fold.
Ihih. Pahiwan (Platen), 2 i$.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Fig.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Eulepis hebe chersonesiis d, p. 231.
„ gamjmedes S, p- 232.
„ lombokiamu S ■, p. 236.
moori sandakanus d, (type) p. 243.
„ „ (?, p. 243, from the Khasi Hills.
„ kaba d, p. 241.
jalyaas c?, p. 201.
posidonius c?, p. 275.
narcaeus f. temp, narcaeus cJ, p. 279.
„ „ mandarinus S, p. 280.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Charaxes paphiantis WsiTd, ?.
„ 2. „ boueti boueti Feisth., i.
„ 3. „ eudoxiis meckowi Oberth. (i.l.), <?.
„ 4. „ madensis Rothsoh., ? .
,, 5. „ nortkcotti Rothsch., c?.
„ lo. „ etheoeles Cram., <? var.
NoVITATES ZOOLOGIC^. VoL. VI. li
Pl. VII.
NoviTATEs ZoologicjE Vol VL1899
W.PurJossdel.t
MinfcrrTv Bros im^
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. VI. DECEMBER, 1899. No. 3.
NEW BBEFANULIBAE, TEYBIDIDAE, AND
GE03IETEIDAE FROM THE AETHIOPIAN REGION.
Bt W. warren, M.A., F.E.S.
Family DREPANULIDAE.
Phalacrothyris gen. nov.
? . Fore icings : with costa curved, more strongly close to base ; apex produced,
subacute : hindmargiu angled at end of vein 4, concave above, oblique below ;
anal angle well marked.
llindtviiiijs : with the anal angle square, the hindmargin straight from it to
end of vein 6, where it is strongly toothed, the apex truncate.
Antennae unipectinate ; pali)i very short ; tongue and frenulum absent.
Neuratioti : forewings, cell more than half as long as wing, the discocellular
inangulated ; first median ncrvule at two-thirds ; second shortly before end ; third
and lower radial from the end ; vein 6 shortly stalked with 7, 8; 9, lu, stalked;
11 free. Hindwings, with 7 well before end of cell, strongly anastomosing with 8.
The rest as in forewiugs.
Forewings with hyaline spots at end of, below, and beyond cell ; hindwings
with smaller spots beyond cell only.
Type : Fh.alacrotlvjvi$ ^nhririiUs s]>. nov.
1. Phalaci'othyris subviridis sp. nov.
Foreicings ; fawn-colour, irregularly speckled with brown, the costal area
paler, with a few larger brown spots ; discocellular marked with brown scales ;
a glassy spot in the lower half of the end of cell, preceded by a brown spot ;
another below it between the median vein and vein 2, and a smaller one between
vein 2 and submediau fold ; one stUl smaller between veins 3 and 4 ; fringe rufons,
with traces of a darker basal line.
Hindwings : with the discocellular slightly darker, and with a dai'k spot at
its lower end, followed by two small hyaline spots on each side of vein 4 ; marginal
area darker ; fringe rufous.
Underside dull ochreous, more sparsely speckled, with an oblique dift'iise dark
fuscous snbmargiual line angled on vein 0 of forewings, continued less distinctly
through the costal half of hindwings ; the hyaline spots greenish. Head, thorax,
and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 3U mm.
One $ from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, July 1SU7 (Dr. lioili).
21
( 288 )
Family THYRIDIDAE.
2. Hypolampnis minutula (?).
Siculodes minutula Saalm., Ber. Senck. Ges. 1880 p. 295 ; Saaltn., Lep.
Madag. p. 216, t. 5. f. 59 (1891).
SaalmUller's description of his species is not very fnll ; but, judging from liis
figure as well, I am disposed to refer here 2 6 S in the Triug Museum, one
from Mombasa Island, October ISOO (Dr. Ansorge), the otlier from Dar-cs-Salaam,
German East Africa, the latter larger than the Mombasa example : both of these
have veins 8, 9, of forewing stalked, and must be referred therefore to Htjpo-
laniprus.
They have the hindmargin of hindwing sinuous, iucnrved below apex. This
will separate them from the species described below, U. certicalis, from the Niger
district, which has the hindmargin quite straight, but bears otherwise great
resemblance to them.
3. Hypolamprus verticalis sp. nov.
Foretdngs : fulvous brown, with dark brown markings, which are mainly
vertical ; one or two indistinct lines near base, a fascia with darker edges just
before middle ; two narrower postmedian fasciae, the second of which is interrupted
below middle, and a narrow submargiual line ; fringe concolorous ; a deeper brown
shade on hindmargin below middle, narrower towards the lower angle of cell.
Hindwings: with 3 or 4 dark brown lines, and a few fainter reticulations : a
black-brown shade along middle of hindmargin and at anal angle ; the costal region
paler quite to apex.
Underside with the markings more broken up. Head, thorax, and abdomen
all brown.
Expanse of wings : 16 mm.
One c? from Anambra District, River Niger.
The hindwings are prominently triangular, the apex bluntly prominent, the
hindmargin nearly straight. It is allied to U. minutula Saalm., from Madagascar
and the East Coast of Africa, of which it may be a form.
4. Isothauma (?) serraticornis sp. nov.
Foreicings : semi-transparent, shining white ; the costa with seven pinkish
brown darker-edged spots, the intervals between them small, rosy white ; from
the edges of the brownish sjsots run faint rufous lines across the wings, most of
which become faint below the middle; marginal area with shorter, darker, irregularly
crooked lines edged with rosy ; apical region varied with minute dark specks ;
marginal line rosy, thickened into spots at end of veins, which jiroject into the
silvery white fringe.
Hindwings : except for the costal markings, similar.
Underside the same, with the markings brighter and plainer : the retinaculum,
which is in the form of a triangular projecting fold, covered with brownish and
silvery scales ; two tufts of pink scales close to base, and a line of silvery scales
above the subcostal vein. Head and palpi brown ; second joint of palpi white at
the apex : thorax and abdomen white, the latter rosy-tinged on anal segments ;
legs whitish tinged with rosy.
(289)
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One c? from Katagrukwa River, Unyoro, May 1897 (Dr. Ansorge*).
I leave tlie species for the present in Isotkauma, as it agrees in tlie size and
shape of the cell of the hindwing. It agrees fairly well, as far as description
goes, with Rhodoneuni maryaritalis Hmpsn. from Madagascar, which must be
very near opalinula Mab., also from Madagascar ; bnt these are both much larger
species, and in neither case is any mention made of the antennae of the S , which
are thick and armed with short clavate pectinations. Siculodes mellea Saalm. from
Madagascar agrees in size.
5. Pharambara ansorgei sp. nov.
Forewings : pinkish ochreous, washed with fulvous ; the lines and veins
marked in darker fulvous, and towards the margins with fine blackish scales ; costa,
especially at base, tinged with fuscous ; the costal edge with geminated white dots :
transverse lines fairly regular, beyond the middle curved outwards in the upper
half of wing, with regular fainter lines in the intervals ; a dark-edged pale ocellus
ou the discocellular, the line j^assiug round it forked towards inner margin and
blackish ; a blackish curved line from costa before apex to middle of hindmargin,
enclosing some small black striae ; fringe concolorous, with irregular blackish scales
along the base.
Ilindiciiiys : with all markings fulvous except middle line near inner margin
and the black scales at base of fringe.
Underside like ujjper : the pale costal spots developing into patches of leaden-
coloured scales above the subcostal vein. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ;
anal tuft whitish.
Expanse of wings : 17 mm.
One 6 from Masindi, AjDril 181J7 (Dr. Ansorge).
6. Proterozeuxis ansorgei sp. nov.
Foretcings : dark ochreous, with black-brown ramifying strigulae ; the costa
blackish brown at base, and with strongly marked partially confluent black-browii
strigae. The most prominent of the transverse lines are one nearly vertical from
one-third of costa to near middle of inner margin ; two beyond middle parallel to
one another, enclosing a browner space, and uniting in a black-brown spot at base of
discocellular ; and a third before apex to anal angle, bent above vein 0 ; fringe
black-brown, hindmargin red-brown.
Uindwings : suffused with fulvous in marginal half, with a black-brown spot
at bottom of discocellular ; fringe black-brown.
Underside similar ; the brown costal strigae of fore wings strongly marked ;
cell of forewing with a row of ochreous hairs above and below the central fold.
Head, shoulders, tips of palpi, and the fore-tibiae blackish brown ; thorax and
abdomen concolorous with wings; anal segment of abdomen, and a lateral Hue ou
last three segments black brown.
Expanse of wings : 54 mm.
One ? from Masindi, January 1^98, Ur. Ansorge.
I have named this fine species in honour of its discoverer. From the species of
* In Dr. Ansorge's collection, which is, for the time, under the care of the curator of the Tring
Museum.
( 290 )
the genera Plagiosella Hmpsn., and Camptockilus Hmpsn., with which Protero-
zeujris agrees in the stalking of veins 7 and 8, it is readil.v separated by the
pectinated antennae : while the neuration and shape of wings equally distinguish
it from Oxycophina Warn, which has likewise pectinated antennae.
Tridesmodes gen. nov.
Foreicings : narrow and elongate ; costa bulged at base, insinuate in middle ;
apex produced, blunt ; hindmargin obliquely curved, slightly indented below apex.
Hindwings : triangular ; the apex much produced ; hindmargin straight ; inner
margin short.
Antennae simple, lamellate ; palpi slender, porrect, ascending.
Xeuration : forewings ; vein 5 close to vein 4 ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from before
upper angle of cell ; 10 closely approximated to 9 ; otherwise like Siculodes.
Type : Tridesmodes ramiculata sp. nov.
7. Tridesmodes ramiculata sji. nov.
Forewings: white, semihyaline, crossed by numerous fine brown branching
lines, with still finer transverse brown striae between them : two in the middle
forming a brownish triangular mark on costa and inner margin ; the outermost
line excnrved towards hindmargin ; marginal line brown : fringe white, tipped
with brown.
Hindwings : similar ; the veins marked with brown.
Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen white.
Expanse of vrings : 19 mm.
One S from Masiudi, January 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
Superficially much resembling a small Siculodes.
Fajiilv GEOMETRIDAE.
Subfamily GEOMETRINAE.
8. AcoUesis umbrata sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish green, darker towards hindmargin ; a small black cell-spot ;
an oblique broadish white line from costa shortly before apex to two-thirds of inner
margin, inwardly difi'usely edged with darker green.
Hindwings : similar, the line slightly sinuous.
Underside whitish, without markings. Head, tliorax, and abdomen all wliitish
green.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One ? from Wakibara, Unyoro, July 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Differs from A. frai.ididenta Warr., from the Transvaal, in having the face, legs,
and palpi whitish instead of red ; and the line of forewings starting from near apex,
as in Collcsis mimica. It agrees with /raudtdcnf a in neuration, except that vein In
approximates only to vein 11 without anastomosing with it.
9. Antharmostes mesoleuca ub. semimarginata nov.
Diflfers from the type-form in having an irregularly edged dark brown shade
along hindmargin from vein fl to anal angle obliterating the white lunules. In the
hindwings this shade is narrower, and the lunnle before the tail is pinkish white.
( 291 )
Underside with a dull brown blotch at anal angle of forewings, and a smaller
one at apex of hindwings, the tooth filled np with brown.
One c? from Warri (Dr. Roth).
10. Aplodes capensis sp. uov.
Forewings : pale bine-green, the costa finely ochreons ; traces only of a waved
pale line at five-sixths ; fringe concolorons.
Hindicings : similar.
Underside glossy, greenish white ; the costa of forewings broadly rnfons from
base to beyond middle. Face and palpi above reddish ; vertex white ; thorax and
abdomen greenish.
Expanse of wing.s : 21 mm.
One c? from Cape Town, October 1860 (Felder Collection).
Agrees in nenration with Aplodes, except that vein 11 of forewings is stalked
with 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, rising above 6 and becoming coincident with 12 ; in Aplodes it
rises from the cell and anastomoses shortly with 12.
11. Microloxia divergens sp. nov.
Forncinys : pale apple-green ; the costa narrowly white ; an obliqne narrow
whitish line from inner margin at two-thirds straight towards apex, before which it
is obsoletely retracted to costa ; fringe pnre white.
Hindwings : with the line cnrved, but much nearer hindmargin on costa than
on inner margin ; traces of an inner cnrved line.
Underside uniform green. Face, palpi, and forelegs red ; vertex white ; thorax
and abdomen pale green.
Expanse of wings : 21 mm.
Two Si from Unyoro : one from Labonga, Jnly 1897 (type), the other from
Wakibara, November 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
12. Phorodesma (?) fuscipuncta sp. nov.
Forewings : bright apple-green ; cell-spot distinct, black, edged with brown ;
no inner line ; outer line whitish, at two-thirds, parallel to hindmargin, slightly
indented on vein 4 and recurved towards costa which it scarcely reaches ; marginal
line interrupted, reddish, distinct only towards costa ; fringe yellow ; a faint spot
of brown scales on inner margin touching the line.
Hindicings : with the cell-spot oblong, dark brown ; the line bent in middle.
Underside whitish green. Fillet and antennae white ; face and palpi ochreons
white, face with a slight reddish line above ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One 5 from Grahamstown, S. Africa.
The antennae are well pectinated; veins 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, all stalked, II
anastomosing with 12, and 10 with 11 ; cell only two-thirds of wing ; 3 and 4
stalked. In hindwings both 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 are stalked.
13. Prasinocyma diaphana sp. nov.
Forewings : pale yellowish green, very transparent, rippled with white ; costa
finely ochreons ; fringe pale green ; cell-spot black.
Hindwings : the same.
( 292 )
Underside whitish green ; slight dark dots fit the veiu-ends, which are faintly
\asible above. Face reddish ; vertex white ; thorax and abdomen whitish green.
Expanse of wings : 21 mm.
One S from Ivohimanitra Forest, Tanola, Madagascar, October 1894 (Or.
F. Major).
Differs in nenration from t3'pical Prasinocyma, in that the cell of hindwing is
longer and vein 3 rises before the lower end instead of being stalked with 4.
14. Thalassodes rubrimacula sp. nov.
Like Thalassodes germinaria, Gnen., but larger ; in the forewings, instead of
the small white spot edged witli dark scales wliich is very often present in that
species at middle of inner margin, the black scales reach to the snbmedian fold and
are followed by a large ronnd spot of pink scales ; cell-spot obsolete.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
Two S3, one from Kiorbezi, Unyoro, January 1898, the other from Masindi,
Jnne 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Subfamily STERRHINAE.
Cacorista gen. nov.
Foretcings : costa slightly curved ; apex prominent ; hindmargin nearly as long
as costal ; inner margin very short, convex, curving into hindmargin.
Hindicings : inner margin very short, anal angle obtuse ; hindmargin from
anal angle to vein 2 straight and parallel to costa ; thence strongly rounded.
Antennae with angnlated joints, and strongly ciliated ; palpi extremely short,
hardly visible ; hind legs wanting.
Neuration : as in Ptt/c/iopoda— but the cells of both wings broad.
Type : C. amputata sp. nov.
15. Cacorista amputata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale ochreons, varied with yellow ochreous, with traces of ochreous
transverse bands, but with no dark markings ; fringe concolorous.
llindicinqs : yellowish ochreons, with a few dark scales collected at the anal
angle.
Underside yellowish ochreous ; thorax and abdomen ochreons ; face and paljii
brown.
Expanse of wings : 1 3 mm.
One S from Pabo, Uuyoro, November 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Chlorocraspedia gen. nov.
Forewings : costa well-curved ; upox slightly prominent ; hindmargin obliquely
curved.
Hindwings : ample, with hindmargin curved, and faintly elbowed at middle.
Antennae ?, subserrate with short fine fascicles of cilia ; jialpi short, porrect.
Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellnlar vertical, short,
the subcostal vein being depressed at extremity ; first median at three-fourths,
( 293 )
second close before third ; radials normal ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from well before end of
cell; 10 and 11 stalked from much nearer base, 10 anastomosing with T, 8, 9.
Hindwings with vein 7 before end of cell.
Type : C. ayisorgei sp. nov.
10. Chlorocraspedia ansorgei sp. nov.
Fore.wings : dnll olive-green, the lines darker, more yellowish green; first curved
at one-third : second, median, ontcnrved ronnd cell to middle of inner margin ; third
postmedian at fonr-fifths, curved parallel to hindmargin, denticulate ; submarginal
similar, but less distinct ; marginal line blackish-green, forming spots between veins ;
fringe concolorons ; cell-spot small, blackish.
Hinchvings : like forewings, but without first line, and with a large velvety
black cell-spot.
Underside very pale whitish green, with the marginal line black and distinct,
cell-spots and outer line faint. Face and palpi dark brown ; thorax and abdomen
green, like wings.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One ? from Port Alice, Uganda, March 1897 (Dr. Ansorge),
IT. Craspedia improba sp. nov.
Forewings : dirty grey, with a dnll flesh-coloured tinge and dusted with blackish ;
the lines dark, at about one-fourth, two-thirds, and three-fourths respectively ; the
second and third parallel, denticulate on the veins ; submarginal waved, pale,
between two dark shades, of which the exterior is the lighter ; cell-spot and
marginal dots black ; fringe concolorons, with black dots beyond the veins.
Hindwings : similar, without first line and more thickly dusted with blackish.
Underside dull cinereous, unspeckled, with all the markings darker ; head
black ; thorax and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
Three i S from Katagrukwa River, Unyoro, May 1897, Kiagnsi, Unyoro,
November 1897, and Port Ahce, Uganda, February 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
A very dull-looking insect.
18. Craspedia ochreofusa sp. nov.
Forewings : pale, silky, ochreous ; the costa, especially towards apex, finely
and thickly dusted with dark atoms ; the lines brownish ochreous, at one-third,
and three-fourths, waved and denticulate, approaching each other on inner margin ;
a row of small round blackish marginal spots ; fringe concolorons ; cell-spot brownish
ochreous.
Hindwings : without first line, and with two faintly visible submarginal
shades, which are sometimes seen on the forewings.
Underside silky, without markings ; the costa fnscous at base, ochreous beyond.
Face and palpi brown-black ; thorax and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
Eight i cj, one ?, from Unyoro: Fajao, July 1897; Monyonj-o, January 1897;
Port Alice, Uganda, February — March 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Exactly like C. subperlai-ia M'arr., but somewhat smaller, and with the
ground colour silky ochreous instead of white.
( 294 )
19. Craspedia tenera sp. uov.
Foretoings : silvery white, washed with pale sear-green ; the lines deeper green ;
first at one-third, bent ontwards iu cell ; second from middle of costa. bluntly
angled at vein 6, then oblique to inner margin before middle, below middle of wing
approximated to inner line, from which it is separated by a band of white ground,
colour ; third line from five-sixtlis of costa, below which it is bluntly angled,
thence running parallel to median line to inner margin at two-thirds, preceded,
like the median line, by a white space unclouded with green ; snbmarginal line
very indistinct ; a green oblique dash from below apex to the outer line ; marginal
line deep green ; fringe whitish green.
ninclwings : similar ; the basal patch smaller ; submarginal shade more
distinct ; traces of a dark green cell-spot.
Underside silvery whitish with the three outer lines and costa of forewings
greenish. Hindwings with a slight cell-spot. Face and palpi deep brown ;
vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
Eight c?t?, one ? from Ran, Nandi country, March 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
A delicate species, allied to C. celebraria Wlk. from India.
20. Craspedia tricommata sj). nov.
Forewings : chalk white ; the three lines starting from black comma-shaped
marks on the costa, at one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths respectively ; the
first marked only by black dots on the veins ; the second grey, finely denticulate,
excurved round the grey ocelloid cell-spot and angled on veins 6 and 4 ; the outer
brown-grey and marked with blackish on the veins, followed by a grey Innular
band, whicli bej'ond cell aud on snbmedian fold is somewhat tinged with red-
brown, veins 5 and 6 sometimes marked with black dashes ; an irregular grey
submarginal shade starting from an oblique snbapical brown blotch ; a row of
marginal blackish Innnles, the upperifour larger ; fringe white, with a line of grey
scales close to base, and spotted with grey towards the tips.
Hindwings : the same, but the cell-spot small and black.
Underside nearly pure white ; the four upper marginal lunules black. Face
and palpi black-brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
Eight S 6, one ? from Unj-oro, various localities : Labonga, July 1897;
Warringo R., July and December 1897 ; Kitanwa, August 1897 ; Katagrukwa
River, May 1897 ; Kiorbezi, January 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
The African form of C. deliciosaria Wlk.
21. Induna albida sp. uov.
Forewings : milk-white, faintly discoloured with ochreons ; the lines j)ale
ochreons, very indistinct ; first at about one-third, outcurvcd in niidwing, second in
middle, ontcurved round cell, then oblique to middle of inner margin, outer line fine
and slightly fuscous, at three-quarters, bluntly ontcurved on vein 6, then hardly
bent to inner margin ; marginal area with two faintly expressed waved ochreons
shades ; an interrupted blackish marginal line ; fringe white ; cell-spot dull.
Hindwings : with the markings plainer : the central line double ; a small
blackish cell-dot on the outer arm.
( 295 )
Underside with the markings fnscons grey, and distinct ; the base of forewings
grey ; hindwing whiter. Face and palpi brownish ; thorax and abdomen white ;
antennae oclireons.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
Two (S c? from Mtibna and Lugnia, Usnga, December 1896 (Dr. Ansorge).
Hind tarsi as long as hind tibiae, which are thickened, with a pencil of hairs,
but without spurs ; antennae with fine pectinations.
22. Lipomelia irregularis.
Cosymbia ? irregularis Warr., Nov. Zool. v. p. 239, ? (1898).
Having now seen and examined a c? of tbis species, I am able to ref;i it to the
genus Lipomelia Warr. The palpi are shortly upcurved in front of face ; the J
antennae subserrate and ciliated ; hind tibiae of cf swollen and tufted with hair
at extremity, witliout spurs ; bind tarsi about two-tbirds the length of the tibiae,
not so much abbreviated as in typical Lipomelia. In forewings 10 and 11 are
stalked, 10 anastomosing with 8, 9.
In markings the 3 does not differ from the ? ; in this particular specimen the
lower balf of basal line below tbe median is very indistinct, and the upper half is
united along the median to the second line, so tbat the two lines superficially appear
to form an oblique Y- The fringe is pinkisb, with dark mottlings beyond the vein
ends.
23. Mnesithetis delicata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale ochreous, tinged with olive-grey and pinkish scales ; a
regularly zigzag pale brown submarginal line ; some slight marginal marks before
fringe, which is concolorous.
Llindwings : with the disc tinged with pinkish yellow ; the cell-spot consisting
of two white dots : submarginal line less zigzag.
Underside glossy, paler ; the forewings with a rosy flush ; the marginalline
blackish. Head deep red-brown ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One S from Masindi, January 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
24. Ptychopoda subscutulata sp. nov.
Forewings : straw-colour, sparsely dusted with fuscous ; the lines fuscous,
starting from fuscous-brown costal spots : first at one-third of costa, obliquely
curved inwards to one-third of inner margin ; second from three-fourths of costa,
angled outwards at vein 0, thence oblique and sinuous to inner margin at two-thirds,
where it is thickened and followed by a small brown patch ; median and submarginal
lines hardly visible; cell-dot blackish; fringe concolorous, with a basal row of rather
large dark brown spots.
Him/wings : with the outer line central, followed at middle of inner margin
liy a brownish blotch ; a faint dark postmedian and submarginal line ; antemedian
shade visible only on inner margin ; cell-spot small.
Underside similar ; the cell-spots better marked. Face and palpi dark brown ;
thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 12 mm.
One S from Masindi, April 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
( 296 )
25. Traminda ? pallida sp. nov.
Foretvings : dnll pale ochreons green, slightly pinkish-tinged towards hind-
margin, and thickly dusted with darker ; a diffuse dull pinkish cihliqne line from
costa close before apex to heyoud middle of inner margin, with slight traces of a
submarginal narrower line, diverging from the same point on costa ; fringe dull
mfons ; cell-spot elongated, white, with rnfons edges.
IIin(lwi)7gs : with faint central and suhmarginal lines, both diffuse and not
reaching costa : a faint pale cell-spot.
Underside similar, the submarginal line only marked. Face and collar dnll
green ; fillet whitish : thorax and abdomen paler, like wings.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One ? from Kiboko River, British East Africa, November 1896 (Dr. Ansorge).
Hindmargin of both wings without angle, hardly visibly elbowed.
Referred to Traminda provisionally, in the absence of the S.
Subfamily ASTHENINAE.
2G. Asthenotricha ansorgei sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish, dnsted with pale ochreons and fuscons, and crossed by faint
waved ochreons lines ; onter edge of central fascia from three-fonrths of costa to
two-thirds of inner margin, dark grey, forming two blunt projections outwards on
veins C and 4, preceded by two similar lines, the space between them also dnsted
with grey ; two greyish ochreons irregularly waved snijmarginal lines ; fringe
eoncolorous, with a darker line at base.
Hiiuhvings : with two curved and parallel dark grey central lines and two
ochreons submarginal lines. Tuft of hair shorter than in A. Jfaiicoma, duller
yellow, the tips fuscous.
Underside similar, the markings greyish ochreons. Thorax and abdomen
eoncolorous ; head damaged.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One cJ from Nandi, Uganda Protectorate, December 1896 (Dr. Ansorge).
The specimen is not in good condition.
27. Asthenotricha fiavicoma sp. nov.
Forewings : greyish ochreons, with a slight flesh-coloured tinge ; crossed by
many slightly darker but indistinct wavy and denticnhite lines ; one close to base,
and two cnrved and parallel to one another from one-fourth of costa to one-third
of inner margin; three waved lines from beyond middle of costa, curved inwards to
middle of inner margin, nearly joining the two inner lines : two or three waved
submarginal lines, marked by dark dashes on the veins ; fringe eoncolorous, with a
row of dark lunnles between the veins.
Iliixliviiigs : with two curved median and three submarginal grey Unes, all
marked darker on the veins ; tuft of hairs long, bright yellow.
Underside similar, the markings indistinct ; cell-spots black.
Face and palpi brown : thorax and abdomen cinereous.
Expanse of wings : 27 mm.
One 6 from Ran, Nandi country, March 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
( 207 )
The mealy scales clothiug the basal costal area of hindwings ahove in the t}iie-
species A. dentatissima appear to be peculiar to that species, and not characteristic
of the genns as a wliole, which is sufficiently distinguished by the tnft of hairs and
costal shoulder of hindwings.
Gnenee's Acidalia lophopterata from Madagascar, which I have not seen, is
almost certainly an AstlicnotricJia : indeed, his description of that species applies,
with certain restrictions, to. //«iv>o;«r/ ; but as tlie localities are different, and the
descriptions not altogether in accord, I prefer, at least for the present, to keep the
mainland species distinct.
Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.
28. Tephroclystia connexa sp. uov.
Forewinga : rnfous grey, dusted with blackish scales, and crossed by whitish
and rufons lines ; the lines thickened and forming blackish spots on costa ; the
black dusting thicker along the course of the veins ; all the lines more vertical than
usual, and not sharply angled below costa ; a whitish dark-edged line at one-fourth,
angled in cell ; a similar outer line at two-thirds, slightly angled at veins 6 and 4 ;
these wliitish lines indicate the margins of the central fascia, which is traversed by
three or four wavy diffuse grey lines, forming dark costal blotches ; cell-spot rather
large, blackish : following the outer line is a similar rufous line ; marginal area
varied with dark grey and rufous, the submarginal line paler, bnt very indistinct;
a distinct black marginal line, interrupted by rnfous dashes at the vein-ends ; fringe
grey, with a rnfous basal line.
Ilindwixgs : suffused, excejit along costal third, which is pale, with dark grey ;
a pale, rufous-tinged line just before the middle, on which stands the dark cell-sjwt;
the rnfous outer line distinct.
Underside greyer and duller, crossed by darker bands. Head, thorax, and
abdomen ochreons grey.
Expanse of wings : 15 mm.
One S from Fovira, Unyoro, May 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
29. Tephroclystia dilucida sp. nov.
Foretcings : thinly scaled, greyish white, with a slight greenish tinge, much
dusted with blackish scales ; an obli(pie diffuse blackish fascia at one-third, formed
apparently by the connection of two or three lines ; outer edge of central fascia af
two-thirds, oblique outwards to vein 0, then bent and incurved ; traces of two or
three dark transverse lines within it ; the pale band beyond the fascia with a
blackish central line distinct only on costa ; marginal area blackish, darkest
on costa.
Hindwings : with traces of five waved and curved grey lines.
Underside paler ; the costa of forewings spotted with black.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, speckled with black.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
One ? from Nandi, December 1896 (Dr. Ansorge).
The above description is necessarily incomplete, as the iijsect is considerably
worn, bnt it is evidently a distinct species,
( 298 )
30. Tephroclystia ustiplaga sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish ochreons, thickly sprinkled with dark fuscous ; basal patch
blackish : central fascia darker, with the edges blackish and containing a large
black cell-spot, crossed by wavy fuscous lines; the bands preceding and following
it broad, with pale ochreons edges and darker centres, partially filled up with
brown ; snbmarginal line wavy, whitish, followed by blackish markings ; the apex
and anal angle more or less tinged with brown ; all the lines blackish along costa.
Hi luhvi iiys : with the marginal half tinged witli brown ; the outer edge of
central fascia black.
Underside dingy ochreons ; the markings blackish ; no l)rown snftasion.
Head and thorax dark cinereous, abdomen grey with black rings, the third and
fourth segments brown on the back. Antennae subserrate, pubescent.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One (J from Pinetown, Natal.
The only example is not in a good condition, and the description is necessarily
somewhat imperfect : but it may be recognised by the brown patches.
Subfamily HYDRIOMENINAE.
Ausorgia gen. nov.
Allied to Cataclysme Hiib.; but veins 8, 9, 10, 11 are all stalked together from
before end of cell ; 6 and 7 together from the upper angle or very shortly stalked.
T3-pe : Ansorgia divergent sp. nov.
31. Ansorgia divergens sp. nov.
Foreioings : pale greyish white with a slight ochreons tinge ; basal patch
formed of three or four dark grey lines, strongly angled in cell, followed by a whitish
band similarly angled and with a grey thread down it ; central fascia blackish, con-
taining four or five waved dark lines, its outer edge creuulate and slightly prominent
on vein 4, followed by a pale band ; submarginal line pale, hiuulate, preceded by
dark j)atches at costa and inner margin and by a triangular cloud above median
vein, touching the prominence in the central fascia and produced to hindmargin ;
a marginal row of black luunles ; fringe dark grey ; cell-spot large, black, touching
the inner edge of central fascia.
Hiruhcings : similar, but the markings less prononnced and more distinct along
inner margin ; the snbmarginal line more uniformly filled up with dark on its
inside.
Underside similar, witli tiie markings less distinct. Head, tliorax, and abdomen
cinereous, the abdomen tinged with blackish.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One f? from Port Alice, Uganda, (type) February 1897; two cJcJ from Lugula,
Usoga, December 1896 ; one S from Kiorbezi, Unyoro, January 1898 ; and three
S 6 from Masindi, November and December 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
In two examples veins 0 and 7 of forewings are not stalked, but 7 rises close
before the upper angle of cell : in all cases the other 4 subcostals are stalked together,
and there is no areole.
( 299 )
32. Gonanticlea carnifasciata sp. nov.
Forewings : purplish fuscons, the basal two-thirds deeper tinted ; the edge of
the basal patch, which is small, aud the inner edge of central fascia, both curved
and crenulate ; outer edge of central fascia forming a blunt projection at vein 6 and
an acute one at vein 4 ; from middle of costa to middle of inner margin the central
fascia is crossed by a broad dull flesh-coloured fascia, of which the inner edge is
perfectly straight, the onter difiuse : a dark triangular costal blotch before apex ;
the bands limiting the central fascia are likewise narrowly tinged with flesh-colour
at the costa ; fringe concolorous, with a deeper line at base.
Hindivings : uniformly purplish fuscons.
Underside dnll cinereous ; the cell-spots and sinuous outer line on both wings
blackish ; the lines on costa of forewing edged with ochreous. Head, thorax and
abdomen all purplish fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 30 — 35 mm.
Two <S S ; one from Kiagusi, Unyoro, November 1897, the other from Port
Alice, Uganda, February 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
33. Ochyria ansorgei sp. uov.
Foreiciiiij/s : whitish ; the markings dark grey and blackish ; basal patch small,
formed of three or four dark grey lines, its outer edge curved and oblique ; central
fascia with the inner edge bent on the median vein, oblique below, from oue-third of
costa to one-third of inner margin, the outer edge from three-fourths of , costa to
two-thirds of inner margin, subcrenulate just below costa, faintly incurved beyond
cell and hardly projecting at vein 4; its edges darker than the middle, which contains
a small black cell-sput ; the pale bauds preceding and following it each traversed by
a grey line ; submarginal line pale, obscure, indicated generally by a dark grey shade
which precedes it, which has its outer edge irregularly rounded and contains a black
blotch beyond cell ; both are interrupted by an oblique whitish streak from apex ;
a row of blackish marginal lunules ; friuge dark grey with slightly paler base.
HindwiiKj.i : duskier, with the markings reproduced.
Underside similar, but blurred ; outer edge of central fascia, which is distinctly
crenulate, aud the submarginal baud on both wings blacker and more distinct :
fringes pale grey, tipped with blackish, and with square blackish sjjots at ends of
veins. Head, thorax, aud abdomen dull grey.
Expanse of wings : 3U mm.
One ? from Kampala, Uganda, January 1897, dry season (Dr. Ansorge).
Three SS, two from Rau, Nandi country, March 1898; the other from Kiorbezi,
Unyoro, January 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
In this last example the hiudmargin of central fascia is decidedly excavated
beyond cell ; in the two from Kau, the marginal area is much darker, aud in it the
submarginal line forms a rather large white spot between veins 3 and 4.
34. Perizoma caucellata sp. nov.
Forewings : dingy whitish ochreous, crossed by grey waved and luuulate lines ;
basal patch with four lines, the outermost curved, at one-sixth ; the pale curved
band following, with two lines ; inner edge of central fascia curved, at one-third,
outer edge beyond two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin nearly straight.
( 300 )
l)nt faintl}- bent on vein 4 and more distinctly at vein (! ; two fine lines before and
three beyond the small black cell-dot ; onter edge of fascia thickened and preceded
by brown scales ; an outer pale band, like inner, with two faint lines ; marginal
area sufl'used with ochreons grey except at apex ; fringe dark grey with darker line
at base.
IliiKhvings : with the lines only distinct on the inner half of wing.
Underside the same, the markings brownish ; cell-spots blackish, distinct ;
both wings speckled with brownish. Head, thorax, and abdomen dingy ochreous ;
palpi brown ; antennae lamellate, snbserrate, laterally flattened.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One 6 from Masindi, November 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Subfamily DEILINIINAE.
Choregia gen. nov.
Superficially like Si/ntaracta and Synegia ; bnt with fully bipectinated antennae
in the S as in Parasynegia, the retinacnlnm, however, being only a short tuft.
Forewings without fovea.
Nenration of forewings different: 11 given off from 12 ; 7, 8, it, lO, stalked
together, 10 anastomosing with 11 and again with 8, 9.
Type : Choregia coiisocia sp. nov.
35. Choregia consocia sp. nov.
Forewings : yellow, thickly sprinkled with coarse orange-red atoms ; the costa
rufous grey, with fuscous striae ; first line at one-third, irregularly curved, blackish,
followed by an olive-grey shade ; second line at two-thirds, bent outwards at vein 4,
dentate on all the veins, the teeth marked with black, preceded by an olive-grey
shade ; submarginal line finer, approximated to hindmargiu, forming two outward
curves and dentate inwards on the veins, the teeth beyond cell and on submedian
fold much more prominent than the rest ; a black spot at the end of each vein
running out into the yellow fringe ; cell-spot blackish.
Jliiirlwings : similar.
Underside much duller ; all the markings leaden grey. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings.
E.xpanse of wings : :J2 mm.
Three S cJ, two ? ? : a pair from Ran, Naudi Country, March 1898 ; the second
S from Kampala, Uganda, March 1897 ; the ? from Mon3-onyo, Uuyoro, February
1807 (Dr. Ansorge) : the third S from Warri, July 1697 (Dr. Koth).
Pigiopsis gen. nov.
Forewings : triangular ; costa straight, only slightly curved at base and before
apex, which is depressed ; hindmargin straight, oblique ; anal angle well expressed.
Jlindtcings : kite-shaped ; hiudmargin curved ; anal angle square.
Antennae of tJ shortly and concisely bipcctinate for three-fourths ; palpi porrect,
reaching beyond face ; second joint hairy, thirdi smooth and pointed ; tongue and
frenulum present ; no fovea in forewings ; hind-tibiae somewhat thickened, with
four spurs.
( 301 )
Neuration : forewings, cell not qnite half the leagth of wing ; discocellular
vertical, the lower half slightly obliqne; first median nervnle at three-fourths, second
close before third ; radials normal ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from end of cell ; 10 from close
before end, anastomosing at a point with 11, which is given off from 12. Hindwiugs
with costal ajjproximated to subcostal for nearly half of cell ; first subcostal close
before end of cell ; medians as in forewing; no radial.
Allied to Orthocabera Bntl.
Type : Pigiopsis convergens, sp. nov.
3Ci. Pigiopsis convergens sp. nov.
Foreicings : whitish ; the costa irregularly spotted and suffused with fuscous,
more broadly towards ajjex, before which there are three or four fuscous blotches ;
six oblique ochreous lines from inner margin converging towards an orange subapical
patch on hiudmargin ; the first three antemedian and fine ; the last three post-
median, thicker and less concise; a brown marginal line and three subapical marginal
brown dots ; fringe brown with a pale base.
Hindwiugs : with a single ochreous antemedian line, two median lines united
in the middle by a blotch of coarse brown-black scales, and two diffuse ochreous
waved fasciae towards hindmargiu, containing between them an irregularly waved
submargiual line ; fringe ochreous.
Underside of forewings speckled with fuscous ; traces of a dark cell-spot, and
abbreviated median line ; a bent liroad postmedian fuscous baud, preceded by a fine
fuscous line and followed by a line of brown Innules ending in the yellow subapical
jiatch. Hindwiugs with curved narrow antemedian and diffuse postmedian and
submargiual lines. Face and jialpi bright brown ; fillet white ; thorax and abdomen
white ; collar and sides of shoulders marked with ochreous brown.
Expanse of wings : 3.5 mm.
One S from Kampala, Uganda, March 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
The dark freckles and bands of the underside of forewings show through on the
upper side, makiug that also appear freckled. At one-third, oue-half, aud two-thirds
of the costa can be traced obliijue dark paler-edged streaks ; these are in reality the
costal endings of the first three lines, the three more conspicuous subajiical spots being
the endings of the last three ; the actual angulation of the lines, however, beneath
the subcostal veins is in all cases obliterated, but in perfectly fresh specimens this
may very likely be distinct.
Xenostega gen. nov.
Forewings : with costa slightly curved throughout ; apex blunt ; hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; a strong fovea at base.
Hin.d wings : with well rounded hiudmargin.
Palpi porrect, short ; antennae of d bipectinated ; tongue and frenulum present;
hind tibiae with the median spurs close to the terminal.
Seuration : forewings ; cell half the length of wing ; discocellular vertical ;
first median at two-thirds, second close before third ; U])per radial from top angle
of cell, lower from discocellular just below it ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from well before
angle ; 10 absent ; 11 out of 12. Hindwiugs with first subcostal and second
median before ends of cell.
Type : Xenostega fallax sp. nov.
Probably allied to Pcvatophyga Warr.
( 302 )
37. Xenostega fallax sp. nov.
Porewings : yellowisli ochreons, thickly sprinkled with fulvous and fascons
scales ; a brown discal spot : a thick brown submarginal line from just before ajjex
to aual angle, connected by a brown streak with hindmargin beyond cell ; a mw of
brown-black marginal spots between the veins ; fringe pale yellow.
Jliiidwings : with an autemedian brown line before the dark cell-spot ; sub-
marginal line bluntly angled beyond cell and connected with margin.
Underside paler ; the submarginal line of forewings thicker and darker, traces
of a central line over the cell-spot, which is probably present above in well-marked
examples.
Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, speckled with fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One S from Kosokwa, Unyoro, October 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
Exceedingly like the description of Stegania indularia Gnen., but Guende
expressly calls the antennae strongly ciliated.
38. Xenostega tincta sp. nov.
Forewiiuis : dull yellow, thickly speckled and striated with I'erruginous ; traces
of a curved basal line indicated by reddi.sh spots on the median and submedian veins;
traces also of a median line on inner margin, accompanied by reddish blotches in cell
and above submedian fold ; a macular reddish shade from anal angle to vein (i, the
inner edge straight, the outer waved ; a row of reddish marginal lunules between
the veins ; fringe concolorous with ground colour. The outer shade, as well as the
two lines, appears to be edged inwardly by a paler space, and all become obsolete
towards costa.
Hinchciiigs : with the reddish striae forming indistinct median and postmedian
bands.
Underside paler yellow, with a broad purplish marginal fascia, containing in the
forewings a yellow apical blotch and a smaller one below middle of hindmargin ;
a diffuse curved purplish central shade, and the basal area tinged with the same
colour. Thorax and abdomen like wings ; head and antennae reddish.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ? from Warri, April 1897 (Dr. Koth).
Subfamily BRACCINAE.
Ereunetea gen. nov.
Forewings : narrow, elongate ; costa straight, convex only before apex ; hind-
margin obliquely curved.
Hitirlwings : elongate ; the costa shouldered at base and somewhat convex ;
inner margin short ; hindmargin rounded, but straight or slightly excised before
anal angle.
Antennae ofc^ bipectinated ; palpi ni)curved in front of face ; tongue and
frenulum present.
Neuration : forewings ; cell three-fifths of wing ; discocellular oblique ; sub-
costal bent downwards at extremity, median bent shortly upwards nearly at right
angles ; first median nervule at three-fifths, second from the bend in the median
( 303 )
vein, third from the end and apparently therefore from the discocellnlar ; lower
radial from close above third median ; upper from top angle of cell ; veins 7, 8, 9,
stalked, 10 free; 11 out of 12; snbmedian vein and fold both sinuous, the
membrane thickened on both sides of the snbmedian. Hindwings : with first
subcostal and second median from well before angles of cell ; the membrane
thickened along the snbmedian fold ; a hyaline patch and slight distortion before
the origin of the first median.
Type : Ereuneteafulgida sp. uov.
Allied to Terina Wlk.
39. Ereunetea fulgida sp. nov.
Forewings : orange-red for two-thirds ; apical third black, the edge of the
black portion starting from three-fifths of costa and ending shortly before anal angle,
slightly bent in cell ; fringe black.
Hhuhcinx)!! : with a much narrower black border from before apex to near anal
angle, gradually attenuated to a point ; a round black cell-spot.
Underside with the marginal areas brown, in the forewings with a diflfuse black
cloud along tlie inner edge. Vertex, thorax, and abdomen orange ; patagia with a
black spot in .front at base ; face and paljji paler ; antennae black.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
Two 6 c? from Bopoto, Upper Congo, 1898 (Rev. K. Smith).
In one example the costal edge of forewings is black, and the black border
starts from near the middle of costa.
40. Hylemera ansorgei sp. nov.
Forewings : white ; costa and marginal two-fifths smoky grey ; the inner
edge of the dark area runs obliquely outwards from the costal streak at middle of
wing before the discocellular to vein 3, is then bent and runs parallel to hindmargin,
forming a rounded tooth on each side of vein 2, and is again curved outwards to
inner margin before anal angle ; in the dark apical area between veins 6 and 7 is a
small whitish spot.
Hindwings : with apical area to vein 4 narrowly smoky grey ; a slight grey
marginal spot just before anal angle ; a minute grey cell-spot.
Underside similar.
Thorax and abdomen whitish ; collar yellow ; head and palpi fuscous-grey ;
the lower part of face tinged with whitish.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One c? from Port Alice, Uganda, March 1,S97 (Ur. Ansorge).
The hindmargin of forewings is slightly indented at the end of vein 3. In
H. rioleris Plotz, this indentation, which occurs only in the S, is at the end of
vein 2.
41. Hylemera discinota s]). nov.
Forewings : dull wliitish ; tlic costal, apical, and hindmargiual areas dull
brownish grey, including a large dull blackish discal sjiot, beyond the base of
which between veins 3 and .5 the whitish ground-colour forms an irregular
projection; fringe brownish grey.
22
( 304 )
Hindtciiigs : witli the apical region to vuiu 4 narrowly brownish grey : a
brownish grey blotcl) on margin iVom anal angle to vein 3 ; fringe brownish grey ;
discal spot round, blackish.
Underside duller ; the markings smoky grey. Thorax and abdomen whitish ;
collar yellow : head (damaged) greyish.
E.xpanse of wings : 40 mm.
One ? from Fajao, Unyoro, July 1897 (Dr. Ausorge).
Nearest to //. octogesa Druce, from the Cameroons.
This type specimen, though an undoubted ? , with the retinaculum at base of
cell on the median vein, has a strong and undivided <? frenulum.
42. Hylemera funesta sp. nov.
Porewinys : white; the costa blackish : the black marginal area bi'gins liefore
the middle of costa and ends at three-fifths of inner margin, with a slight projection
of whitish between the base of veins 3 and 4 : no white sjiot beyond the disco-
cellular.
Hindwinys : with the apical black border narrower than in II. ansorcfci ; veins
1 and 2 with a black blotch at end, vein 3 with a small dot.
Underside the same. Face blackish, with a dull orange lateral line ; collar
orange ; shoulders at base blackish ; thorax and abdomen white, the latter with
thick blackish segmental rings ; tips of patagia fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One c? from Port Alice, Uganda, February 1S'J3 (Dr. Ansorge).
Closely allied to II. ansorgei, from the same locality.
Subfamily BliSTONINAE.
Aphilopota gen. nov.
Forcicinys : ample ; costa straight ; hindmargiu curved and slightly crcuulate.
Hindtcings : with well-romided and crenulate hindmargin.
Palpi short, thick, strongly haired beneath ; tongue and fovea absent ; frenulum
present ; antennae of 6 i)lumose : of ? biserrate ; forehead prominent below ;
pectus hairy.
Keia-atioii : forewiugs, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular slightly iu-
angulated ; first median at two-thirds, second close below third ; radials normal ;
7, 8, 9, stalked ; 10 and 11 coincident throughout.
Type : Aphilopota interpellans Butl. (Caberodcs).
To this genusmustbereferredanother African species, viz., Scodioiia iuspersaria
Guen. (Phal. ii. p. 142), of which Walker's Tephroua delomria (XX VI., 1.541)
is the ? .
43. Rhodophthitus (?) roseus sp. nov.
Forewings : uniform cerise.
Iliiidiriiigs : slightly paler ; (he veins and fringe deeper.
Underside the same. Face, vertex and thorax like wings ; slioulders and
abdomen above deep yellow ; abdomen beneath and legs cerise ; segmental rings of
abdomen above purjjlish, towards the base rosy-tinged.
( 305 )
Expanse of wiugii : 52 mm.
One ? from Salisbury, Mashonaland.
In the forewings 10 and 1 1 are stalked from two-thirds ; in hindwings 6 and 7
are stalked. . Both tongue and palpi are much reduced in size ; the antennae are
subserrate, the tips of the joints acute.
Subfamily ASCOTINAE.
44. Alcis simulatrix sp. uov.
Forcwimjs : grey-brown, speckled with black ; the costa shortly striated with
black ; the lines black ; the first from one-fourth of costa, strongly angled outwards
in cell, then curved inwards towards base of inner margin ; second from three-fourths
of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, strongly angled outwards on vein 5 ;
submarginal line indistinct, preceded by blackish lunnles below costa and beyond
cell ; hindmargiu crennlate, with a fine black line swollen into a spot between the
veins ; fringe concolorons ; no distinct cell-spot, but faint traces of a darker
median line.
Hiiidwuujs : without first line ; the angle of the second blunter.
Underside whitish testaceous, speckled with blackish ; cell-spots small ; outer
line on both wings marked by black dashes on veins. Face and "palpi brownish ;
head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
One cJ from Kampala, Uganda, February 1897 ; a second from Masindi, June
ISO 7 (Dr. Ansorge).
45. Calicha brunnea sp. nov.
Forewings : pale brownish grey, with darker dusting, the marginal border
beyond the submarginal line dark grey without any brown tinge ; first line curved,
close to base, from a dark costal spot ; second from three-fourths of costa, oblique
outwards to vein (i, then rectangularly bent and oblique to inner margin at two-thirds ;
cell-spot black ; the veins brownish ; marginal lunules black, distinct ; fringe grey
with brown base.
Hindwings : with the outer line curved and with a bluntly angled projection
on vein 0 ; a small black cell-dot, and traces of a dark median line.
Underside greyish testaceous, speckled with darker ; the cell-spots larger ;
traces of dark outer lines, not corresponding to those of the upperside. Head,
thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face and palpi somewhat darker.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One S from Kasoha, Unyoro, August 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
46. Ectropis crassa sp. uov.
Fon'wings : greyish ochrcous, thickly irrorated with dark fuscous and towards
the base suffused with smoky fuscous ; the lines blackish and diffuse ; first at
one-fourth denticulate outwards in cell and on snbmedian fold ; cell-spot ocelloid,
black, traversed by a dark indistinct curved median sliade ; outer line from three-
fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, distinct and black, lunulate basewards,
denticulate outwards on the veins ; submarginal pale, denticulate, the teeth filled up
with blackish ; a row of round marginal spots ; fringe concolorons.
( 306 )
Hindwings : ])aler; thick aiitemedian, dentate postmediaii aud cloudy sub-
margiual lines.
Underside whitish, without any ochreous tint, speckled with dark grey ; the
cell-spots and outer dentate line dark grey. Head aud thora.K dark grey like
forewiugs ; abdomen paler, with a double row of black spots above.
E-xjianse of wings : '.in miii.
One ? from Northdene, Natal.
47. Ectropis? subaurata sj). uov.
Forewiugs: dull grey, dusted aud sufi'used with darker; tlie lines blackisii,
thick aud diiFusc ; first from one-fourth of costa curved to near liase of inner
margin ; outer line from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, sinuous,
incurved below middle, outcnrved above ; a curved median shade, traversing the
dark cell-spot and nearly touching outer line below the middle ; snl)marginal line
pale, waved, parallel to hindmargiu ; fringe grey, witli marginal black dots at base.
Hindtcings : much paler ; no first line ; median shade and outer line farther
apart ; a dark cloudy fascia between outer and submarginal line, which is less visible,
though present, in the forewiugs.
Head and thorax dark grey ; abdomen lighter grey, witli a lilackish basal
segment. Underside of both wings golden yellow ; forewiugs with ape.x, cell-spot,
and blotch at anal angle blackish ; hindwings with cell-spot and marginal fascia
blackish.
Expanse of wings : 3i> mm.
One ? from Mpeta, Loangwa River, affluent of tlie Zambesi, November and
December IS'J.5, beginning of wet season (Coryndon). A doubtful Ectrojjis ; the
palpi are long and porrect.
SuBF.oiiLY SEMIOTHISINAE.
48. Gonodela alternata sp. nov.
Forewings : white, slightly speckled with fuscous ; the veins olive-fuscous, the
markings blackish fuscous ; all the lines obliijue inwards, thick, aud slightly waved ;
first at one-fourth, second in middle, with the black cell-spot touching it ; outer
line at three-fifths, thickened at extremities, immediately followed by a thick broad
shade ; marginal area olive-fuscous, paler at apex and below vein 4 ; a row of dark
marginal lunules ; fringe white, with brown median line and chequered with dark
beyond veins.
Hindwings : the same, without first line.
Underside like upper, but the markings rufous-brown.
Head, thorax, and abdomeu ochreous-whitish, speckled with l'us('ous ; anteiiuae
white.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
Two ? ? from Delagoa Bay.
Allied to pfifvolgafa Wlk., from India.
49. Oouodela maculosa sp. nov.
An almost exact facsimile of Feridela interrupta Warr., but distinguishable at
once in all cases, — besides the difference in the cf antennae, — by the absence of the
( 307 )
black wpflge-sliaped blotch between veins 3 and 4 in the isnbmarginal band of both
wings. In the forewiugs the tirst and second lines are more vertical ; the outer line
is double in both wings, its exterior arm being followed by a more or less complete
dark fnscons fascia, the edge of which forms a blackish blotch connected with
another similar blotch on hindmargin between veins 4 and 5. Underside yellower ;
both wings with a broad brownish fnscons snbmarginal fascia connected with a
similar-coloured snbapica] blotch on hindmargin.
Expanse of wings : 33 mm.
Twenty-fonr examples including only 1 ? ; 16 from Luentanga, Singo, Feb.
1898; 4 from Fovira, Unyoro, May 1807 ; 2 from Fajao, Jnly 1897 ; 1 from
Wakibara, Nov. 1897 ; and 1 from Kiboko River, British East Africa, Nov. 1896
(Dr. Ansorge).
There are 3 examples, 2 ? ? and 1 cf , in the British Museum Collection.
5i). Gonodela obliquilineata sp. nov.
Foreicings : white, speckled with olive-fuscous ; the costa strignlated with
fuscous ; the lines brownish fnscons, more or less parallel to each other and the
hindmargin ; first at one-fourth, bent in cell, then oblique ; second from costa a little
beyond middle, diffuse, and touching the dark cell-spot ; the third darker brown,
slightly incurved to costa, followed by a dark fasciaform shade, edged externally
with brown on costa and containing a black spot between veins 3 and 4 ; snbmarginal
line whitish, parallel to the others ; a triangular brown blotch on hindmargin from
vein 4 to 7 ; fringe fnscons, chequered with darker beyond the veins and with a
distinct white basal line.
ITinrhcings : similar, but without first line ; cell-spot blacker, beyond the
first line.
Underside white with all the markings olive-brown. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings ; the face and palpi spotted with fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 29 mm.
Two (?c?, 2 ? ?, from Muani, Uhamba, Nov. 1896 (Dr. Ansorge).
51. Gonodela unifilata sp. nov.
Forewings : whitish, more or less speckled and snll'nsed with fuscous and
blackish, first line at about one-fourth, ontcnrved in middle, forming the inner edge
of an oblique fuscous-brown fascia ; the basal area varied with fuscous striae, and
with a dark spot above the fovea ; median line from three-fifths of costa sinuons to
middle of inner margin, forming the outer edge of the dark fascia which is twice as
broad on costa as on inner margin, and contains a dark cell-spot ; outer line at
two-thirds, parallel to median and traversing a similarly curved whitish fascia,
which is but scantily speckled with darker; snbmarginal line interrupted, whitish
preceded by a broadish fnscons, black-speckled fascia, with darker blotches on its
edge between veins 3 and 4, and at snbmedian fold ; marginal spots black ; fringe
whitish, chequered with brown at tlie ends of the veins.
Ilindtfings : similar, but the dark cell-spot placed in the white fascia, which
is central, the traversing line denticulate and interrupted ; hindmarginal area
between veins 3 and 4 whitish, more prominently than in the forewings.
Underside similar, the costa of forewings and all the veins ochreons. Head,
thorax, and abdomen cinereous, varied with ochreons.
( 308 )
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One 6 from tlip Katagnikwa River, TTnyoro, May l^'-'T (|1r. Ansorge).
Distinguislied at ouce by the pale postmediau fascia with the brown Hue along
its centre. The example described is rather worn ; two specimens in the British
Mnsenm Collection, apparently of the same species, are very much darker.
52. Petrodava olivata ab. perfusca nnv.
In tliis form not only is the npperside of both wings olive-grey, but the
whole of the underside is dull olive, slightly freckled with darker ; the onter line
blackish, thick and diffuse, straight on fore wings, curved on hindwings, a pale
blnish grey snbapical patch on hiudmargin, tlie apical fringes white.
One S from Kaligire, Unyoro, January 189« (Dr. Ansorge).
This is the antithesis of the ab. insularla from Madagascar, in which the
yellow ground colour of the underside of the type form invades the uppcrside also.
53. Petrodava subapicata sp. nov.
Forewinr/s : deep dull yellow, with a few brown speckles ; the costa cream-
colour, strignlated with brown; first line curved at about one-third, marked only
by a brown spot at costa and inner margin ; outer line from costa at four-fifths
to two-thirds of inner margin, marked only by a deep brown bilobed blotch
beneath costa, and a slight oblique brown streak at inner margin ; cell-spot very
faint ; fringe yellow.
Himlwinc/s : with a brown cell-spot, a brown-red postmediau nearly straight
macular line, followed by a few dark brown scales and a spot towards costa.
Underside the same, the frecklings more conspicuous. Head, thorax, and
abdomen yellow ; forelegs and palpi speckled witli brown.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
One <J from Natal.
54. Semiothisa coufuscata sji. nov.
ForewiiKjx : dull whitish, but the ground colour is almost hidden by dense
brownish fuscous striation and suffusion ; the costal area tinged with yellowish
and striated with blackish ; the lines dark brown, at one-fourth, one-half, and
two-thirds respectively, the first angled in cell, the third on vein 6, the middle
line thicker and more waved ; cell-spot distinct, brown ; marginal third generally
more deeply suffused, the submarginal line very indistinct, but usually marked
by a pale spot towards apex ; marginal line slightly darker ; fringe concolorous
with a clearer base.
Ilindwim/s : with cell-spot large and distinct, tiie median sliade curved round
it ; submarginal line more visible.
Underside whitish, with the striations and markings clearer ; the lines thicker
and more diffuse ; both wings with a broad submarginal fascia beyond outer line.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 20 — 32 mm.
Twenty-five 6S from various localities in Unyoro (Dr. Ansorge).
The forewings are slightly bent at vein 4 ; the hindwings with a decided tootli
in middle.
( 309 )
So. Semiothisa curvilineata wp. nov.
Forewings : greyish white, ochreoii.s-tiuged and dusteil with darker ; the Hues
dark Ijrowu ; the first straight and vertical from one-fourth of costa ; the second
slightly sinuous, before one-half of costa, traversing an oblique brown cell-mark ;
third from two-thirds of costa to three-tifths of inner margin, strongly sinuous,
incurved below, followed by a broad dark fuscous sliade ; a fuscous patch on
hindmargin from vein 8 to 2, its inner edge evenly curved ; fringe concolorons.
IIindivi7i(is : whitish, slightly speckled with fuscous, more thickly along inner
and outer margin ; a black cell-spot ; very indistinct antemedian shade, and brown
postmedian line angled on vein 5.
Underside whitish, mottled with pale yellow and speckled with brown : upper
part of marginal blotch of forewings deep brown, with a whitish spot above it ;
hindwings with apex brown, and a marginal row of white, brown-speckled lunules ;
space along cell and sulimedian fold white. Head, thorax, and abdomen like
forewings.
Expanse of wings : 37 mm.
One ? from Nandi station, March 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
The hindmargin of forewings is elbowed at vein 4, concave above ; hindwings
toothed.
50. Semiothisa fulvimargo sp. nov.
Forewings : white, speckled with olive ; the marginal two-fifths suffused with
dark olive-fuscous ; the costa darkened with fuscous strigae ; a dark spot above
fovea near base ; an olive line near base, bent in cell, then oblique ; an oblique
median line, jmssing over a large black oblique cell-mark ; outer line black, oblique
from two-thirds of costa, acutely angled towards hindmargin on vein 0, then
strongly curved to inner margin at three-fifths ; the costal space immediately
beyond this line, tinged with tawny ; a small whitish spot above the angle ; in
the dark marginal area, a darker brown fascia is visible beyond the outer line,
its edge curved from anal angle to angle of the line ; fringe dark, beyond a dark
marginal line.
Uindinnga : with a brown mark at base ; brown antemedian and curved,
slightly waved, postmedian line, beyond which the margin is olive-fuscous, witji a
deeper fascia from costa beyond the line to anal angle : cell-spot small.
Underside like upper : but the whole of the marginal area of hindwings and
its costal half in forewings, as well as the veins, deep fulvous ; the snbapical spot
pure white. Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish white.
Expanse of wings ; 35 mm.
One S from Kasokwa, Unyoro, October 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
57. Tephrina dentilineata sp. nov.
Foretcings : whitish grey, suflused with smoky fuscous and covered with small
blaekisji striations ; costa with black sjjots at the commencement of the lines, and
with fine yellowish striae between ; a black spot near base above the fovea ; the
lines starting from costa at one-fourth, one-half, and two-thirds respectively, the
second and third denticulate; snbmarginal line grey, acutely lunnlate, the lunules
filled ill with blackish, that between veins 3 and 4 forming a prominent oval
(310)
black lilotcli ; a row of black marginal Innnles : fringe concolorons, the basal half
darker, sometimes che(|uereJ with dark beyond veins; cell-spot elongated, black.
Hindtvings : the same, without first line ; median line curved round the
cell-spot.
Underside white, grizzled with fuscons ; the lines indistinct, denticulate; a
Bubmarginal uniformly broad black band ; apex of forewiugs blackish. Face and
palpi blackish ; thorax and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
Four c?c?, 3 from Masindi, April to June 1897 ; one from Katagrukwa River,
May 189T (Dr. Ansorge).
The antennae are shortly aud evenly pectinated, much as in T. murinaria
Schiff.
58. Tephrinopsis assimilis sp. nov.
Extremely like Semiothisa parallacta Warr., with which at first sight it is
easily confounded. The points of difference are as follows : — the hindwings are
much less strongly angulated in the middle, being, in fact, only slightly tootlied at
vein 4 and bent at vein 6 ; the fovea on forewings of 6 is conspicuous, while in
parallacta it is almost obsolete ; the median line is slightly nearer the outer line,
and approximates to it on the inner margin, especially in the hindwings, and is not
curved round the cell-spot ; on the underside the colour is less yellow, more dirty
ochreous, and the snbmarginal brownish fascia of the forewings is not connected
with any brownish shade on hindmargin beyond the cell ; the whole surface of the
wings above is more confusedly striated with darker. The ? ? are slightly smaller
than the c?c?, and have a darker shade marked with blackish scales beyond the
outer line, which is rarely indicated in the 6 3 ■
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
A long series oi S S aud 4 ? ? from various localities in Unyoro : 1 1 from
Warringo River, July 1807; 2 from Bulluji, July and Dec. 1897; 1 from Naruangu,
May 1898 ; 1 from Panyadnli, May 1897 ; 1 from Kasoha, August 1897; 1 from
Mneni, May 1897 ; 1 from Bltibua, Usoga, Dec. 1896 ; 2 from Janjoki, May 1897 ;
3 from Fajao, Nov. 1897; 4 from Labonga, Dec. 1897; 5 from Wakibara, Nov.
1897 ; 1 from Kitanwa, August 1897 ; 1 from Fovira, Jan. 1898 ; 2 from Kikwero,
May 1897 ; 1 from Kampala, Dec. 1896 ; 2 from Masindi, May 1897 ; 1 from
Ufnmb, Jan. 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
59. Tephrinopsis sabulifera sji. nov.
Closely related to T. assimil/n, but considerably larger, 35 mm. instead of
28 mm. ; the fovea in the c? very much larger ; the wings without dark marginal
line ; all the lines much less distinct, being accompanied and liidden by darker
scales ; the outer line usually double and often with a cons])icnous dark patcii
beyond it on inner margin ; a pale oblique apical patch more or less visible ; the
two arms of the outer line_oftcn marked with black spots beyond the angulation ; in
tbe forewings the median line is nearer the inner than the outer line.
Underside with the snbmarginal fascia reduced and very indistinct. Both
wings are broader and the apex of forewings squarer.
Twenty-five examples, all d<S from Unyoro; 6 from Labonga, July 1897;
3 from Wakibara, Nov. 1897 ; 1 from Kiagnsi, Nov. 1897 ; 1 from Panyadnli, May
( 311 )
1807 ; 7 from Warringo Rivpr, July l.S'.»7 ; 2 from Kata),'rukwa River, May 1897 ;
1 from Bulluji, July 1897 ; 1 from Afiudo, Blay 1>S97 : 1 from Kasoha, August
1897 ; 1 from Mueni, May 1897 ; 1 from Pabo, Nov. 1897 (Dr. Ansorge).
• I'l. Tephrinopsis semicolor s]!. nov.
Forewings : whitish grey, faintly freckled with darker ; first line at one-fourth,
vertical, slightly waved ; median shade from just beyond middle of costa, incurved
below the strongly marked black cell-spot to inner margin close to first line : enter
line from three-fourths of costa sinuous to three-fifths of inner margin, followed
by a purplish fuscous shade, which fades off toward hindmargin, and is limited
above by an oblique dark line from vein (i to apex ; submarginal line denticulate,
indistinct except on lower half ; fringe grey, with small black lunules at the base.
Hindwings : uniform whitish grey, with a fuscous central and curved post-
median line ; the marginal third darker.
Underside white, thickly speckled with grey ; the veins and markings fulvous,
.1 submarginal fulvous fascia, entire on hindwings, interrupted and greyer on lower
half of forewings ; the hindmargin (sometimes the marginal third) marked with
fulvous. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish grey ; vertex and antennae white.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
Six c?(?, 1 ?, from Mau, Uganda Protectorate, high and cold country, March
1898 (Dr. Ansorge).
Difters from T. johnstoni Bntl., from Natal, in the much less pronounced
markings, the submarginal line especially being almost obsolete, though the discal
spot is mnch blacker ; the hindwings without any dark submarginal fascia on the
upperside.
The ? is much darker on the underside than the Si- The forewings of the <?
are without a fovea.
Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
CI. Eupagia albistriga sp. nov.
Forewings : dull coppery red, thickly covered with minute dark flecks, the
veins towards hindmargin clearer red ; costa with some bright pale dots ; first line
nearly vertical, at one-third, with a darker shade immediately beyond it ; outer line
from four-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, slightly sinuous, outcurved
above, incurved below, followed on vein 6 by a pure white short streak ; sub-
marginal line denoted by black marks on veins ; fringe dark red, with the tips pale
ochreons, chequered with dull red-brown at the vein ends ; cell-spot cloudy, black,
distinct.
Hirulwings : paler, more pinkish, except towards hindmargin ; a cloudy cell-
spot ; faintly curved postmedian, and slight, more strongly curved submarginal line.
Underside dnller red, without the coppery tinge ; cell-spots large and dark ;
inner and outer lines dull ; submarginal line plainer, marked by black spots on
veins, touching outer line on costa and approximated to it on inner margin. Head
and thorax coppery red ; abdomen reddish grey.
Expanse of wings : 3o mm.
One ? from Ivohimanitra Forest, Tanola, Madagascar, October 1894 (Dr. F.
Major).
( 312)
62. Omiza tortuosa \Viui'., Nov. Zool. IV. ji. 22s (1897).
A S from Kampala, Uganda, taken iu March 1897 by Dr. Ansorge, differs
from the type ? in being wholly without red scaling on the underside ; both wings
being yellow, ruuniug into green towards costa of forewiugs, with blackish green
blotche.s and speckles. Whether this difference always holds in the two sexes, or
that the Kampala form differs in itself from the Congo form, must be left for
additional material to decide.
Sphingomima gen. nov.
Forewings : elongate ; straight from base, abruptly curved, almost shouldered
at two-thirds, then straight to apex, which forms a blnutly rounded prominence ;
hindmargin very dhlique, with ;i blnnt elbow at vein 4, above and below which it is
concave ; inner margin slightly convex.
Hindwings : triangular, short and broad; hindmargin almost straight, both
angles rounded off'.
Abdomen of c? stout, and reaching far behind hindwings. Antennae bipectinated
for two-thirds ; palpi porrect, smooth, not reaching beyond face, which is produced
below ; tongue absent ; frenulum present.
Neuration : forewings ; cell half as long as wing ; discocellnlar vertical ; first
median at two-thirds, second close before end ; radials normal ; vein 7 absent ;
8 and 9 stalked, 8 strongly bent down to below apex; 19 and 11 coincident,
anastomosing strongly with 12 aud touching 9 at a point. Hindwings : cell two-
thirds of wing ; costal anastomosing with subcostal before middle of cell ; first
subcostal well before end of cell ; first median at four-fifths, second close to third ;
no radial.
Type : Sphingomima heterodoxa sp. nov.
fi3. Sphingomima heterodoxa sp. nov.
Forewings : olive-brown ; costa at middle lilac-tinged, and with pale ochreous
patches ; hindmargin diffusely lilac-grey, varied with blackish scales ; no distinct
lines ; a blackish patch at base ; a black, somewhat raised cell-spot, continued
basewards as a dark patch along the fold of cell ; a submargiual row of oblong
blackish patches between the veins ; fringe dark brown.
IIind/r/?)gs : with basal half olive-brown, the extreme base blackish ; cell-spot
black, with a small white centre ; outer half lilac-grey, with a dentate brown
snbmarginal cloud from before apex to below vein 0 ; fringe olive-brown.
Underside dull brown, with blackish streaks between the veins in outer half of
wing ; a curved white marginal patch from above vein C> to vein 3. Head, thorax,
and abdomen olive-brown, the thorax flecked with black; fillet, vertex, anil
antennal shaft pale fawn-colour.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One d from Warri, Niger Coast rrotectorate, April Isti; (|)r. Kotli).
( 313 )
NEW DBEFANULIDAE, TIIYRIBIBAE, EPIPLEMIDAE,
VBANIIDAE, AND GE03IETEIDAE.
FROM THE ORIENTAL AND PALAEARGTIC REGIONS.
BY W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.
Family DBEP.mULTDAE.
1. Cobanilla continua sp. uov.
Forew/nffs : brownish ocbreous, sli;;litly speckled with fuscous, the costal edge
bright reddish : lower arm of discocellnlar narrowly silvery white, followed by a
small deeper ochreons patch ; a double dark-brown oblique line from centre of inner
margin into apex, the sjJace between dnll pearly ; apical and marginal areas more
or less snffnsed with brown ; fringe deep vinous ; on the hindmargin between veins 1
and 4 are three shining white triangular blotches, tinged with rosy brown.
Ilindwings : with a single antemediau brown line, ditfusely edged exteriorly ;
traces of two postmedian angnlated lines ; the apex with a narrow rosy-brown
blotch ; discocellnlar with two white spots.
Underside yellower, more speckled ; forewings with the costal and apical
regions, the fringe, and upper part of oblique line, Iwight rosy ; hindwings with the
apical fringe only rosy. Face, palpi, pectus, and forelegs bright red ; vertex yellow :
shonlders and patagia whitish, pink-tinged ; abdomen like wings, with a brown
median band continuing the oblique line of wings.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One J from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (A. 8. Meek).
Allied to C. unilinca Warr., from Ron Island, the type of which is a ?. In
the present cJ the ajie-x of forewing is more prodnced, and the underside different.
2. Phalacra semiprotrusa sp. nov.
Forewings : ochreons drab, the ochreons tinge predominating along the costal
half ; the lines very indistinct, the only plain ones being those towards the hind-
margin, to which they all run parallel ; a grey line from costa at four-fifths to
middle of inner margin, followed by a pale fascia outwardly edged by a dark grey
crennlated line ; submarginal line pale ochreons, waved, traversing the somewhat
darker marginal area ; an interrnpted black marginal line : fringe ocbreous, mottled
with brown ; a black cell-spot, and some scattered black scales towards base lielow
the median vein ; along the inner margin towards base arc visible the ends of
oblique lines.
Ilim/ii'ings : with traces of fonr straight transverse lines, of which the first,
basal, and fonrth, postmedian, are darkest ; marginal area slightly darker, with
an indistinct paler submarginal line ; marginal line and fringe as in forewings.
Underside dull ochreous-grey, with a pinkish tinge ; marginal area and curved
postmedian line of both wings purplish fuscous ; fringes paler, chequered with
purplish fuscous. Face and palpi deep brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen like
wings ; vertex of head and shaft of antennae both jjaler.
( :^14 )
Expanse of wing;s : 2<i mm.
Oue S Irom Sula Maugoli, OctoljLr l-^HT (Doherty).
Distiuguisbed by the promiuently bluut elbow at eud of veiu 3 of forewiugs ;
the hindmargiu of hindwiugs is straight from anal angle to end of vein 6 ; vein 7
appears to become coincident with 8 from close to base.
Pseudemodesa gen. nov.
Forewinqa : triangular : the costa strongly curved before apex, which is
depressed and minntely prodnced ; hindmargiu sinuous.
Ilin(lu'i7igs : with both angles blunt ; hindmargin prodnced at vein .5 forming
a strong angnlation.
Palpi very small ; tongue and frenulum invisible ; antennae of c? strongly
bipectinated almost to tip ; hind-tibiae with terminal pair of spurs.
Neitratioii : forewings, cell one-half of wing ; discocellular oblique ; first
median at one-half, second at four-fifths ; lower radial from shortly above third
median, ujiper stalked with 7, 8, 9 ; 10 and 11 from cell, in auastomosing with 8, 9.
Hindwiugs with 0 separating half way down cell.
Type : Pseudemodesa plenicoruis sp. nov.
3. Pseudemodesa plenicornis sp. nov.
Forewings : silky white, the lines ochreous fuscous ; antemedian and postmcdian
wavy and denticulated lines ; a fnscous mark on discocellular between them,
traversed by an undefined dark line ; a double submarginal row of ochreous lunules ;
costa slightly dusted with fnscous ; fringe whitish ; distinct black dots at the ends
of the veius, joined by a dark line above vein 5.
IJindwings : like forewings, but the discocellular not marked.
Uuderside white ; costa of forewings discoloured towards base. Head, thorax,
and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings : 21 mm.
One S from liossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, March 1898 (Meek).
4. Teldenia pura sp. nov.
Pure white thronghout, the under surface of both wings glossy ; face with
upper two-thirds dark brown.
Expanse of wings : IS — 20 mm.
Two S3 from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (Meek).
Family THYRIDIDAE.
S. Addaea fragilis sp. nov.
Forewings : i)ale shining uihnous, crossed by numerous waved reddisli odireous
lines ; a small brown discal s])ot ; costa minutely dotted ])iile and dark ; fringe pale.
IJindicings : the same.
Underside paler ; cell-spot of forewings conspicnous. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 14 mm.
Five exnm])les, all ? ? , from Dammer Island, November and Jleeember 1898
( H. Kiihn).
( 315 )
Smaller and uarrower-wiiigeil than trimeronalii Wlk., to which it is closely
related ; hindmargiu of t'orewings more obliq^ue, the apex being therefore less
rectangular.
fi. Banisia hieroglyphica sp. nov.
Forewings : shining whitish ochreous, with pale grey and dark brown markings
and reticulations ; an olive-grey basal patch, containing several tine darker lines ;
two olive-grey costal blotches ; the inner edge of the first forms a small deep brown
si>ot above the median vein and a larger balloon-shaped one ol)liqnely below it,
these two being sometimes confluent ; its outer edge and the inner edge of the
second costal spot approximate on the median ; this second spot is developed into the
usual bifurcate fascia, which is only slightly darker than the ground-colour except
the lower part of the inner arm below the median vein, which forms a deep brown
bifurcate Uotch from inner margin, its inner edge running in basewards towards the
basal patch ; apical triangular area brown, deep brown along its inner edge ; all
the pale interspaces with dark waved lines through them ; fringe glossy, ochreous
varied with brown.
Hindwinc/s : darker, more suffused with brown, with many curved brown lines,
forming fasciae which are more distinct towards costa : of these the central one is
most prominent, and contains a lustrous grey discal spot beyond the discocellnlar.
Underside brownish ochreous, with all the mottlings and fasciae dark and
distinct. Palpi, top of face, and forelegs bright ferruginous ; face itself, thorax, and
abdomen, shining ochreous-grey, the abdomen marked along the back with brown.
Expanse of wings : 30—33 mm.
Two ? ? from Milne Bav, British New Guinea, January and February 18U9
(A. S. Meek).
Forewings with both outer and inner margin sinuous ; hindwings with the
margin produced at vein 7, excised strongly below it and bulging in the middle.
Easily distinguished by the pale ground-colour, and deep brown blotches.
7. Banisia multifenestrata, \\'arr., Nov. Zool. III. p. 341 ((?).
Banisia angustifascia Warr., Nov. Zool. IV. p. 378 (?).
The type of angusti/aseia described from Ainboina is a ? and without the
hyaline spots of the c? ; it is undoubtedly only the other sex of multifi'nesfrata from
New Guinea. 1 have lately seen a series of four S S and three ? ? from Milne
Bay, New Guinea, collected by A. S. Meek, the ? ? of which cannot be separated
from angmtijmcia, which must therefore sink.
8. Banisia ordinaria \Varr., Ann. Mag. X. 11. Ib'.tii, il. \). :i28.
Banisia ordinaria Warr., Nov. ZooL. IV. p. 197 and aberrations.
Four specimens received from A. S. Meek from Milne Bay, British New Guinea.
In two, a S and ? , the dark markings that characterise the aberrations hijphciiata
and nigristriata, from Queensland, are combined with several more, so that the
whole surface of the wings is mottled with oblong blackish spots.
vt. Banisia rectiviata Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 5 ( ¥ ).
The c? of this species, like tetragonata Wlk., and multifenfistrata Warr., has
small hyaline spots which are absent in the ? . In the forewiug the hyaline spot
( :<16 )
touches the outside of the second (the straight) line, between veins 2 and 3 ; and
sometimes there is a smaller spot between the same veins beyond the next Hue ;
iu the hindwings there is a small sjwt beyond cell beyond the third line, and two
small spots obliquely below it between veins 2 and 3. The three 66, from which
this further description is taken, are from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, collected
by A. 8. Meek iu December ls08.
lo. Banisia ypsilon sp. nov.
Forewings : pale greyish ochreous, the lines and reticulations brown ; the latter
very fine ; a brown line from costa at one-third, below which it is carved, to two-tifths
of iuuer margin ; at two-thirds of costa a straight brown line to four-fifths of inner
margin, shortly forked at costa ; an oblique line from five-sixths of costa to middle
of inner margin, also forked at costa ; a waved line from anal angle not reaching
costa ; a fine marginal Hue.
Hindwings : with a nearly straight brown line a little before middle ; a finer
Hue from two-thirds of costa to before middle of hindmargin ; a curved line between
these, forked on hindmargin.
Underside the same, the chief lines edged with rusty suffusion. Head, thorax,
and abdomen concolorous.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One S from Dammer Island, December 1898 (H. Kiihu).
A larger specimen is in the British Museum Collection from Gayndah, N.
Australia.
11. CamptocMlus decorata sp. nov.
Foreivings : ground-colour whitish, with the base, and three fasciae, an temetUau,
postmedian, and snbmarginal, reddish-brown ; these fasciae have sinuate dentate
edges, the brown tint rnnniug out slightly along the veins, so that the intervening
jmle fasciae are composed of contiguous flattened globular spaces between the veins,
the centres of which are filled in with paler brown, leaving small luuulate spaces at
their edges of the white ground-colour ; the postmedian fascia contains a small pale
costal space ; fringe wide, pale brown.
Hindwings : similar.
Underside like upper, but the browu tints somewhat paler. Head, thorax, and
abdomen reddish browu.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
Three ? ? from Rossel Island, February— March 1898 (Meek).
The costa of forewings is strongly insinuate beyond middle and convex before
apex.
12. Letchena angulata sp. nov.
Forewings : shining mouse-colour, with numerous short black dots and striae,
more or less horizontally disposed between the veins ; an oblique whitish hyaline
blotch beyond lower angle of cell, extending from the submedian fold to vein .5,
consisting of from three to five contiguous small s])ots : fringe concolorous ; the
hindmargin is jiruduccd intu a lilnut tooth I'roui veins 3 tci f), above and below wliicli
it is irregularly excised.
Hindwings : with three rows of detached lound white spots between veins
2 and 6 ; in one example eacli row consists of two white spots ; in the other the top
( 317 )
row contains four smaller white spots, the middle two, and the lower one only ;■
fringe of the inner margin full and pale.
Underside duller ; the costa of forewings with an oblique black blotch nearly
reaching the hyaline blotch. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons ; pectus and
legs excessively hairy. Palpi very long, straight, porrect upwards.
Expanse of wings : t?() mm.
Two (?c? from Milue Bay, British New Guinea, December l>i9S — January 1899
(A. S. Meek).
A remarkable develojjment of the typical form of the genus.
13. Pharambara commanotata sp. nov.
Forewinys : dull brownish grey, with obscure reticulations and markings : the
costa marked with dull brown spots differing in size ; the fasciae pale brownish ;
first at one-third, broad in the cell, below the median inclined towards base ; second
about middle, obscure, broadened like the first below costa, then interrupted and
forming a triangular blotch on the submedian fold ; marginal area rather darker,
but without distinct markings ; a curved white comma-shaped mark at apex, below
which there is a dark brown spot near hindmargin. The intervening spaces are
paler, with obscure clouds and reticulations.
Hindwings : paler, with a straight brown median fascia from costa before
middle to middle of inner margin, and a brownish grey marginal shade, the inner
edge of which is fairly straight ; fringes concolorons.
Underside paler, especially along costa, with the markings deep brown; a patch
of mixed brown and metallic scales in the cell, and another beyond it ; the white
apical mark i)lainer and longer, edged inwardly with darker. Head brown ; thorax
and abdomen like wings. Hindmargin of both wings sinuous.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One ¥ from Mt. Dulit, Borneo.
14. Pharambara nitens ab. atribasalis nov.
Among a series of ten examples of 1'. /litc/m Biitl., collected by A. S. Meek
at Blilne Bay, British New Guinea, in November and December 1898, occur two
specimens (d' ? ) which must be named as an aberration. In these the whole of the
basal half of forewings as far as and including the central fascia, with the exception
of the costal area, is tilled up with deep brown-black. In all other respects they
agree with the typical form.
The comparison of numerous specimens from New Guinea (MUne Bay and
Kapaur), as well as from the islands St. Aignan, Ron, Sndest, Rossel, and Dorei,
all agreeing with typical P. nitens Bntl., from Alu, tends to confirm the view that
this form is ajjpreciably distinct from the Indian hamifera Moore.
lo. Striglina leprosa Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 225 (c?).
Among the insects sent in by Mr. A. S. Meek from Milne Bay, British New
Guinea, are eight examples of Striylina leprosa, of which three are ? ?. This sex
differs from the 6 in having the ground-colour darker, greyish pink or dull liver-
colour instead of 3'ellow ; the outer curved line of white spots is much broader,
consisting of three spots in a row between the veins instead of a single spot. The
hindwings are more uniformly coloured than in the J. All three examples arc a
little larger than the c?cf.
( 318 )
lii. Striglina reversa sp. nov.
Forewhigs : bright brick-red, strigulated and reticulated with olive-fnscons; the
costa olive-fuscous ; two more prominent transverse lines or shades of the same
colour ; one from before middle of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, slightly
waved ; the other from three-fourths of costa towards hiudmargin, before which i^
ramifies and is retracted to inner margin before anal angle ; a series of marginal
black spots ; fringe red.
Ilindwings : with the outer line only, which appears as a continnation of the
inner line of the forewings : the veins towards hindmargin in both wings marked
with deeper red and olive-fuscous.
Underside paler, with the markings as above. Head, thorax, and abdomen
concolorons with wings ; the tips of the shoulders olive-fuscons, continuing the
costal streak.
Expanse of wings : 'i~ mm.'
Two 6S from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, October and November 1898
(A. S. Meek).
The legs are less hairy than usual in the genus.
IT. Striglina variegata sp. nov.
cJ Fofpu-inffs : pale ochreous, dusted with darker; the markings greyish or
rufous ; costa with six distinct black blotches, the sixth connected with a subcostal
black blotch obliquely below it ; a curved antemedian and median fascia, which
sometimes coalesce, when the whole basal half becomes rufous or grey; submarginal
fascia represented by an irregular cloud above anal angle, preceded on inner margin
by a small tiiangular mark with black edges ; fringe rufous, with a brown or
blackish spot at apex.
Hindwinffs : with an antemedian and broad submarginal rufous fascia, in some
cases more or less confused except along costa.
Underside with the markings darker and more concise ; costa of forewings
without black blotches. Thorax and abdomen of the pale ground-colour of wings ;
face and vertex white ; palpi rufous.
? differs from <? in having the ground-colour darker and the costal blotches of
forewings brown or rufous ; and in particular by the narrower median fascia being
connected with the submarginal fascia by an oblique arm running towards apex.
Expanse of wings : cJ, 28 — 30 mm. ; ? , 32 — 36 mm.
Four S_ c?, two ? ?, from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, November 1808—
January 1800 (A. S. Meek).
The species may be recognised by the outline of the hindwings which protrude
and are bluntly bent at middle of hindmargin ; in the ? the hiudmargin of fore-
wings is also strongly rounded below, and incised before the apex which is produced ;
the (J shows the same peculiarities in a less degree.
IS. Symphleps ochracea ab. pallida nov.
Forrwinqs : pale straw-yellow, crossed by slightly darker ripjilcd lines ; costa
deep brown at base ; costal edge dark brown between the white sjjots which are
more numerous than in 5. ochracea, Pag. ; cell-spot small, dark brown, at lower end
of cell ; fringe very pale brown.
( 319 )
Hiiuhmiiya : with tlie lines single and sparsel.v distribnted ; a'minnte dark
cell-dot.
Underside with the dark markings plainer ; discal spot double, as in ochracea,
with more brown scales intermixed ; hindwings with small cell-dot. Thorax
and abdomen pale, like the wings ; shoulders and head brown.
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One c? fromMonnt Mada, Barn (3000 ft.), September 1898 (Damas) ; also from
Kapanr, New Guinea.
The species described by me in Nov. Zool. iv. p. 383 as Symphleps atomosalis,
had been alreadj' described by Sir G. Hampsou in the Pr. Z. S. 1897, p. 621, as
Rhodonnira atomosalis : but Pagenstecher's ochracea, described in 1886, is un-
doubtedly the same insect, and his name will stand.
Family URANITDAE.
III. Micronia discata sp. nov.
Forewinys : white ; the costa marked with fine dark linear strigae ; the wings
crossed by row.s of fuscous thickened striae between the veins, which tend to arrange
themselves in more or less regular lines ; a fuscous marginal line ; fringe rufous-
fuscous with the apices paler ; a distinct fuscous discal spot.
Hindwings : with the transverse striae fewer and restricted to the inner-
marginal area ; the postmedian series elongated between the veins, not transverse ;
a submarginal row of fine sti'iae ; marginal line black, ending on each side of the
tail in a black spot ; the tail with a large black spot ; fringe rufous, white along
upper edge of tail ; discal spot larger.
Underside white, with a fine dark marginal line ; the hindwings with the dark
spot of the tail marked. Head, thorax, and abdomen all white ; legs white,
internally fuscous-tinged : palpi minute, dark externally.
Expanse of wings : c? 22 mm. ; ? 30 — 3.5 mm.
One d, two ? ?, from Toowoomba, Brisbane District, Queensland.
In the forewings the costa is strongly arched, the apex prominent, and the
hindmargin oblique and straight ; the neuration alike in both sexes. The smaller ?
is marked bred, December 31st, 1896 ; probably all three are bred specimens.
Family EPTPLEMIDAE.
20. Decetia dichromata Wlk. sxxv. p. 15.58.
The variations to which this species is liable are well shown in a series lately
received from Sudest and Eossel, islands of the Louisiade Archipelago, where
they were collected by A. S. Meek ; of these nineteen, including one ¥ , are from
the former, the remainmg seven, all ^ S, from the latter. The ground-colour is
generally either ochreous yellow or stone-grey ; and similar variations occur in
each colour series. The oblique line may be all but obsolete, or very fine, and then
generally bright ferruginous, or thick and deep brown or black. The cell-spot
of forewings is sometimes obsolete, at others a grey or black speck or spot, or
ocelloid with paler centre. In some cases the apical region of forewings is blackish :
the row of white subapical spots is often quite wanting; while the black submarginal
spots of the hindwings are sometimes absent, or on the other hand swollen into
23
( 320 )
black blotches, which may Ijccome confluent aud more or less reproduced ou the
Ibrewiugs as well. The trausverse darker striae are at times (|uitc absent, while in
other cases they darken the whole of the wiugs. In a few instances a dark basal
streak runs along the subcostal and is more or less forked in tlie cell. In two
examjiles the ground-colour is ditfercnt, being a mixture of pinkish grey, reddish
fulvous and olive brown. The hiudmargin of forcwings in the J is bluntly bent at
vein 7, then straight to anal angle ; in the ? strongly gibbous throughout ; the
single ? has the ground-colour yellow.
21. Dirades albilinea sp. nov.
Porewings : dull brownish grey, with numerous minute dark dots and striae ;
costa dotted, ochreous and fuscous ; a dark grey snflusion on inner margin deeper
towards anal angle, before which on inner margin is a blackish blotch, externally
white-edged ; a snbmargiual row of minute black dots with white scales internally;
fringe iron-grey.
Hind wings : browner ; the basal area speckled with whitish ochreous aud
brownish, and edged by a conspicuous sinuous white line from one-third of costa to
two thirds of inner margin; marginal area be^-ond the line olive-brown, towards anal
angle dark grey; an indistinct submarginal line of dark purplish lunulcs from upper
tooth to anal angle.
Underside pale dull grey, with fine striations ; hindwings lighter. Face and
palpi dark brown. Thorax and abdomen pale ochreous grey ; vertex and shaft of
antennae white.
Expanse of wings : Is mm.
One t? from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, January 1899 (A. S. Meek).
Though a, Birades in nenration, this species presents several points of difference:
though an undoubted cj, the submedian fold of hindwings is coloured and scaled
like the rest of the wing, and bears no tuft of hair whatever. The apex of furewings
is truncate from vein S to 7, the hiudmargin between veins 0 and 7 being slightly
prominent, thence sinuous to anal angle ; the inner margin has a strong incision
beyond middle, and the anal angle is deeply lobed ; hindwing with small teeth at
veins 4 and 7 ; the antennae have short close clavate teeth.
22. Dirades erectinota sp. nov.
Like conifera Moore, but greyer, with the dark chocolate mark on inner margin
more pointed and recurved at its apex which reaches vein 2. The tufts of hair in
the furrow of hindwings silky ochreous.
Two c?c?, one ? , from Iton Island, July 18!.I7 (Doherty) ; one ¥ from Dorei,
June 1S97 (Doherty).
23. Dirades vespertilio sp. nov.
Forewing&: dull brown, becoming dark grey towards costa ; first line at one-
third, curved below costa, second at two-thirds, parallel to hiudmargin, aud partially
double ; tlie included space, as well as the base, much clouded with blackish,
especially along the costa ; outer line with a pale edging ; apical area whitish grey,
with black speckles and a black costal spot ; fringe iron-grey ; the hiudmargin very
narrowly dark brown, with an obscure row of dark marks ou its iimer edge.
( 321 )
Hinihcings : dull reddish browu, without an)- markings ; the abdominal fold
silvery white.
Underside of forewiugs dull red-brown ; the hindwiugs almost wholly overlaid
with whitish. Abdomen brown ; head and thorax darker ; antennae blackish brown.
E.xpanse of wings : 19 mm.
One S from Sndest Island, April IS'JS (Meek).
24. Epiplema concinnula sp. nov.
Forewinf/s : chalk-white, with slight brownish speckles in parts ; the basal
area almost pure ; the lines pale brown ; first from nearly one-third of costa to
one-third of inner margin, sharply angulated almost in midwing ; second from
three-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, sinuous, outcnrved above and
more faintly incurved below, the central fascia between the lines more thickly
speckled ; a row of five black dots from apex to below middle of hindmargin ;
a faint brownish cloud at middle of hindmargin ; marginal line browu ; fringe
brownish with white base.
Hindwings : with an interrupted antemedian dark line and a curved postmedian
brown line, the latter preceded by a brownish blotch on inner margin ; two clear
black white-edged lunules between the teeth and a white-edged brown spot below
lower tooth ; fringe as in forewiugs.
Underside white, with slight speckling ; forewing, except along inner margin,
suffused with pale brownish yellow ; a straight obliijue dark line from middle of
costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; hindwings with slight dark mark above anal
angle. Head, thorax, abdomen, and antennae white ; forelegs and palpi brown.
Expanse of wings : 17 mm.
One (? from Woodlark Island, March 1897 (A. S. Meek).
Hindmargin of forewiugs entire ; inner margin concave in middle ; hindwings
with two curved teeth at veins 4 and 7 ; palpi long, the third joint bent downwards,
as long as second : antennae thick, with close clavate teeth.
25. Epiplema pallidistriata sp. nov.
Foi-t'winqa : dull brownish grey, dotted and dappled with darker, and varied
with ochraceous ; the veins all pale finely edged with dark scales, with pale horizontal
streaks in the intervals, likewise edged with dark ; costa with oblique black striae
with paler interspaces ; first line from costa at one-fourth to inner margin at
one-third, pale with blackish outer edge, twice acutely angled outwards, once in
cell, and again on snbmedian fold ; outer line from three-fifths of costa to four-fifths
of inner margin, strongly outcurved to near hindmargin below middle, then oblique
inwards, pale, preceded by an irregular black line and followed by a fuscous one ;
below the middle this black line is preceded by a blackish shade widening to the
middle of inner margin ; marginal area towards costa grey, with three black costal
streaks before apex ; marginal line thick, dark grey, preceded by a dull ferrngiuous
band, diminishing in width to anal angle and very irregularly dentated inwardly,
])receded on inner margin by a dark cloud ; fringe fuscous with fine pale basal line
and pale apices.
Ifindwinys : with black waved basal line, followed below the median vein by a
mi.xture of pale and dark grey scales, and above the median by an ochraceous-tiuged
pale space, which is edged by a thick oblique velvety black streak, followed again
( :s2:i )
by grey and fiilvons scales which become ochreous towards vein 4 ; outer Hue
sinaons from two-thirds of costa to vein 4, where it is angled, then again sinuons
to three-fourths of abdominal margin ; yellowish white edged with purplish brown
on both sidi's, and in its lower half jiroceded by dark hinnlatc blotches, followed by
a broad lustrous j)early line ; apical 'area occ-upied by a large iiurjilish blotch ; that
before anal angle by a pearly grey space ; marginal luunles lustrous olive, finely
edged with black and preceded by white blotches, crossed by a fine wliito streak at
vein 4 ; fringe as in forewings.
Underside of forewings dull pale grey, of hindwings whitisii grey, both ranch
freckled with blackish towards hindmargin. Face and palpi black ; vertex and
thorax grey ; shoulders paler ; abdomen dark grey above.
Expanse of wings : "30 mm.
One ? from Penaug, February 189T (Curtis).
Hindmargin of forewings slightly excised between veins 4 and r>, which are
shortly toothed ; hindwings with a hook at vein 7, and a curved tail at vein 4.
2i'>. Epiplema simplex sp. nov.
Forcwinys : brownish grey, with brown striae, which are most prominent along
the costal edge ; the lines brown ; the tirst well curved, from two-iifths of costa to
middle of inner margin ; the second from three -fifths of costa to two-thirds of iimer
margin, bent outwards on veins 6 and 4 and inwards on the snbmedian fold, where it
is nearest to the first Hue : the included space slightly deeper tinged than the ground
colour ; a darker clond on middle of hindmargin limited by a curved brown line ;
fringe concolorous.
Hindwings : with the two lines nearly parallel ; from one-fourth and two-thirds
of costa respectively, the inuer one acutely bent on vein 2 and the outer on vein 4,
the latter edged externally with ochreous ; marginal area tinged with brown :
extreme margin between the tails ]iale ochreous, internally edged by two brown
curves ; a black spot below lower tail.
Underside grey, with darker striae ; the hindwing more whitish. Thorax and
abdomen like wings ; vertex and antennae white ; ftice, pal]ii, and forelegs fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
Two ? ? from the Nilgiris.
Wings broad; hindmargin of forewings simple: of hindwings with two short
tails at veins 4 and 7 ; palpi quite short.
27. Epiplema spissata sji. nov.
Forewings : greyish fawn-colour, thickly dusted with darker, especially towards
base ; the lines brown, somewhat obscnre ; first at one-third, bent on subcostal vein :
second from costa just beyond middle to three-fourths of inner margin, oblique to
vein 6, vertical to vein 4, then concave to snbmedian fold and again vertical and
thickened ; a conspicuous black-edged chestnut-brown marginal blotch from ajiex
to vein 3 ; fringe grey.
Iliiulwings: darker grey; a biangulated basal line ; a brown postmedian line
sharply angled on vein 4, each half uniformly concave outwards, the lower half
followed by a broad pale space ; an obscnre dark line from above upper tail to
below lower tail, forming two dark spots at the base of the latter ; a pale brown
discal mark and some white and black scales mixed along the median vein.
( 323 )
Underside whitish, suffused iu forewings with dull grey, with fuscons and
black transverse striae between the veins. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; face
and palpi brown-Iilack.
Expanse of wings : 27 mm.
One ? from Sudest Island, April 1898 (Meek).
Distinguished by the dull mealy appearance and almost entire absence of
lustrous scaling in hindwings.
28. Monobolodes fuscibrunnea sp. nov.
? Foreuings : whitish, densely dusted and suffused with purplish fuscous
scales in the costal half of wing ; the lower half strongly tinged with brown : lines
as in rrrf/y'ascifi and pallfHS ; central area followed by a pale spot on costa ; an
indistinct snbmarginal line of dark streaks ; fringe iron-grey, varied below middle,
like the wings, with brown.
Hindwings : grey ; the central fascia and the fringe tinged with brown.
Underside dark grey. Head and palpi black ; thorax and patagia tinged with
brown ; abdomen grey.
c? with the brown suffusion more prominent ; the whole hindwing being brown
with a single central dark brown interrupted line ; fringe dark brown ; underside
of hindwings whitish.
Expanse of wings : c? 24; ? 26 mm.
Two SS, two ? ?, from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 —
February 1899 (A. S. Meek).
Distinguished by the brown intermixture.
Family GEOMETRWAE.
Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE.
Callipotnia gen. nov.
Fore/rings : with costa nearly straight, curved before apex, which is prominent ;
hindmargin faintly sinuous.
Hinrlwings : with hindmargin well rounded ; anal angle scj^uare.
Antennae of S finely ciliated ; palpi laterally flattened, curved obliquely
upwards in front of face, second joint broad, third blunt ; tongue and frenulum
present ; hind-tibiae thickened, with two pairs of spurs, the outer middle spur short.
A fovea at base of forewings concealed above by hairs ; hindwings hairy at base
and with tufts of hair beneath the median nervnre and along veins 2 and 3.
Neuration : forewings ; cell half as long as wing ; discocellular straight ; first
median nervule at about one-half, second shortly before third ; radials normal ;
veins 7, 8, 9, 10, stalked ; 11 anastomosing with 12, 10 with 11 and again with 8, 9.
Hindwings : with costa divergent from base ; vein 7 just before end of cell ;
medians as in forewings ; radial from the centre of discocellular.
Type : Callipotnia multicolor sp. nov.
29. Callipotnia multicolor sp. nov.
Forewings : greyish flesh-colour, sufiused with olive, and sparsely sprinkled
with dark scales ; costal edge narrowly red, red-brown towards base ; first line
indicated by an oblique red-brown costal streak at one-third, and a dot nearer base
( 324 )
on median .itid submedian veins ; second line from !i brown-red costal spot sit
two-thirds, ontcnrved on veins 6 and 4, and there marked by a sinnons red-brown
line preceded by an olive brownish blotch, inmrved below vein 4 to two-thirds of
inner margin and marked by red-brown dots on veins, that on the snbmcilian
forming a large spot ; a snbmarginal row of brown spots on the veins parallel to
hindmargin, starting from a brown costal blotch before apex ; fringe red-brown,
with a row of small marginal dots before the base ; cell-dot small.
Jlinilicinqx : with onter and snbmarginal lines only ; the onter line cnrvod and
marked by dots on veins ; the snbmargiual with the spots obscure.
In both wings the basal two-thirds is slightly more snffuscd with olive than
the marginal third.
Underside deep copjiery red, coarsely speckled with black, and with all the
markings black : a black marginal line ; hairs at base of hindwing and fringe of
inner margin bright reddish ; tuft of hair below median brown-black ; those on
veins 2 and 3 ochreous and fnlvons. Face and palpi coppery red ; vertex, thorax,
and abdomen like wings ; basal third of antennae pale, the rest dark ; femora red ;
fore-tibiae and tarsi alternately ochreous and dark brown : middle-tibiae dark brown :
hind-tibiae reddish, becoming brown towards end like the tarsi.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One S from Dorei, April 1897 (Doherty).
30. Taxeotis semifusca sp. nov.
Forewings : greyish white, with coarse and thick fuscous-grey speckling ; a
diffuse dark fuscous line from below one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin,
minutely angled outwards on median and submedian veins ; a small black discal
dot ; onter line fuscous, from three-fourths of costa, where it is indistinct, to two-
thirds of inner margin, curved outwards from vein fi to vein 2, where it is bluntly
bent ; followed below vein 0 by a second dark line which is thickened above inner
margin, the space between them faintly tinged with rusty ; marginal area wholly
tilled up with dark fuscous, edged above by an oblique line from a])ex ; minute
black dots along margin between the veins ; fringe with basal two-thirds fuscous-
grey, onter third pale.
IJiiu/icinys : without iirst line ; a central curved line followed by a darker
fuscous shade before the dark marginal area.
Underside whitish grey, densely fuscous-speckled. Face and palpi blackish,
the palpi white at base ; vertex and thorax grey ; abdomen pale grey speckled with
darker.
The liiudmargin of forewings is sinuous.
Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One ? from Dawson district, Queensland (from the Barnard ('ollection).
Subfamily ORTHOSTIXINAE.
31. Bociraza latiflava ab. restricta nov.
• Differs from typical Infiflani Warr., in liaving the large yellow semicircular
area on inner margin on forewings restricted to a small basal blotch, much dusted
with fuscous scales, and only reaching to one-third of wing. In the hindwing the
( 320 )
inner margin is broadly smoky fnscons. Collax black ; thorax and abdomen smoky
fiiscons.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One ? from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December lM98 (Meek).
32. Celerena aurata sp. nov.
(? Foi-ewinrjs : wholly yellow ; costa from base to near middle deep pnrple ;
two oblique thick purple lines, the first from the end of the dark costal streak nearly
straight to before the anal angle, the second from below three-fourths of costa,
slightly sinuous, its lower half being outcurved and bent round near middle of hind-
margin ; the apex of wing slightly purplish tinged ; fringe yellow.
Himhcings : with a single curved purple submarginal line, not reaching anal
angle.
Underside similar, but all the dark markings thicker and blurred. Head,
thorax, and abdomen yellow ; palpi yellow with the terminal joint purplish ; legs
yellow with the joints purplish ; hind-tibiae much thickened with hairs, the tuft at
the end on the inner side fuscous purplish : antennae of simply lamellate, with
very short bristles, without tuft.
? differs from S in having the costal streak interrupted before the first cross-
line ; in having the second line nearly straight and not so closely approximating to
the hindmargin, and the apex not purplish.
Expanse of wings : S 52 mm. ; ? 48 mm.
Two c?cj, one ?, from Rossel Island, February 1898 (Meek).
Allied to C. cana Warr., from Fergusson Island.
33. Celerena exacta sp. nov.
Foreioings : deep yellow ; the costa black to middle whence an oblique black
bar with diffuse inner edge runs to join the black marginal border above inner
margin ; the marginal border occupies one-third of costa, but becomes narrower
below middle, its inner edge being strongly curved ; it is traversed along the middle
by a distinct curved slaty-blue band.
ITiiHlwings : yellow, with black hindmarginal border of nearly uniform width
throughout, traversed by a slaty-blue band ; the inner edge bluntly rectangular in
the middle.
Underside like upper, but, instead of the oblique bar of forewings, a broad
round-edged blotch from costa to median vein only. Head, thorax, and abdomen all
yellow : terminal joint of palpi dark.
Expanse of wings : 60 mm.
One ? from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Distinguished by the greater obliquity of the bar of forewings, and its inter-
ruption on the underside.
34. Celerena mitis sp. nov.
Forewings : pale yellow ; costa from base to middle smoky grey, joining a
blackish bar from middle to anal angle, slightly curved at costa and with its inner
edge diffuse ; hindmargin from anal angle narrowly slaty black and with a crenulate
edge as far as vein 4, which then passes obliquely to costa at three-fourths, delimiting
a large oblong yellow patch ; fringe paler slaty.
( 326 )
Hindwirtys : with a narrow marginal bonier of slaty black, uniform from apex
to anal angle, with waved inner edge.
Underside similar : the costal streak and cross-liar thicker and blacker ; the
margins also blacker. Head, thorax, and abdomen all yellow: third joint of palpi
dark.
E.Kpanse of wings : 52 mm.
One ? from Sadest Island, Lonisiade Archipelago, April 1898 (Meek).
Nearest to C. pallid icolor Warr., from Waigiaou 'Waigeu.
35. Eumelea aureliata ah. attenuata nov.
? Differs from typical oiirrlintfi in being paler yellow, dusted with finer
speckles, with all the markings ])aler ferruginous and much thinner and less
continuous.
i With ground-colour, where visible, olive-ochreons, instead of yellow,
uniformly covered throughout with deep rosy confluent striae.
Expanse of wings : ? 50 mm. ; S 52 mm.
Two 6S, one ?, from Milne Ba)', British New Guinea, November 1898 —
January 1899 (Meek).
Subfamily PSEUDOTERPNINAE.
36. Hypochroma perfulvata sp. nov.
Forewhigs : pale green densely speckled with dark green ; the costa pinkish
ochreous, with black striae and spots : the lines dark green varied with lilack and
reddish scales ; a dark spot at base, and an oblli|ne line from near base of inner
margin not reaching costa ; inner line from a black costal spot at about one-fourth,
ontcnrved in cell and on submedian fold to inner margin before middle, its lower
part strongly marked with black and red scales ; outer line from a black costal spot
at two-thirds, outcnrved beyond cell and there forming throe sharp teeth on veins
4, 5, (5, then incurved to inner margin just beyond inner line ; the teeth all marked
with black, and filled in with reddish ; a large dark green cell-spot, with a black
dash in it on the median and another above it on the subcostal ; a red line from it
along vein 4 to outer line; submarginal line pale green, inwardly edged by dark
green blotches varied with red scales ; a row of black spots between veins before
margin ; fringe green, darker beyond veins and tipped with reddish.
Hindwings : similar, but without first line : the outer line distinct and strongly
angled on vein 4 ; a patch of pinkish scales on inner margin near base ; fringe of
inner margin yellow.
F.ace and vertex pale green ; collar pink-tinged ; shoulders green, the tips with
black and red scales ; thorax and abdomen green, varied with black and red scales.
Underside : wholly dull deep yellow : with a broad blackish marginal border,
leaving a small pale sjiot below vein 4 and the apex of forewings pale yellowish
ochreous ; fringe ochreous, with dark patches ; forewing with a round cell-spot,
some costal marks, and a row of transverse striae from base along submedian fold,
black ; abdomen beneath and legs yellow-ochreous ; forelegs dark fuscous-green
above.
Expanse of wings : 60 mm.
( 327 )
Two c? J' from Milue Bay, British New Guinea, November 1 SI) 8— January 1809
(Meek).
Distinguislied by the angulated second line of hindwings, and the uniform
yellow colouring below. In forewings vein 1 1 is free.
Subfamily GEOMETRINAE.
27. Agathia punctata sp. nov.
Forewings : pea-green, the costa diffusely ochreous-grey with fnscons strigae ;
the lines represented by reddish brown spots on the veins ; a spot at base of costa
and of median vein ; a costal spot at one-eighth ; first line from one-third of costa
to one-third of inner margin, angled at origin of veins 3 and 4, marked by spots on
costa, subcostal vein, a double one at the angle, one on vein 2, and on inner margin ;
outer line from twn-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, the spots at origin
of vein 7 and those on veins 6 and o, lying in an oblique line outward, those on
veins 1 to 4 in an oblique line incurved ; a row of marginal spots at end of veins,
that on vein 4 the largest ; a darker red-brown apical blotch ; fringe (worn)
yellowish green.
Ilindwhifjs : with outer and marginal spots as in forewings ; the spot on tail
at vein 4 largest ; inner line represented by a spot on vein 2 and one at junction of
3 and 4.
Underside whitish green, the lines of spots showing through ; the apical spot of
forewings and tail spot of hindwings both blackish red. Face and palpi red above,
pale below ; fillet and antennae red ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green ; the
abdomen with red-brown dorsal spots.
E.xpanse of wings: 3(i mm.
One ? from Dammer Island, December 1808 (H. Klihn).
38. Anisogamia subliturata sp. nov.
i Fore (rings : greenish white; the markings much the same as in ^1. subvenusta
^Varr. ; the green basal and central areas more strongly rippled with whitish : the
pale band beyond central fascia broad and continuous, greenish white, followed by
two regular series of greenish white wedge-shaped spots, all edged with darker
green and tinged with yellowish ; marginal lunules deej) green ; fringe green tipped
with brownish.
Hindwings : with basal area dark green, freckled with pale ; the rest as in
forewings, but the wedge-shaped s2J0ts below costa edged with blackish.
Underside, basal half dull olive-green, with the veins paler; the costal area pale
ochreous ; a dark olive strongly denticulated submarginal fascia, emitting a dark
blotch inwards above vein 4 ; blackish green marginal lunules ; fringe whitish,
chequered with fnscons beyond veins. Face above, collar, thorax, and abdomen dark
green, the abdomen speckled with whitish scales ; vertex, shaft of antennae at base,
and lower third of face snow-white ; palpi externally olive-brown ; antennae dark
brown.
? Forewings : ground-colour deep green ; costa, lines, and marginal third pale
ochreous ; the costa and margin speckled with blackish and fuscous ; the lines as
in <^ ; a short ochreous projection from costal area along upper half of discocellnlar ;
upper third of marginal area green, with the veins across it, a curved submarginal
( 328 )
line, and the extreme hindmargin ochreous ; a green patch at anal angle ; marginal
Innnles green above vein 4, black and finer below ; fringe jiale and dark ochrenns.
Hinthrings : basal half green, with inner margin narrowly ochreons : ochreous
marginal area thickly speckled with black, with two green patches above anal angle
only ; marginal Innnles all black.
Underside pale ochreous; all the markings of the J intensified and dark fuscous ;
vertex and antennae ochreous, the latter annnlated with brown ; abdnmen ochreous
speckled with brown, and with two brown rings on anal segments ; thorax and palpi
as in c?.
Expanse of wings : t? 35 mm. ; ? 40 mm.
Four c?c?, two ? ?,from Milne Bay, British Kew Guinea, December 1898 —
February 1899 (Meek).
39. Anisogamia subvenusta sp. nov.
(? Foretrings : deep green ; the costa whitish with deep fnscous strigulae ;
subcostal area for two-thirds marked with hoary white scales : basal area crossed by
indistinct series of white scales ; first line from one-sixth of costa to two-fifths of
inner margin, oblique outwards to subcostal, then waved ; cell mark deep green
preceded by whitish scales ; outer line white, dentate, developed into three large
white blotches, one between veins ij and 7, a second between 3 and 4, the third on
inner margin reaching vein 1 ; this line forms sinuses inwards beneath costa, at
middle, and on inner margin where it approaches the basal line : two submarginal
series of irregular white spots, those ])etween veins (5 and 7, and 4 and .i in each
series larger and snbconflnent, fringe green and white.
Hinduings : with cell and basal portion of submedian area whitish ; the rest
as in forewings, but the outer edge of outer line marked with a black Innule
beneath costa.
Underside bluish white; basal two-thirds of forewings washed with yellowish
olive-green ; the cell-spot and two denticulate shades dark olive-green, the outer
one becoming black at anal angle ; a marginal series of olive Innules between the
veins ; fringe white, with dark green mottlings at the vein ends ; hindwings with
a patch of pale olive at middle of costa and a black blotch at apex shading into green
below; marginal spots small.
? quite diiferent ; deep green without any whitish scales : costa broadly
ochreous, dusted and spotted with fuscous : first and second lines placed as in S
bnt pale ochreous, the first not wavy, the second waved but not denticulate ; this
last widened into ochreous blotches at extremities ; marginal area beyond brownish
ochreous dusted with dull brown scales, except an irregular green patch from
vein 8 to 5 touching outer line, and a small green blotch between veins 2 and 3 ;
marginal Innules and a costal spot before apex blackish ; fringe ochreous.
HindwingH : without first line ; outer line swollen only on costa, with three
small green blotxihes beyond it in the ochreous marginal area, one on inner margin,
the second between veins 2 and 3, the third beyond cell.
Underside wholly ochreous ; both wings with submarginal dentate-edged
blackish fasciae and series of marginal Innules ; basal two-thirds of forewings tinged
with olive and fnscous, and edged with darker. Face in both sexes dark green
above, white below ; patagia and shoulders green ; vertex arid palpi in ? ochreous,
in c? the vertex snow-white, the palpi bright pale brown : abdomen in ? ochreous,
( 329 )
(lusted with brown and witli lateral green marks on basal segments ; in S dark
green flecked with silvery white.
Expanse of wings : c? 31 mm. ; ? 33 mm.
Nine cJt?, five ? ?, from Milne Baj', British Kew Gninea, November 1898 —
February 1899 (Meek).
Chloromachia gen. nov.
Forewim/s : with costa convex at base and before apex ; hindmargin bluntly
bent in middle.
Himlwings : with hindmargin dentate at middle, crenulate on each side.
Palpi with second joint rough-scaled, third naked, moderate, longer in ? than
iu S ; antennae of S with fascicles of cilia ; hind-tibiae of c? dilated, with a fold
containing tuft and with two pairs of spurs ; tongue and frenulum present.
Nenrrition : first subcostal of forewings free ; the other four-stalked ; last two
medians from lower end of cell ; hindwings with the two snbcostals and last
two medians stalked.
Type : C. divapala Wlk. {Comibaena).
Distinguished from Clilnrosfrofri Warr., by the i antennae.
40. Chloromachia(?) pallidata sp. nov.
Foretvings : whitish, varied with very pale bluish green ; the costa broadly
ochreons striated with brownish ; basal edge brown : first line near base, oblique
outward to subcostal, then vertical ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to middle
of inner margin, irregularly crenulate ; submarginal line outcnrved from costa
to vein T, then straight to anal angle ; all three lines white : marginal area washed
with white, with a row of rather large dark green spots between the veins ;
fringe white.
Ilimltniigs : with a broad white antemedian band, within which the basal area
is green, containing a white discal spot, and becoming white itself at base; marginal
area white, narrowed to a point at apex and anal angle, witli the marginal spots
as in forewings.
Underside white ; costal area ochreous-brown ; subcostal area greenish ; a green
blotch on disocellnlar, partly showing through on upperside ; marginal spots fuscous.
Palpi varied with fuscous and green ; face dark green, white below ; vertex and
antennal shaft white ; thorax and abdomen green and white.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One S from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, January 1899 (Meek).
The specimen is somewhat worn, and the description is unavoidably deficient
in exactness. It differs from typical Chloromachia in having the hindmargin of
forewings nearly straight, and in respect of the palpi and hind-tibiae it is nearer
Chlorostrofa Warr., which, however, has the antennae of i pectinated.
41. Episothalma subaurata sp. nov.
Forewings : like E. ohscurnta Warr., but yellower green ; the outer line followed
by a thick blackish green shade above inner margin.
Hindwings : with the blackish shade broader and extending from costa to innei'
margin ; the outer line preceded also })y a narrower black shade.
Underside of both wings golden yellow, with a broad velvety black submarginal
( 330 )
shade gradnally narrowing from anal angle of binilwings to costa of forewings, which
it does not reach ; cell-spots and marginal spots blackish. Face dark brown ; palpi
ochreons-j'sllow beneath, the terminal joint darkfnscous; thorax and abdomen green;
third and fourth segments of abdomen marked with red and black scales.
Expanse of wings : 4o mm.
One ? from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (Meek).
Received with a scries of E. ohscurafa : the forewings have the hindmargin
more deeply excised below the apex.
4J. Gelasma (?) perlineata sp. nov.
Forewings: mealy green, the costal edge whitisli ; the lines dark green,
regularly dentate ; the first curved from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, the second from two-thirds of costa to just beyond middle of inner margin,
both ending in red spots ; cell-spot round, dark brown, edged with reddish; marginal
line fine, red, broadly interrupted at the ends of the veins ; fringe .apparently green.
Ilinfhciiiys : with outer line curved ; no inner line.
Underside whitish green. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale green.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One ? from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Almost exactly like Anoplosceles nigripuiwta Warr., from "W . Java, but the
hindwings are not acutely tailed at middle. In appearance more like a Ileniistola.
Till the 6 can be compared I leave it provisionally in Gelnsmn.
43. Helicopage velata Warr., Nov. Zool. IV. p. .300.
There appear to be two forms of this insect. In the typical form from Woodlark
Island, which occurs also in Rossel Island, the anal region of hindwings is occupied
by a squarish dark olive-green blotch above, partially shown as a fuscous blotch
below, the outside edge, darker than the rest, running from anal angle to radial and
there stopping. In the other form, from Suer, Mefor, and from Sudest Island, the
dark anal blotch is absent above, and below the submarginal line is shown by a row
of rusty spots on the veins from anal angle to apex. The ? of tliis latter form differs
considerably from the S ; all the lines and shades are much more defined in greyish
buff, this colour forming a broad postmedian fascia containing a postmedian line
marked by black spots on veins from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner
margin, bent at vein 4, the fringe being buff, with a dark basal line towards anal
angle. In the hindwings the outer third of wing, except the extreme apex, is
bnff speckled with darker, the postmedian line is dentate but marked by black
points only on veins 3 and 4, and there is a smoky black submarginal shade from
before apex, which in one strongly marked example develops into a coal-black blotch
towards anal angle. The dark fuscous markings of the underside are much more
developed than in the i . The largest ? from Sudest Island expands to 39 mm.
44. (Enospila (?) simplex sp. nov.
Forewings : apple-green ; a curved, strongly zigzag pale line at two-thirds,
before which the green tint is slightly deeper ; cell-spot red-brown ; fringe yellow,
with a fine interrupted red-brown basal line.
Hindwings : the same, the cell-spot larger.
Underside pale green ; the fringes green.
( 331 )
lleail and thorax pale green ; abdumen wauting.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
(.)ne ? from West Java.
Forewings, with the hiadmargia straiglit and uljlii)iie ; liindwiugs with tiic
inner margin longer than the costal ; apex rounded, rectangular ; hindmargin
sinuous, slightly intlected opposite cell.
Referred to (Jlnospila provisional]}'.
4."). Tanaorhinus unipuncta sp. nov.
Ditfers from T. luteociridata Wlk., in having a single elongated large blackish
cell-spot on both wings.
Expanse of wings : 65 mm.
Two SS from Milne Ba}-, British New Guinea, February 1899 (Meek).
Of these two specimens one is in good condition and has the underside of fore-
wings pinkish green to the transverse line, which is edged outwardly by a diffuse
pale green shade, the marginal area mixed fulvous and green ; the other, which is
worn, has the whole underside of the forewings yellow as in the hindwings ; the
transverse line followed by a distinct broad creuulate-edged pearl-green shade, and
the hindmargin with an obscure row of greenish triangles, as if the pinkish green
scales of the fresher specimen had been rubbed off.
Subfamily STERRHINAE.
46. Chrysolene flavipuncta sp. nov.
Forewings : dull brick-red, deeper towards hindmargin and anal angle, towards
costa and base more pinkish grey with reddish speckles; costa deeper red, but tinged
with yellow in apical fourth ; hindmargin narrowly deep yellow, the edge of the red
groimd-colour irregularly jagged ; at three-fourths a paler jiostmedian line, bluutlv
angled outwards at vein 4, then curved inwards, more distinct in upper half owing
to its being margined internally by deeper red ; a deep red cell-spot, before whicli
there appears an indistinct deep red blotch from costa, probably representing first
line ; fringe yellow.
Hindwinys : similar ; the outer line more prominently angled in the middle ;
cell-spot yellow ringed with red.
Underside dull red ; the hindmargin and fringes yellow ; cell-spot of hindwing
pale. Head, thorax, and abdomen red ; the thorax and vertex tinged with gre)-.
Expanse of wings : 2o mm.
One ? from Samar Island, Philippines, June, July 1890 (J. Whitehead).
Closely resembles Chrijsocraspeda croceomurginata "Warr., from S. Java.
47. Chrysolene insolita sp. nov.
Fore wi Jig s : cream-colour, slightly yellow tinged and dusted with reddish atoms
chiefly along the veins ; the costa, veins, and cross lines snuff-brown ; a triangular
]iatcli of ground-colour at base, much suffused with reddish, and traversed by the
lirowu veins ; costal area broadly snuff-brown with darker sj)ecks ; first line from
one-fourth of costa, oblique outwards to subcostal, then irregularly oblique inwards,
somewhat bent to one-third of inner margin, preceded by a broad snuff-brown band ;
median and outer lines parallel, excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved.
( 332 )
strongly dentate and luimlate, interlacing on the veins, and so forming three pale
blotches of gronud-colour ; subtenuinal and suhmarginal linus dentate and diffuse,
partially confluent along veins, both interrupted between veins 3 and 5 ; a blotched
marginal line ; fringe pinkish cream-colour, with brown mottlings beyond veins ;
cell-mark irregularly rhomboid, whitish, edged with brown, and connected with the
brown costa.
Ilindwings : similar ; the cell-spot silvery white, the lunules of the median
line touching it ; the whole of the anal area below median vein beyond outer line
snuff-brown.
Underside straw-yellow, with all the markings pale purplish. Face, palpi,
vertex, and antennae creamy yellow; thorax in front snufi-browu; patagia yellowish
dusted with red and brown scales; abdomen pale yellow, with brown dorsal patches:
the first two segments almost wholly snuff-brown, like the centre of thorax.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
Two 6 6 from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek).
48. Chiysolene miniosa sp. nov.
Fore wings : bright blood-red, slightly varied with yellow ; a slight yellow line
near base, most distinct on inner margin ; a sinuous postmedian much interrupted
line ; cell-spot dark brown-red ; costal area duller red ; hindmargin narrowly
yellow except at vein 4, where the red touches the margin ; fringe yellow.
Hindwings : the same, but the lines not indicated ; the cell-spot elongated,
oval.
Underside duller red. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One cJ from Penang, January 1897 (Curtis).
Also from N. China, in the British Museum Collection.
49. Craspedia exangulata sp. uov.
Forewings : bone-colour, the costa and lines greyish ochreous; first line obscure,
curved, at one-third; median line from quite two-thirds of costa to middle of inner
margin, irregularly denticulate, and with one acute tooth outwards on vein (i ; outer
line from costa at four-fifths to three-fourths of inner margin, similaily denticulate,
the teeth marked with blackish, especially that on vein 0 ; subterminal and sub-
marginal interrupted greyish ochreous lines, the subterminal with acute angle on
vein U reaching hindmargin ; fringe bone-colour; marginal and discal spots distinct,
black.
Hindwings : without first line ; cell-spot large.
Underside greyish tinged ; cell-spots, outer line, and marginal spots distinct.
Face and jialpi blackish above, bone-colour below ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen
bone-colour ; collar rufous.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
One (J from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (Meek).
Akin to C. desifa Wlk., but paler, and with broader, shorter wings.
50. Craspedia nigrocellata sj). nov.
Forcwinga : bone-colour, with minute black atoms ; costa and lines dull grey ;
first line, from quite one-third of costa to barely one-third of inner margin, marked
( 333 )
also by aggregations of black atoms on the veins; median shade obscnre, denticulate;
the whole basal half of wing as far as this shade more or less suffused with dull
grey ; outer line throad-like, lunulatc, the teeth externally marked by blackish vein-
dots ; submarginal line pale, distinct, between two dull grey shades, and forming
a sinus inwards opposite cell and on snbmedian ibid; marginal sjjots black, distinct;
fringe concolorons ; cell-spot a round black anunlus.
Hindwings : the same, without iirst line.
Underside paler ; only the outer line and marginal dots expressed. Falpi and
face black; vertex, shoulders and antennae, bone-colour; thorax and abdomen the
same, but both thickly sjirinkled with black atoms.
Expanse of wings : 21 mm.
One (? from Dammer Island, December 1898 (H. Kilhn).
01. Craspedia ocellata sp. nov.
Foretoint/s : dull whitish, finely dusted with dark atoms ; costa tinged with
grey ; the lines grey, diffuse, thickened on costa, sometimes ochreous tinged ;
first at one-fourth, slightly dentate on subcostal and median veins ; median strongly
dentate, outcurved beyond cell and inflected below ; cell-spot large and blackish,
preceded by a curved grey line, but surrounded by pale scales so as to appear
ocellated ; exterior line at three-fourths, finer and denticulate, marked by black
dots on veins externally, and inflected beyond cell and on snbmedian fold ; space
between it and the pale submarginal line filled up by a lunnlate grey fascia, which
is interrupted beyond cell and on snbmedian fold ; a row of black marginal lunules ;
fringe concolorons, with a broad darker interrupted line near base.
Hindwings : the same, but without first line.
Underside smooth ; grey in forewings, paler in hindwings, with dark cell-spots ;
fringe paler beyond a slightly darker basal line. Face and palpi blackish ; vertex
white : thorax and abdomen like wings.
E.xpanse of wings : 19 mm.
A series from Tambora, Sambava, April— May 1896, 2500— 4U00 feet (Doherty.)
Worn specimens appear very much whiter.
•yz. Craspedia spissitarsata sii. nov.
Forewings: ochreous, thickly but very finely dusted with blackish; costal
edge blackish from base ; the lines dark grey ; first at one-fourth, curved, rarely
plain ; second and third nearly parallel to one another from three-fifths and
three-fourths of costa to three-fifths and five-sixths of inner margin respectively,
both angled on veiu 0, the latter marked by distinct black vein-dots, and slightly
bent outwards below ; submarginal line pale, very indistinct ; marginal spots
black, linear; cell-spot black, tlistinct : fringe ochreous.
Hindwings : similar, but without first line.
Underside ochreous, \vithout dusting, the forewings slightly grey-tinged ; the
two outer lines grey. Face and palpi blackish ; vertex and shaft of antennae
white ; collar brownish ; thorax and abdomen ochreous speckled with fuscous ;
iiind-tibiae and tarsi of cj enormously thickened and flattened, containing an
expansile tuft of thick dark grey down.
Expanse of wings : 27 mm.
One ¥, seven SS, from Loeboe Kajah, AV. Sumatra, April— May 1897
(Ericsson).
( 334 )
53. Dizuga sordida sp. nov.
Foreivinffs: dingy greyisli ochreous, with traces of lines at one-fourth and
three-fonrths indicated b_v dark vein-dots ; a l)hick cell-dot and row of black
marginal dots ; snbmarginal line indistinctly paler ; fringe concolorons.
Hiixlirinqa : similar, Imt sDniowhat darker.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face sliining white ; j)alpi white.
Expanse of wings : 19 ram.
One tS, two ? ?, from Rossel Island, Lonisiade Archii)elago, Feliruary ls98
(Meek).
54. Eois (?) rufula sp. nov.
Foreicings : rnfons-ochreons, tinoly and thickly dusted witli darker rnfons,
the lines nearly vertical : first from beyond one-third of costa to one-tiiird of
inner margin, slightly waved ; median from beyond middle of costa to middle
of inner margin, dentate ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, distinctly dentate ; all these deeper rufous, the last followed by a
paler band ; snbmarginal pale, waved, between darker rufous shades ; marginal
line slightly darker, interrupted at the veins ; fringe concolorons : cell-sjiot rufous.
Ilindwirxjs : similar.
Underside uniform ochreous flesh-colour. Head, thorax, and abdomen rulous ;
vertex white ; collar deep rnfous.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
Three ? ? from Tngela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Hind-tibiae of ? with terminal spurs only.
55. Erythrolophus bipunctatus sp. nov.
Fot-ewings : pinkish stone-culuur, dusted with iinc grey and blackish scales ;
the lines grey ; first curved, at one-fourth, marked by black dots on the veins ;
median from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, regularly dentate;
outer line at five-sixths, dentate, the teetli marked by black points on veins,
that on vein 6 approaching hindmargin ; a row of triangular black marginal spots ;
fringe concolorons, with a line of grey scales near base ; cell-spot black.
Ilindirinys : similar ; but the cell-mark formed of two snow-white spots edged
with black scales ; the fringe with minute black ilots at base bej-ond veins.
Underside grey, suffused with rosy, especially in and below cell ; the lines
all dark grey. Face and ]>alpi dark brown-red; vertex and antennae whitish;
thorax and abdomen like wings ; abdomen with black dorsal spots, and two on
basal segment continuing the inner line of hindwings.
Expanse of wings : 31) mm.
One S from Milne Bay, British !Ncw Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek).
Ifesembles Biscogb/pha hampsoni in the cell-spot of hindwings, but that has
different antennae.
56. Hemipogon simplex sp. nov.
Foreinngsi : dingy greyisli uclircous, entirely wirliout nuirkiiigs : fringe con-
colorons.
Iliniliriiii/x : darker, dark grey tnwiirds anal angle, where the fringes are
the same.
( 335 )
Underside slightly yellower ; hairs of hindwings thickened and tufted towards
aual angle, causing a slight folding under of the fringe there.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.
Expanse of wings : 15 mm.
One S from Sudest Island, April 1898 (Meek).
Both the costa and inner margin of hindwings are slightly concave, the
hindmargin being convex.
57. Leptomeris postlineata sp. nov.
Forewings : white, witli exceedingly fine black atoms ; no antemedian lines ;
cell-spot small, black ; four postmedian lines ochreous-grey ; first from two-thirds
of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, perfectly straight and oblique ; the
outer line and two submarginal Hues irregularly waved, the inner of the sub-
marginal lines the thickest of the four ; minute black marginal dots at the ends
of the veins ; fringe white.
Hindicings : the same, without the cell-sjjot.
Underside white, without markings.
Vertex, top of face, upperside of palpi and forelegs rufous ; rest of face, collar,
thorax, and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings : S 26 mm. ; ? 30 mm.
A pair marked simply India.
In the ¥ the lines are all finer, and the outer (second) line is altogether
wanting.
58. Plocucha cristata sp. nov.
Forewings : pale ochreous, slightly dusted with darker ; the costa at base
marked with black-brown ; first line near base, marked by black vein-dots ; an
indistinct curved central shade ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds
of inner margin formed of blackish dots on veins, parallel to hindmargin ; sub-
marginal line obscure, between two darker incomplete shades : marginal spots
large, black ; fringe concolorous ; the basal end of the costal flajD black-brown.
Ilimlwings: the same, the basal line marked by black dots in a straight
line ; median shade more distinct ; cell-mark large, angulated, with a thick
black edge.
Underside pale ochreous, without any markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous, abdomen with black dorsal spots. Face and palpi brownish red.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
One 3 from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
The costa of forewings is strongly shouldered at two-fifths from base, the
middle third of costa being occupied by a thick scaly fold, the outer portion of
which reaches to below middle of cell. The neuratiou is abnormal ; the cell
is only one-fourth of the length of the wing ; the discocellular vertical ; the
first median rises at one-half, the second and third are stalked; radials normal,
but the upper one slightly bent beyond cell ; veins 7 and 8 are stalked from
one-half of cell, and somewhat distorted; 10 and 11 are stalked, and both much
thickened, from near base ; 'J apparently absent ; 10 and 11 run into the shoulder,
7 and 6 to apex.
24
( 336 )
59. Perixera ampligutta sp, nov.
In Nov. ZooL. III. p. 3"(), I made this form au aberration of P. pallida
Moore. I have since seen the same form from 8t. Aignan and other islands,
and again lately from Milne Bay, British New Guinea. They arc uniformly
smaller than the type form, and the discal spot of hindwings is never variable
in shape, so that I am forced to consider them a distinct species.
'io. Perixera grisea.
Pisoraca (.'') grisea Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 4"J7 (?).
The type ? was referred to Pisoraca with a query, from its great resemblance
to Pisoraca sordidata Warr. It must, however, be transferred to Perixera, as
the comparison of a J from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, shows. This
specimen, sent by A. S. Meek, and dated November 1898, agrees exactly in size
and markings with the ¥. P. sordidata, which also comes from New Guinea
(Humboldt Bay), is larger, 34 mm. as against 3U mm., and with a more ochreous
ground-colour.
61. Perixera multipunctata sp. nov.
Forewings : dull reddish grey, the tint being due to very fine red dusting on
a pale grey ground ; all the lines except the median represented by rather large
black spots on the veins ; two black dots at base, on the median and submcdian
veins respectively ; six black spots beyond, arranged in series of three, the middle
one in each series farthest from base ; in the first series one above subcostal vein, on
median vein, and on inner margin ; in the second, one on subcostal vein, one in cell,
and on submedian fold : discal spot ocelloid, consisting of a large black spot at each
end of discocellular, united by fine black lines ; median shade zigzag, clearly marked,
nearly touching cell-spot, and forming outward angles on veins 1 , 3, and 4 ; outer
line at three-quarters, twice sinuate inwards, the spots on vein Ti and on submedian
fold nearer the base ; snbterminal line close beyond, indistinct, forming cloudy
blotches below costa, beyond cell, and above inner margin; snbmarginal and marginal
series of black spots ; fringe concolorous.
Hindwings: similar; the discal ring with white centre, and only four black
spots near base.
Underside of both wings dull red, the marginal spots expressed, the others all
showing through. Face and palpi red above, paler beneath, vertex and antennae
l)ale ; thorax and abdomen like wings ; thorax with a black sjiot in front, jiatagia
with a large black spot in middle; abdomen with dorsal black spots, and the anal
segments with black rings ; basal segments laterally red.
E.xpanse of wings : 28 mm.
One i from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek).
The hindwings are bluntly elbowed at vein 4 ; the hind femora are sinuous,
with a dec]) reddish tuft of hairs.
Problepsiodes gen. nov.
Difters from Problepsis Led., iu the structure of the 6 antennae ; these are
armed with long curling fascicles of cilia, instead of being pectinated.
Type: Problepsiodes conjunctiva Warr. (/'rodlepsis).
( 337 )
62. Problepsiodes argentisquama sp. uov.
Forewinf/s : white; the costa ochreons-grey for two-thirds from base, the costal
edge blackish ; a large fig-.shai)e(l discal patch, ochreons-fulvous externally, mixed
with grey and blackish internally, traversed near its edge by a line of metallic
silvery scales ; the discocellular in the centre followed by a straight line of similar
scales toothed along the veins ; a patcli of silvery scales at base beneath the median
vein ; postmedian line ochreous, followed by a curved series of grey lunules and
another finer ochreons-grey line before the margin ; fringe white, with a faint grey
median line.
HitKhciiKjx : with an oval ochreous-fulvons discal patch reaching from vein 6
to the submedian fold, its edges traversed by a line of silvery scales not connected
above ; a dark 2)atch below it on inner margin; patches of silvery scales along veins
1, 2, and 3 ; outer lines as in fore wing ; a fine ochreous marginal line, bent at ends
of veins 4 and 6.
Underside with the discal markings, a postmedian diffuse shade, and the costa
of forewings smoky grey. Head blackish, thorax and abdomen white.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One (J from Fenang, January — April 1808 (Curtis).
03. Ptochophyle laeta sp. nov.
Foreic/iiffs : yellow, thickly dusted with reddish, and along the costa with
fuscous strigae; the costal area grey-tinged ; basal line hardly marked; central line
blurred, greyish, slightly outcurved round the dark cell-sirot ; outer line reddish
fuscous, parallel to hindmargin, thickened beyond cell and on submedian fold, and
there joined by a dark cloud to hindmargin: a row of reddish marginal spots between
the veins ; fringe yellow with minute red dots beyond veins.
Hindwiiigs : with a round snow-white cell-sjiot on a blurred grey central line ;
outer line curved ; a large dark reddish fuscous blotch at anal angle.
Underside dull yellowish, with the lines and markings rosy. Palpi reddish ;
face brownish red; head, thorax, and alxlomen yellowish.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One S from Tambora, Kambava, low country, April, May 1>'.(6 (Doherty).
Also from Dougala, south of Palos Bay, Celebes,
'i4. Ptychopoda sublactifera sji. nov.
Foreicings : pale olive-oehreous : first and second lines very fine, at one-third
and two-tliirds, parallel to hindmargin and slightly crenulate, starting from black
costal dots; a fsiint submarginal and subterminal shade ; cell-spot and marginal spots
minute, black.
Hindwinys : without first line.
Underside without lines ; the hiudwiugs of the cJ clothed with rather coarse
flaky white scales. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face and palpi dark
brown.
Expanse of wings : 17 mm.
Seven S 6, two ? ?, from Kossel Island, February, JIarch l8i)8 (Meek).
Closely resembling J', actiosaria Wlk.
( 338 )
155. Ptychopoda subrubellata sp. nov.
Foreuiiigs : glistening, olive-ochreous ; the lines darker, and sometimes the
veins towards the hindmargin; costal region dusted with fine reddish scales, the
costal edge red : the inner, median, ami outer lines at even distances, starting from
dull purplish costal spots at one-third, one-half, and two-thirds respectively, the
median and outer slightly waved or denticulate, and all three, when the insect is
fresh, marked with rufons : subtermiual and submarginal darker shades ; fringe
concoloriius, witli slight rufous spots at ends of veins ; cell-spot rufous.
IJiiidiciiHjs : the same, without first line.
Underside of forewings, except the fringe and inner marginal area dull red ; of
hindwiugs dull yellowish, with two curved submarginal reddish bands. Face, palpi,
and forelegs reddish ; vertex jiale ochreous ; collar reddish ; thorax and abdomen
ochreous ; hind-tibiae thickly tufted, ochreous and reddish.
Expanse of wings : 14 mm.
Three i S from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek).
Closely related to Pt. sericeijjeitnis Warr., from Fergnsson Island.
66. Symmacra inconspicua sp. nov.
Forewings : grey, dusted with darker ; the lines very obscure, and marked by
black vein-dots; first at one-tiuarter, curved ; second at five-sixths, the teeth on
veins 4 and 6 slightly prominent; an indistinct dark median shade; cell-spot black ;
marginal line blackish, snbcrenulate ; fringe pale ochreons-grey, with a blackish
sjiot at base beyond veins.
llhidwings : similar, but the cell-mark linear, black, ending at each end of
discocellular in a snow-white dot.
Underside uniform dark cinereous ; the outer and marginal line shown. Face
and palpi dark brown ; vertex white ; thorax and abdomen grey.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ? from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek).
In this example vein 1 1 of forewiug anastomoses at a point only with 7,8, 9, 10,
not strongly as in the type species.
Subfamily TRICHOPTERYGINAE.
67. Carige absorpta sp. nov.
Forewings : jiale ochreous, finely dusted with brownish ; a curved brown-grey
Ihie at one-third, and another at two-thirds, both slightly and irregularly creuulate ;
fringe glossy In-own-grey ; a brown cell-spot.
Jlindtrings : without first line.
Underside similar, but more thickly dusted with brownish. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
Numerous examples from Jajjau.
Forewings with ajiex little produceil ; hindmargin obtusely bent at vein 4.
Hindwings with hindmargin excised between veins 4 and 6.
( 339 )
fi8. Holorista marginepunctata sp. nov.
Forewhu/s : pale glossy oclireoas, crossed by a succession of uuiformly disposed
darker ochreons Hues, fifteen in numlior, with pale shining scales between them :
those forming- the edges of the central fascia and the lines beyond marked on costa
by five blackish dashes; a pair of coutignous dark spots along margin at the ends of
the veins ; fringe concolorous.
Hindwings : pale ochreons with the terminal lobe dark fuscons.
Underside uniform rufoua-ochreons. Plead, palpi, and abdomen ochreons ; the
thorax greener; apical segments of abdomen greenish grey ; antennae black,
annul ated.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One <S from Negros, Philippine Islands, March— April 1896 (J. Whitehead).
In the fresh state, the ground-colour is proliably pale green and the lines darker
green, the tints recorded being due to fading.
69. Hypocometa rufulata sp. nov.
Differs from H. clauda from India in the black markings being mnch reduced
and replaced by dark green ; the central space greener, and the cell-spot less con-
spicuous ; hindwiugs paler, whitish along costa, rnfous-grey towards hindmargin ;
antennae and abdomen greenish ochreons, without any black markings. Underside
of both wings greenish ochreous-grey with a rufous tinge towards margin, the dark
and pale markings of the upper side showing through.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
Two ? ? from S. Flores, October 1896, dry season (Everett).
"0. Sauris nitidula sp. nov.
Forewings : jjale shining green ; first line close to base, marked with pnrjdish
throughout, and thickened at costa ; followed by two waved olive-green lines ;
central fascia with its inner band double at costa and marked with purplish grey
throughout, angled inwardly in cell and on submedian fold ; the outer band
consisting of three dentate green lines, marked with purplish grey on costa and
below the median to vein 1, the outside two becoming confluent below middle ;
centre of fascia silvery green with a black discal spot ; a pale silvery green band
beyond central fascia, traversed by a faint green line and succeeded by a waved
green line which below vein 6 is developed into five purplish black and prominent
blotches, the minutely pointed ends of which fit into the teeth of the outer edge of
a marginal grey-green fascia traversed by the pale veins, which have a large purplish
spot at their extremities ; fringe grey-green, with a pale spot beyond the black
marginal spots.
lliiidwiiH/s : grey.
Underside dark olive-grey; costa of forewings with a small dark triangle at
middle. Head, palpi, and thorax greenish ; abdomen ochreous-grey ; antennae
greenish grey, ligulate ; the upper edge roughened.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One c? from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, February 1899 (Meek).
Distinguished from abnormis Moore, to which it is most allied, and from
nigricincta Warr., by the grey-green, not black, antennae, the smaller size, and
pale outer band.
( -"^-K' )
Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.
Tl. Opistheploce rufixla sp. nov.
Like Opistheplnrc cinerea \\&x\\, from Batchiaii, Imt the gvoniKl-colonr rnfoiis-
ochreons, tlie lines and shades brown. Hindwing with a dark anteiuedian and
postmedian brown line.
Underside ochreons with the shades black.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
One S from Milne Bay, British New (jainea, .Tannary 1899 (Meek).
72. Tephroclystia basichlora sp. nov.
Foreifiiiffs : with a narrow basal area, an exterior faseia and an oblicjne streak
from apex pale green ; the rest of the wing reddish fnscons ; a dark spot on costa
in the green basal area, which towards inner margin is edged with white ; central
fascia broad, crossed by eight darker lines all angled on subcostal, the space between
the first and second and between the fourth and fifth darkened to form an internal
and median band; the outer edge forming a bluntly rounded projection towards hind-
margin between veins 3 and 4, then strongly inflected ; the pale green postmedian
band which follows it widened on inner margin and traversed by a darker line which
becomes blackish at inner margin ; the internal edge of the green band next the
central fascia whitish; the green band is followed below costa by three or four black
wedge-sliaped marks with paler edges ; a row of black marginal marks ; fringe
reddish fascous, with distinct pale greenish flecks beyond the dark marks.
Ilindicitigs : cloudy reddish fnscons, with black marginal line ; fringe as in
forewings. A curved paler postmedian fascia is faintly traceable.
Underside dark grey, with all the markings reproduced.
Face, palpi, vertex, and thorax pale green ; the palpi fnscous-tinged towards
the tips ; abdomen darker, grey-green, with anal segment ochreons, probably green
when fresh.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
One 6 from Negros, Philippine Islands, March— April 1>'JG (Whitehead^.
Allied to chlorophora Swinh., and hieir'ulata Warr.
73. Tephroclystia olivaceata sp. nov.
Forewings : shining olive-green, the markings deeper green ; the green darkest
on costa and inner margin ; a basal patch, a broadish antemedian fascia, constricted
in cell, a narrower postmedian fascia, outcnrved in middle, and a duller subniarginal
fascia; the edges of all these fasciae are darker and are margined narmwly with
a pale and then a dark fine line; marginal line fine, black ; fringe green.
Ilindwings : cinereous brown, with faint traces of two or three curved lines.
Underside greyish ochreons towards base, becoming darker grey towards hind-
margin, with the lines still darker ; hindwing with the lines distinct. Head and
thorax olive-green ; jialj)! jiale green above, ochreons below ; abdomen ochreons
at base and on anal segments, blackish between, the segments finely edged with
pale.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ?, seven c? <?, from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, November 1898 —
February 1899 (Meek).
The costa of forewings is slightlv rounded near base.
( 341 )
Subfamily HYDRIOMENINAE.
74. Camptogramma squamulata sp. nov.
Foreirinf/s : gre}', tliickl}- dnsted with darlc grey, so as to present a somewhat
mealy appearance; basal patch and central fascia darker; edge of basal patch faintly
waved, from nearly one-third of costa to one-fifth of inner margin ; a similar line
nearer base ; inner edge of central fascia parallel, but slightly angnlated on sub-
costal ; outer edge irregnlarly waved, bent on veins 6 and 4, from three-fourths of
costa to two-thirds of inner margin, preceded by three dark waved lines ; the fascia
is preceded and followed by a similarly waved pale band with a dark line through
it ; snbmarginal line finely waved, pale, preceded by two dark shades with a paler
one between them ; marginal line lilack, waved, interrupted at the veins ; fringe
dark grey, with darker median line ; cell-spot small.
Hinchvings : similar, without basal lines.
Underside dark grey, dusted with white scales, with the edges of the central
fascia showing as dark lines. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.
E.xpanse of wings : 22 — 24 mm.
Two ? ? from Australia, without more precise locality.
The hindmargiu of hindwings is slightly excised between veins 4 and (5. In
the second example all the wings are nearly unicolorons and the markings very
indistinct.
75. Glaucopteryx indecora sp. nov.
Forewiiigs : pale grey, with a rnfous tinge ; the markings fnscons-brown ; the
basal patch and central fascia darkest ; basal patch containing three curved dark
fuscous lines, the central fascia four or five waved lines ; edge of basal patch and
inner edge of fascia curved, outer edge of fascia prominent at vein 0, and with two
teeth at veins 4 and 3, incurved beyond cell, darkest towards costa; snbmarginal
line indistinct, pale and waved, witli a double darker patch preceding it beyond cell;
marginal line crenulate, blackish ; fringe reddish grey ; the paler spaces on each
side of the central fascia with a few pale scales in places and traversed by obscure
reddish grey lines.
Hindwings : dull cinereous, darker towards inner margin, where there are
traces of waved grey transverse lines : marginal line blackish, crenulate; fringe
dark grey.
Underside dull cinereous, slightly rnfous-tiuged, with faint indications of some
of the lines ; both wings with dark cell-spots ; head and thorax reddish brown ;
abdomen wanting.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
One i from Amurlaud, without further locality.
Phoenissa gen. nov.
Forewings : triangular, broad ; costa strongly arched near base and convex
before apex, incurved between ; hindmargiu obliquely curved ; anal angle distinct.
Hinihvings : broad, the hindmargiu fully rounded ; anal angle square.
Abdomen of cf with the anal claspers exserted. Antennae of S lamellate, faintly
pubescent ; of ¥ simple ; palpi short, porrect, second joint roughly haired beneath,
( ">12 )
terminal jnint pointed, small : tougno and f'rennlnni present : hind-tihiae with fonr
spurs.
Smmtion : forewings, cell nearly half as long as wing ; discocellnlar angnlated,
the lower arm obliqne ; first median at t'onr-fifths, second close before end of cell ;
radials normal ; 7, S, 'J, stalked from npper angle ; 10 and 11 stalked from four-
fifths, 10 anastomosing with 8, 9 ; 7 and 11 from close before apex of areole.
Hindwings with discocellnlar obliqne, radial from the centre ; the two subcostals
stalked ; medians as in forewings.
Type : Pkoeii/ssa brej/hox Oberth. {Odezia).
Helated to Enh/pc Hlib., having the areole single ; superficially like the
New Zealand Dasyuris and Notoreas, from which it is, however, structurally
distinct.
Subfamily DEILINIINAE.
Laophila nom. nov.
Lomographa Meyr. (non Hiibuer), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2). VI. p. 033
(1891).
Mevrick places the two Australian species spod'in'b and isoojma under
Lomogr'apha Hiib. But Hiibner in the Verzeichnias, p. 311, gives four species
of Lomographa, viz : —
3002. L. taminnria Schifi".
3003. L. permntatarin Htib.
3004. L. renularia Hiib.
3005. L. laevigaria Schifi".
Of these the first, the proper type of Lomographa=Bapta bimaculata, has
simple antennae in the S ; the second is a Stegania, with short pectinations ;
the third, which is identical with the fourth, is a Pti/cltopoda, a genus of Sterrhitwc.
With no one of these is either spodimi or isoci/ma congeneric.
711. Leucetaera subfuscata sp. nov.
Foreidnqs : shining silky cream-colour, dusted with fine dark atoms ; costa
and fringe yellowish ; cell-spot dark brown, edged with yellowish ; a pale yellowish
submarginal line from below costa shortly before apex to three-fourths of inner
margin, outwardly marked by a few dark scales on each vein.
Hindicinqs : with the line cnrveil, parallel to hindmargin throughout.
Underside shining, snfi"used throughout with pale greyish fawn-colour. Face
and palpi black-brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
One 6 from Mt. Mada, Burn (3U00 ft.), September 1898 (Dumas).
The hindwings have a distinct fovea at base of cell.
77. Parasynegia panimnotata sp. nov.
Forewings: straw-colour, thickly speckled with rusty brown: an indistinct
curved brownish line at one-fourth, starting from a short costal streak near base ;
a large roundish brown cell-spot ; outer line from costa at three-fourths, fine and
dentate, vertical to vein 4, then obli(|nc and thicker to inner margin before middle,
closely preceded thronghout by a thick shade, the two forming a double line ;
a slight brownish streak from the angle at vein 4 to hindmargin intersecting a
( -43 )
thin brown nearly straight siiliterminal line : a marginal row of ilark spots between
the veins ; fringe paler.
II>ii(l>cin(/s : with a thick brown line near base, the continnation of the double
outer line of forewings ; a brown central line, dentate externally, with the small
black cell-spot on its inner edge ; a tine dentate postmedian line ; and a thin brown
snbmarginal line, curved at vein 6 ; marginal spots and fringe as in forewings.
Underside paler, all the markings greyer. Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-
colour ; tips of palpi and top of face brown ; and a brown bar on basal segment
of abdomen.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
One ? from Lawas, N. Borneo, April 1892 (Everett). Allied to phirisfriaria
Wlk.
Subfamily BRArf'INAE.
78. Bursada flavannulata sp. nov.
? Foreirings : black, with a yellow blotch of variable shape in the apical
third, reacliing from subcostal vein to below vein 3, directed towards hindmargiu
above anal angle.
Himlwings : yellow, with broail black costal and hindmarginal border, which
runs np half-way along inner margin, ending bluntly and diffusely.
Underside the same, but the black border of hindwings runs from middle of
costa to jnst above anal angle. Head, thorax, and abdomen black ; the abdomen
with the basal segment yellow.
In the 6 the costa of forewings is straighter and the wing narrower than in ? ;
the yellow blotch sliorter and broader ; in the hindwings the black border is
narrower, and ends in a point on veins 5 and 1.
Expanse of wings : S 20 — 30 mm. ; ? 32—34 mm.
Three i6, four ? ?, from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, November 1898—
February 1899 (Meek).
79. Bursada obnubilata ab. inversa nov.
ForeicingA : dull yellow, with the marking's brownish fuscous ; tlie costa brown
to one-fourth from base, and an irregular brown blotch on inner margin ; a brown
fascia bent at middle from beyond one-third of costa to before middle of inner
margin ; a much broader fascia from two-thirds of costa to anal angle, the
inner margin between the fasciae brown ; the hindmargin irregularly brown ;
fringe brown.
Hindwings : with a blotch at apex, two at anal angle, a double blotch on
middle of inner margin, some small spots at base, a small round cell-sjiot, and the
fringe brown.
Underside with the markings reddish. Head and thorax brown ; collar and
abdomen yellow, the latter with brown segmental rings.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One S from Mt. Mada, Burn (3000 ft.), September 1898 (Dnmas).
Although at first sight so different in appearance, I consider this specimen
to be a pale local form of obnubilata Warr., also from Burn, to which it stands
in mnch the same relation as B. albogiittntu Pag., from South Celebes, docs to
B.Jidonioides Wlk., from North Celebes.
( 344 )
Bursadopsis gen. nov.
Agreeing in all points with Bursar/a except in the stvnctnre of the antennae.
In the S the pectinations, thongb ciliated themselves, are very lunch finer than
in BiirsadK ; in the ? the antennae are not pectinated at all, bnt merely sharply
serrate beneath.
Type: Bursadopsis prac/luratd sp. nov.
80. Bursadopsis basalis sp. nov.
Forewincfs: deep velvety brown, with a small orange spot in base of cell,
and a large orange blotch beyond middle, not tonching costa, mnch larger in ?
than S, in the S not reaching below vein 2, in the ? with a short tail below that
vein ; fringe concolorous.
Hiiidwings : with the base and hindmargin broadly, the central third of costa
narrowly brown ; the rest of wing orange ; middle third of inner margin with the
fringe orange.
Underside like npper.
Head, thorax, and abdomen brown ; palpi, two spots on prothorax, some
lateral spots on abdomen, and terminal si.xth of antennae yellow ; hind-tarsi wholly
yellow ; fore- and mid-tarsi yellow spotted with brown.
Expanse of wings : 6 34 mm. ; ? 3S mm.
Two (J (J, two ? ? from Laiwni, Obi, September 1807 (Doherty).
SI. Bursadopsis praeflavata sp. nov.
? Forewings : velvety brown-black, crossed liy an orange band of nniform
breadth extending from jnst before middle to two-thirds of costa, ronnded off before
reaching the anal angle, and joining inner margin at three-fourths as a narrow
projection ; a minute yellow costal spot before apex ; some yellow scales at
hindmargin beyond cell and on submedian fold, produced as 3-ellow spots in the
otherwise concolorous fringe.
Hindivings : orange, with broad black marginal border with internally irregular
crennlate edge from about middle of costa to above anal angle, the orange forming
a somewhat rectangular projection in middle.
(J with the orange band of forewings much reduced, not more than half as wide
as in ?, from costa just beyond middle, and not reaching below vein 2 ; the costal
edge of the orange patch more thickly dotted with black than in the ? ; no yellow
scales before hindmargin nor spots in the fringe, bnt the yellow dot before apex
is present ; in the hiudwings the internal edge of the marginal border is less
irregular, more uniformly curved.
Underside like upper, bnt the base of cell of forewings with some yellow
scales. Head, thorax, and abdomen, above and below, and legs all black ; sides
of abdomen and inside of fore coxae yellow.
Expanse of wings : J 20 mm. ; ? 28 — 30 mm.
Four (?c?, five ? ?, from Sndest Island, Louisiade Archipelago, April 1898
(Meek).
In one ? the orange band of forewings above is narrower than in the rest,
and ronnded off as in the SS, bnt below vein 2; on the nnderside, however, it
agree.s with normal ? ? .
(345)
82. Cosmethis basiflava sp. nov.
Fori'w/'tx/s : smoky slate-colunr, tlie lines ami markiii!i;s pnrjilish black ; two
diffuse curved lines near base, followed by a pale slate-coloured fascia, which is
wliitish ill the cell before the black cell-spot, which stands on a slightly curved
darker slate-coloured line ; a purplish black curved line beyond this, nearly in
middle, thickened on the veins, incurved at vein 2 ; a broad similarly curved
blackish postmediau band ; a submarginal series of loug lilack wedge-shaped
blotches between the veins, interrupted between veins 3 and 4 by a white blotch
extending from vein 8 to 3, the inner edge of which is vertical and straight, the
outer diffuse, the blotch widening between veins 3 and 4 and passing into slate-
colonr ; hindmargin diffusely purplish black ; fringe dark slate ; a large dnll
yellowish patch at base between median and submedian veins, extending slightly
beyond each.
Hinduiiigs : without basal lines : two thick straight purplish black bands,
antemediau and median, enclosing the black cell-spot, the white blotch extending
only from vein 0 to 3 ; two slight dull-yellow streaks on submeilian fold, one before
the antemediau, the other beyond the median band.
Underside dull smoky purple, the cell-siaots large and darker ; the white
blotches similar in both wings ; both wings with paler spaces before the cell-spots.
Head, thorax, and basal segment of abdomen dull purplish slate-colour; abdomen
yellow ; pectus and legs all slate-colour.
Expanse of wings : 78 mm.
One ? from Great Kei, April 1808 (H. Kilhu).
Distinguished from both hurhara Cram., and rosenbcrgi Pag., b}- the absence
of buff or yellow markings, except at base of forewings.
83. Craspedosis flavimedia sp. nov.
Forewini/s : black ; the middle third occupied by a broad orange fascia from
costa that does not quite touc:h the anal angle : fringe black.
Hindicings : wholly black.
Underside like upper, but duller. Head, thorax, and abdomen all black.
Expanse of wings : S 40 mm. ; ? 52 mm.
Four c? J, four ? ?, from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, November 1898 —
February 1890 (Meek).
The orange blotch in the ? is paler and broader.
84. Craspedosis sibilla sp. nov.
Forewings : black, with a central curved white fascia from vein 6 to inner
margin, before which it is narrower, and below the submedian vein with only the
I inter half white.
Him/ici/igs : with the fascia broader and nearly reaching costa, its inner edge
straight ; fringes black in both wings.
Underside duller black, with the white fascia not reaching below vein 2 and
with slight dark striations. Head and thorax black ; abdomen black with yellow
segmental rings ; face and pectus yellowish.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
One ? from Patani, Halmahera, November ISOtJ (Doherty).
Allied to C. muHi/a Wlk.
( 346 )
85. Craspedosis xanthosoma sp. nov.
Foretcings : nnicolorons dark olivo-brown, withonf. any markings.
Iliiiihriiiiiii : similar, with indications of blackish wedge-shaped Idotehes before
hindmargin between the veins.
Underside grey-black, without any brown tinge. Head, thorax, and basal
segment of abdomen like forewings, bnt less brown ; abdomen yellow ; legs
blackish.
Expanse of wings : TO mm.
One S from Mt. Mada, Burn, 3o00 ft., September 1898 (Dnmas) ; another
from Laiwni, Obi, September 1897 (Doherty).
86. Xanthomima biquadrata sp. nov.
Forewings : with the basal third orange, the costa and onter two-thirds
black ; the orange portion rectangular, its outer margin rnnning straight from
below one-third of costa to two-thirds of inner margin.
Hin(hcin<i>t : with the line separating the two colours nearly straight and just
beyond the centre.
Underside the same ; the black />of running up along the costa. Head and
collar black ; thorax and abdomen orange.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
One S from Little Kei (H. Kilhn).
Differs from A', seminigra Warr., from Kei Toeal = Little Kei, in having the
edges of the orange areas straight instead of curved ; and the costa of hindwings
beneath wholly orange as far as the black outer half
Subfamily ABRAXINAE.
87. Abraxas comminuta sp. nov.
Forewitiqs : white ; tlie markings dark leaden grey tinged with fulvous ; a
large dark fulvous-tinged Ijasal Idotch, its outer edge twice curved ; a blotch on
middle of costa connected with an oval one on discocellnlar, touching three smaller
and contiguous ones on veins 2, 3, 4 ; another in a line with the last three on vein 1,
preceded by two more on the submedian fold and inner margin ; a submarginal
sinuous series of spots starting from a larger costal blotch, and ending in two short
streaks before anal angle, which represent the usual blotch ; ai)ex, hindmargin, and
fringe wholly dark, with a prominence basewards in the middle.
Himhvings : with the hindmargin and fringe dark ; a sulimarginal series of
spots on the veins, preceded by grey spots on inner margin and costa, which in one
case are connected by spots on veins. All the spots and blotches contain a fulvous
uncleus ; that on the cell of forewings a fulvous jiale centred annulus.
Underside like upper. Face and palpi yellow ; head, thorax, and abdomen
yellow spotted with black.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
Four 6 6 from S. Flores, October 1896, dry season (Everett).
88. Abraxas extralineata sj). nov.
Foreu-inqs : semi-transparent dnll whitish ; costal edge and subcostal vein
blackish throughout, the costal blackish only beyond lirst line, which is near base,
( •■547 )
angled at its ujipc;i' two-thirds, tliPii o1)li(|n(; : the basal area within it yellow, with
cue or two small black sjjots ; cell-spot blackish ; second line close to hiudmargin,
curved near costa, then parallel to hindmargin as far as vein 1, thence to inner
margin at middle ; a marginal blackish line ; fringe (probably) whitish.
Hindwings : with only the outer and marginal lines.
Underside the same as upper, but duller ; the base hardly yellow. Head,
thorax, and abdomen pale yellow ; thorax and abdomen sjjotted with black ; palpi
blackish.
Expanse of wings : "18 mm.
One 6 from Mt. Mada, Burn, 3000 ft., September 1898 (Dumas).
The costa of hindwing is strongly shouldered near base.
89. Abraxas sesquilineata sp. nov.
Forewinqs : pale cream-colour ; the costa distinctly black ; the subcostal vein
slightly marked with black near base ; first line black, at one-fourth, nearly vertical;
second line from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, strongly out-
curved to submedian fold, then vertical, black ; followed by a third black line, curved
regularly from costa to submedian fold and there stopping short ; marginal line
black ; fringe blackish, with the tips pale ; cell-spot black.
Hindwings : with a faint line near base ; outer line from four-fifths of inner
margin, separating almost immediately into two parallel curved lines of which the
inner one is semi-obsolete beyond vein 0, and the outer stops short at vein 4 ;
marginal line slightly lunulate.
Underside similar ; a black spot near base of costa in each wing. Head, face,
thorax, and abdomen yellow ; the abdomen with rows of black spots ; legs marked
with smoky grey.
Expanse of wings : S-t mm.
One S from Mount Mada, Burn, 3000 ft., September 1898 (Dumas).
Subfamily SCOTOPTERYGINAE.
90. Scotopterix immundata sp. nov.
Forcwings : dingy grey, thickly covered with darker sjiecks ; all the markings
indistinct ; an obscure line at one-fourth, from a brown costal spot, followed by
u diffuse cloudy waved shade a little before the middle preceding the dark cell-spot;
exterior line from two-thirds of costa, below which it is bent, then quite straight to
three-fifths of inner margin, marked by dark spots on the veins; marginal area
rather darker, through which an indistinct pale submarginal line of spots can be
traced, that between veins 3 and 4 larger and paler, and i)recedi'd by a darker cloud;
fringe concolorons.
lUndtviiigs : similar, without first line and with the second line curved.
Underside paler, less dusted ; cell-spots black, distinct ; outer line and sub-
marginal shade expressed, most clear on costa ; the pale spot between veins 3 and 4
(if fovewiugs plain, and the apex paler. Face and palpi black ; thorax and abdomen
like wings.
Expanse of wings : c? 4ti mm. ; ? 52 mm.
Two 6 6, one ?, from Bey rut.
( 348 )
Subfamily BISTONINAE.
'•'l. Amraica recursaria Wlk. ab. semifusca, uov.
Forewings: grey, peppered with black scales and tiuged in places with ochraceous;
the lines black ; the whole of the central area between first and onter line suffused
with brownish fuscous, the outer edge of the suffusion extended from angle of outer
line to the apex.
Hiiithciiigs: with the same suffusion, the inner edge of submarginal line below
costa also black-brown.
Face velvety black above, brown below.
Expanse of wings : 60 mm.
One ? from Dammer Island, November 1898 (H. Kiihn).
I have referred this as an aberration to ^1. rccurmriu ; but it may prove
a constant local form. At first sight it ajjpears very distinct.
Subfamily ASCOTINAE.
'■12. Aids 0.) paucisignata sp. nov.
Forewings : dull brownish ochreous, speckled and striated with blackish ;
first line at one-fonrth, curved and indistinct ; onter line fine, blackish, irregularly
crennlate, at two-thirds. A small dark cell-spot, followed by an obscure median
shade ; marginal area beyond outer line filled up with brownish and finely striated
with black, the apical area jiali'r; fringe concolorous lieyond a fine dark marginal line.
Hindicings : wholly suffused with brownish and sjieckled with black, except
the narrow basal area, which remains paler.
Underside similar, but the ground-colour yellower, and the brown tints brighter;
traces of a dark interrupted submarginal shade. Head, thorax, and abdomun like
wings ; face and palpi browner.
Expanse of wings : 3.") mm.
One ? from the Gunong Ijau, Perak, March 1898 (2000— 3U00 ft.) (Butler).
Probably near A/cis (cncra Warr., from India, but its exact position must
remain doubtful in the absence of the S ; veins 10 and 11 of forewings free.
93. Calicha rufiplaga sp. nov.
Forewings: almost black, with a slight rufous tinge ; the lines black ; first
curved and double from about one-fourth of costa to near base of inner margin ;
second from three-fourths of costa to just beyond middle of inner margin, indented
below costa and thickened to vein 0, followed on costa by a small ochreous mark ;
submarginal line only shown by the darker internal border, black at costa ; it is
preceded above vein 6 by a dull rufous blotch ; au indistinct median shade: marginal
line and fringe blackish.
Jliiiilwiiig.^ : with antemedian, postmedian, and submarginal black lines : cell-
spot black.
Underside smoky black-brown ; the cell-spots and exterior line black, and the
rufous blotch sliowing through. Head, thorax, and abdomen all black.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
One i from .Strathfield, N. S. Wales (Kerslake).
Veins lo and 11 of forewings short-stalked.
( 349 )
04. Chogada vittata sp. nov.
Fore/riiif/s : white, sjjarsely dnsted with black scales : first Hue at one-fourth,
black and curved, preceded by two smoky shades, making the basal area as a whole
dark ; second line from costa at three-fourths to two-thirds of inner margin,
irregularly dentate Inunlate, bent outwards beyond cell, then incurved, followed by
a smoky dark shade; submarginal line uniformly Innulate, preceded and followed
by dark shades, the inner one blacker and regular, the outer interrupted below
middle ; fringe dark grey, with black marginal lunules at base ; cell-spot sometimes
wholly black, sometimes with a pale centre ; generally a faint thin median line
through it ; sometimes this line is thickened with a shade which fills up more or
less the whole of the central space ; in these specimens all the other shades are
thicker.
Jliiuhciiif/s : like forewings, without first line, the base itself smoky.
Underside smoky black, the discal spots large and velvety black, each preceded
and followed by a whitish space. A small white spot at apex and below middle of
hindmargin iu each wing. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, speckled with grey;
abdomen generally with black basal ring.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
Four ? ? from Kossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, February — March 1898
(Meek).
The species is nearest to C.fuUginosa Warr., from Engauo.
95. Darisa (?) marmorata sp. nov.
Forewiiiys : stone-grey, dusted slightly with black scales and mottled with
numerous transverse grey strigae ; the costa with black spots at the origin of lines ;
first line from about one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, angled outwards
above and below the median vein and marked with black dots on the veins, the
portion below submedian vein oblique outwards ; second line (median) from a large
black costal s]iot before middle to about middle of inner margin, interrupted, and
marked by ilark scales on the veins ; outer line from a similar costal blotch just
be3ond middle to two-thirds of inner margin, marked by blackish vein-spots,
slightly excurved from vein 6 to 2, the portions of this and the median line below
submedian vein obliciue inwards ; this line is followed by a broad rufous-grey shade
with denticulate edges on the veins, also starting from a dark costal sjwt ; sub-
marginal line pale, obscure, but preceded by a curved series of short wedge-shaped
black blotches between veins except between 4 and 5 ; a marginal series of black
spots ; fringe grey ; no cell-sjiot visible above.
UuKliviiKjs : with thick black curved antemediau and strongly denticulate
black postmedian Hue ; a black linear cell-mark : the rest as in forewings, but
the hindmargin very strongly denticnlate.
Underside dull smoky grey, darker towards hindmargius where there is an
obscure submarginal shade; cell-spots in both wings black, linear, distinct. Head,
thorax, and abdomen grey like wings ; abdomen with a short black lateral streak
on basal segments ; face brownish grey.
Expanse of wings : 56 mm.
One ? from Brown Kiver, British New (iuinea, IS'JS (Weiske).
Forewings with vein 11 out of I'J ; lo anastomosing with 11 and ;igaiu at
a i)oint with 9.
( 350 )
'.ni. Ectropis hypochromaria.
Foreicinys : greenish ochreous, dnsted with fine hlackish atoms; the costa
marked with very fine striae and black spots at the origin of tlie lines ; first
obscure, from costa at one-fourth to inner margin near base ; outer line from
two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, somewhat irregularly waved, incurved
below median vein and forming an inward sinus on submedian fold, closely
approaching a dark sinuous median shade which touches the ocelloid cell-spot ;
all three lines partially doubled by a dark shade, especially the outer line, the
outer shade of which has a strongly marked dentate edge containing a dark
blotch below vein 7, and running to costa at four-fifths ; submargiiial pale, waved,
interrupted, with dark clouds before and beyond it, and a blackish blotch from
it to hindmargin below vein 7 : marginal spots black ; fringe concolorous.
Hhulwings: without first line; the median double line broader and dilTiise,
the shade beyond outer line forming a dark blotch on inner margin.
Underside dingy ochreous, with the markings and round cell-sjiots obscurely
darker; a dift'use submargiual dark cloud. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ;
the abdomen with a black band at base.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
Two S i from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, February 1899 (A. S. Meek).
The pectus, femora, base of abdomen and anal segments are all thickly clothed
with hair ; the hind-tibiae much swollen, with a pencil of hairs, and four short
spurs, the tarsi short.
'J7. Ectropis rufibrunnea sp. nov.
Forewiiic/s : reddish brown, varied with paler, and thickly black-speckled,
especially along the veins ; costa dotted with black ; the lines marked mainly
by black dots on the veins, and starting from larger blackish costal spots ; first
from one-fourth of costa to one-fifth of inner margin, followed by a slightly paler
fascia ; median line outcurved below costa, then oblique to one-third of inner
margin ; outer line from two-thirds of costa, outcurved at veins (i and .">, then
obliiine and closely approaching median line on submedian fold, to middle of
inner margin : submarginal line wavy, whitish, followed by a dark patch between
veins 6 and 7, above which the apex is paler ; fringe red-brown, a diffuse red-
brown cloud on discocellular.
Ilindiriiui-s : the same, but without first line, and with the basal area paler.
Underside dull cinereous, mottled with darker; both wings with large dark
cell-spot and smoky dark submarginal fiiscia; costa of forewings ochreous strigulatetl
with fuscous ; the apex paler. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; palpi dark,
with the tips pale ; face dark brown, paler below ; legs blackish with the joints
ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 4o mm.
One cj from Mackay, Queensland.
Distitiguishcd from the other sjK'cies of the genus by its red-brown coloration
and somewhat stouter build.
(351 )
98. Gasterocome subfasciata sp. nov.
Fovewings : pale brownish ochreons, varied with darker brown ; the three
lines indistinct, being lost in the brown fasciae accompanying them, but all three
starting from concise black-brown costal spots at one-fonrth, two-fifths, and two-
thirds respectively ; the lines are deuticnlate and rnn parallel to hindmargin ; the
shade preceding the submargiual line externally deuticnlate, and starting from a
large brown costal blotch, which is followed on costa by two small blotches ; a row
of triangular dark marginal spots between the veins ; fringe concolorous.
Hindirings : with pale ochreous base ; a dark brown line at one-fifth ; a
distinct deutated diirk postmediau lino, ajiproaching first line on inner margin,
the included space darker brown containing a black cell-spot ; the postmedian line
is finely edged with pale and then a brown cloud ; submarginal line and marginal
area as in forewings.
Underside pale ochreous with grey striations ; a brown-grey submarginal
fascia, joining margin ojijKjsite cell ; cell-spots and costal spots of forewiug brown
Head, thorax, and abdomen brown and ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
One 6 from Penang, April I89s (Curtis).
The double tuft of hair beneath on the basal segment of abdomen is blackish
and submetallic.
99. Maidana pallidiplaga s^i. miv.
Forewings : pale greyish ochreons, thickly dusted witli minute black atoms;
the costa with dense blackish striae : frrst line at one-fourth, marked generally by
black vein-spots ; second line from three-fonrths of costa to three-fifths of inner
margin, slightly curved, marked also by black vein-dots : a straight oblique median
shade from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, sometimes hardly visible,
at others strongly marked in blackish ; cell-spot linear, blackish : submarginal line
pale, indistinct, except when preceded by a dark dentate shade, but always forming
a pale oval blotch between veins 3 and 4, and sometimes followed by a black spot
below apex ; a marginal row of black spots ; fringe concolorous ; the narrow space
between median and outer lines is generally paler than the rest of the wing.
Hindwitigti : without first line ; the postmedian denticulate.
Underside ])aler and greyer ; with black cell-spots and denticulate postmedian
line. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : $ 4(J mm. ; ? 44 mm.
Two Si from Rossel Island, February— March 1898 (Meek); eight Si,
2 ? ?, from Sudest Island, April Isiis (Meek). The single typical ? is darker
marked than the ii, and in particular has the dark edging of the submarginal
line more distinct both above and below. The other ? is so strongly marked as
to require a distinct aberrational name.
sh. fumipicta nov.
Ground-colour yellow-ochreous, with the basal line and patch, the oblique
median line, and marginal third beyond and including the outer line dark smoky
fuscous ; the costal area and a small oval patch between veins 3 and 4, as well
as the extreme hindmargin ochreous ; hindwings with the central band and
marginal third smoky fuscous, the hindmarginal area, especially towards anal angle,
slightly varied with ochreous.
25
( 352 )
Microtome geu. uov.
Foreicings : narrow, the costa nearl)' straight, curved close to apex ; apex
blnutly rounded ; hindmargin fiiintl}- excised between veins 6 and 8, below obliquely
curved.
Hindtvinys: narrow: apex rounded off; hindmargin well nmnded and sub-
creuulate ; anal angle excised from vein 1.
Abdomen of 6 long and slender ; antennae bipectinated : forehead produced
below ; paljii thick and stout, oblique in front of face, terminal joint minute ;
tongue and frenulum present ; hind-tibiae thickened, with four short spurs: forewiug
with distinct fovea.
Seuration : forewiugs, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular bluntly angled ;
first median at three-fifths, second close before end of cell ; radials normal; 7, 8, 9,
stalked; 10 and 11 stalked. Hiudwings with costal shortly approximated to
subcostal : first subcostal nervule and second median close before ends of cell.
T3-pe M. trigonata sp. nov.
100. Microtome trigonata sp. nov.
Forewiugs : pale ochreous, more or less dusted with fuscous and in parts
suffused with ochraceous : the lines ochraceous, indistinct, and often obsolete, all
starting from brown-grey spots on costa ; first from one-fifth of costa to nearly
one-third of inner margin, oblique outwards to subcostal vein, then vertical : median
difiusc, slightly before middle, angled, like the first, then slightly oblique to near
middle of inner margin : outer line fine, at two-thirds, sinuous and marked liy
dark vein-dots, closely followed by a darker Hue or shade which starts from costa
just before apex ; the space between this line and the median forms a pale costal
triangle, suffusedly edged with ochraceous : marginal area ochraceous, through
which the submarginal line is marked above the median by pale black-edged spots
or lunules ; fringe ochraceous.
Hiudwings : i)aler, without any ochraceous sufl'iision ; an obscure and ditl'use
autemedian shade, a curved slightly waved jiostmedian line, and a macular sub-
marginal line ; cell-spot brown, in one example large ami round ; the two lines
are brown on inner margin.
Underside ochreous, speckled with ochraceous : the lines ochraceous and more
distinct, the second on the hindwiijg double : the dark submarginal spots of
forewiugs and cell-spot of hiudwings larger and blacker. Head, thorax, and
abdomen ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
Two SS from Rossel Island, February — IMarclj 1898 (Meek).
li'l. Poecilalcis indigna sp. nov.
Foretvings : ochreous-whifisli, sj)ecklcd and suft'used with pale fuscous and
brown ; the lines dark brown ; first from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, bent above the median vein ; second from two-thirds of costa to three-
fifths of inner margin, outcurved above incurved below, denticulate and lunulate :
the included space filled up with j)ale brown and containing a com])aratively
large dark cell-spot : submarginal line i)alc, indistinct, preceded by brownish clouds
and followed beyond cell and at costa by brown shades ; a row oi' elongated dark
marginal sjjots ; fringe ochreous.
( 353 )
ilitulwings : worn ; apparently with postmedian and submargiual lines.
Underside simUar, with the markings obscure. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreons ; face and palpi dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One cJ from Penang, March 1898 (Curtis).
Quite the smallest species of the genus.
102. Sysstema farinosa sp. uov.
Forewings : whitish, powdered with grey ; the lines olive-fuscous, rather
indistinct, darker on the costa ; first near base ; second median, ontcurved round
the large dark cell-spot ; postmedian slightly angled on veins 6 and 4, submarginal
formed of brownish lunules ; an interrupted dark marginal line ; fringe concolorons.
Hindtcings : with sinuous antemediau, postmedian and incomplete submargiual
lines.
Underside dull grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, like wings.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One S, one ?, from Eon Island, July L'^OT (Doherty).
Forewings without fovea ; veins T, 8, 9, stalked ; 10 and 11 coincident.
Subfamily SELIDOSEMINAE.
103. Casbia anomalata sp. nov.
? . Forewings : reddish fuscous, speckled with darker ; the lines blackish
fuscous, indistinct towards costa ; first from one-hftli of costa to one-fourth of
inner margin, curved, preceded on inner margin by an orange-red blotch ; second
(median) from middle of inner margin, parallel to first as far as median vein, then
curved outwards towards middle of costa ; third from three-fourths of inner margin,
sinuous, approaching second at costa ; fourth (submarginal) lilack and wiived,
preceded by orange-red patches almost touching third line : a row of black marginal
spots ; fringe concolorons ; cell-spot ocelloid, dark with pale centre.
Hindwings : like forewings, but with a single dark antemediau line, and the
other markings more indistinct.
Underside rufous-ochreuus with a broad blackish marginal fascia. Head,
thorax, and abdomen concolorons ; palpi dark fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
One ? from Woodlark Island, April IS'JT (Bleek).
Along with this ¥ is a J captured at the same time and place, bat not in such
good condition, which probably belongs to the same species ; inasmuch, however,
as it differs structurally from the ? , I describe it separately. The forewings are
longer and narrower ; the cell is ij^uite half the length of the wing, whereas in
the ? it is scarcely half as long ; in the 6 therefore the ocelloid cell-spot is near
to the third line, while in the ? it is just beyond the second ; vein 2 rises at
one-third from the base, instead of as in the ¥ at one-half, and there is no fovea.
The markings, as far as they can be made out, are similar to those of the ? . The
hind-tiliiae are not thickened, and have two pairs of slender spurs, much farther
apart from each other than in the ? ; in both the palpi are porrect and longer than
usual in the genns ; but while in the ? they are dark fuscous and closely scaled,
in the S they are pale reddish ochreous, and much longer, the second joint being
( 354 )
hairy, the third smooth and slender and bent at an angle with the second ; the
shaft of the S antennae is white with the pectinations fuscous.
Expanse : 'M mm.
Iu4. Parametrodes aurantiacata sp. nov.
tj. Forewings : deep yellow with orange-red strigae aud suffusion ; the costa
with dark fuscous striae and ochreous intervals ; first line diffuse, at one-fourth,
orange-red ; second at two-thirds, thicker, angled outwards at vein 4, and inwards
on the submedian fold ; followed by a white blotch beyond cell and on submedian
fold ; marginal area beyond suffused and thickly striated with orange-red ; fringe
concolorous ; cell-spot red.
Hi)idwi)igs : like forewings, but without first line.
? with the lines more defined ; the red striae mixed with fuscous ; the outer
line followed by pale yellow instead of white blotches.
Underside duller ; the outer line red aud narrower ; a diffuse fuscous marginal
fascia. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, speckled with orange-red; the shoulders
wholl}' red.
Expanse of wings : 6 26 mm. ; ? 3(1 mm.
A pair from Sudest Island, April 1898 (Meek).
The hindwings of the 6 are not so disproportionately large as in the type
species, dispar.
Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE.
105. Azata funebris sp. nov.
Forewings : dark purplish grey, with very much less pale scaling than iu
A. variegata Warr. ; the pale scales being restricted to the space between middle
and outer lines ; the costa dotted with yellow and fuscous purple ; three dark brown
transverse lines, finer and less wavy than in varii'gata, the outer preceded by
yellowish scales : submarginal line hardly shown, except by a j)rominent j)ale
snbapical spot above vein li ; an interrupted dark purplish marginal line ; fringe
white at base, broadly mottled with fuscous beyond the veins.
Himhchigs : with only two lines ; the submarginal faintly [laler.
Underside white, thickly pej)i)ered with jmrplish, the lines and a broad sub-
marginal fascia purplish ; the subapical s])ot of forewings white. Head, tliorax,
and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
Three SS, two ? ?, from Blilnc Bay, British New (iuinea, November 1898—
February 1899 (Meek).
The hindmargiu of hindwings is rounded, without an elbow in the middle;
the antennae of S have longer ciliations, and the forewings arc witliout the
conspicuous hyaline fovea of..!, tarkgata.
Genus Bithiodes Warr., Nov. Zool. I. p. 439.
AVIien 1 made this genns for the species— up to that time referred to Liixiaria
AVlk. — in which the angle of the hindwings is at the end of vein 6 instead of
vein 4, I named Acidalin incxadnla Wlk., as the type, being under the impression
that it was the oldest name for oblirjuata Moore. To my surprise, when lately
( 355 )
examining Walker's types in the Oxford Museum, I at once recognised the type
of ine-icactata, a ¥ , as being the insect described by me as Nadugarorles straminea
(cf. Nov. ZooL. III. pp. 303 and 411), and by Meyrick as Luxiaria ditrota (of.
Tr. E. /S. 1807 p. 70). Both these names mnst therefore sink to inexactata, and
obliquata Moore (= inexactata, Wan-en not Walker) stand as type of Bithiodes.
106. Evarzia tripunctata sp. nov.
Fori'H'inffs : whitish, dappled with ochreous and fnscous ; the costa olive-
ochreons witli fine black dots ; the lines oclireous-olive, browner on the costa ; first
close to base, bent below costa ; second a little before middle, obliqne, and slightly
sinnous ; the outer fine and brown, forming a strong angle outwards towards the
excision, then sinuous to two-thirds of inner margin ; a dark brown costal streak
be3'ond it ; a darker shaile beyond the outer line running nn to apex and embracing
the excision ; black marginal dots between the veins and a fine black line along the
excision ; fringe black-browu along the e.xcision, concolorons with wings below.
fl/nd/ci/ii/s : witli a dark spot at base, a diffuse double sinuous antemedian line
before the black cell-spot; a nearly straight brown postraedian line with three black
lunules contiguous to it and each other, the middle one between veins 3 and 4 ;
marginal third darker, olive-ochreons with a waved submarginal line through it,
preceded by a single black blotch between veins 3 and 4 ; fringe pale, with small
marginal dots at Itase.
Underside white, mottled with dark fuscous ; a partially double wavy dark
brown median line and treble outer line lying in a fulvous shade, which in forewings
is forked to costa and excision, leaving the apex pure white with black speckles ;
head, thorax, and abdomen greyish.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
One <S from S. f lores, October 1896, dry season (Everett).
107. Gronodela eflfusata ab. uniformis nov.
Forewings : uniform dark grey, mixed with ochreous scales ; the inner and
median lines very indistinct, marked at the costa with darker ; outer line fine, dark
brown, edged with ochreous scales, altogether ochreous at the angle ; a white semi-
hyaliue blotch between veins 2 and 3 near their rise, a smaller one between 3 and 4,
and another beyond the angle of outer line ; cell-spot small, inconsi>icuous ; fringe
unicolorous, with an interrupted black line at the base ; a faintly darker sub-
marginal shade.
Hindicings : with distinct black cell-spot beyond a waved dull central line ; a
fine black slightly undulatiug line just beyond the middle ; a dull submarginal
cloud ; pale i)atches, as in forewings, at base of the median veins.
Underside yellowish with thick brown speckling ; white patches of forewing
very distinct ; a curved brown exterior line as well as traces of the brown angnlated
line of the upper side ; submarginal shade blackish ; fringe glossy grey with paler
base ; hindwings with black cell-spot, but the pale blotches very obscure. Head,
thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings.
Expanse of wings : 37 mm.
One J from Solan, near Simla, August 1896,
( 356 )
108. Nadagara irretracta sj). nov.
Forewings : pale greyish fawn-colour, faintly dappled with darker ; first line
from one-third of costa to before one-third of inner margin, strongly ontcnrvcd in
cell close to the dark brown cell-spot, but indistinct except on costa and inner
margin ; second line from inner margin a little beyond middle to costa shortly before
apex, irregularly crenalate and slightly curved ; unlike the other species this line
is not retracted at costa ; the inner line is edged outwardly and the outer internally
with brown, while the inner is edged internally and the onter externally with
whitish; a faint dentate submarginal line preceded by a faint brownish shade and
edged outwardly with whitish ; a row of chocolate-brown marginal lunules ; fringe
(?) concolorons.
Hiiuhvings : similar ; no inner line, the onter Hue straight ; marginal line
chocolate-brown, crennlate.
Underside greyish white, thickly striated with fawn-brown ; cell-spots and
outer line brown. Palpi, top of face, and edges of vertex fulvous ; face brown :
tliorax and abdomen like wings ; shoulders darker.
Expanse of wings : 3.3 mm.
One d from Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford).
Nearest to JV. pulchriUneata Wlk.
109. Nadagarodes duplicipuncta sp. nov.
Very closely allied to X. mi/solata Wlk. (= ceraiiiuta Wlk. = itunctata Feld.) ;
but whereas in that species the lines are all oblique, and straight, parallel to hind-
margin, in the present one they are curved and crenulate. This will distinguish
both sexes. The ? ? moreover may be easily separated by the white apical blotch
of the underside of forewings, which in mysolata is single, and contained between
veins 7 and 8, and in duplicipuncta double, extending to vein 6. The species
occurs, along with mysolata, in St. Aignan ; Ron Island ; Ansns, Jobi ; Sudest
Island and Rossel Island ; but at present I have not seen it from New Hanover
or Goodenongh Island, from both of which localities mijsolata has lately been
received, nor from the original localities of that species, Mysol and Ceram. Felder's
Psamatodes nunctata is identical with mysolata.
Expanse of wings : 40 — 44 mm.
The St. Aignan specimens are all smaller than the average size.
110. Tephrinopsis lineata sp. nov.
Forewings : dingy whitish, covered with short fine transverse brown striae ; a
dark brown inner line at one-fourth, angled in cell, then obliiiue inwards ; a diffuse
clondy oblique median shade touching first line and containing a small dark cell-spot;
exterior and snbmarginal lines olijiquc and dose together, thick, slight!}' crenulate
and diffuse; a short dark line at anal nnglc : an interrupted dark marginal line;
fringe concolorous.
Iliiidwiiigg : with thick difl'nse antcmedian .shade, and three postmedian lines,
the last bent at middle ; cell-sjjot black.
Underside yellower, with the lines and striae reproduced. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings. *
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
One 6 from Penang, April 1898 (Curtis).
( S.-iT )
- Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
111. Gonophaga albipuncta sp. nov.
Forewings : pale fawn-colonr, speckled witli fuscons, and towards hiudmargin
tinged with brown ; the lines marked by fnsoons dots on veins ; first from one-
fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, oblique to subcostal, then vertical ;
second from three-fourths of costa, oblique outwards to vein 6, then oblique inwards
to inner margin just beyond middle, and therefore approximated to first line ;
cell-spot annular, with white centre and dark edge ; a cloudy curved postmedian
shade ; submarginal line indistinct, dark l)rownisb, marked by black white-centred
dashes on veins beyond it ; marginal line lunnlate and dark above the angle, brown
below it ; fringe brown, like the marginal tint.
Hivfhrings : with cell-spot as on forewings ; a curved postmedian line of black
dots ; submarginal line nearly straight from just before ape.x to anal angle, dark
brown, edged externally with pale, which between veins 4 and 0, and 0 and 7, is
developed into a whitish spot ; marginal half of wing tinged with deep brown
except beyond submarginal line from anal angle to middle.
Underside yellow, strignlated with brown ; outer lialf <if wings deep brown,
becoming lilac-grey beyond submarginal line ; inner edge of the brown fascia
sinuous, preceded by a row of black spots on the veins ; cell-spot white with brown
edge, the lower half of median shade brown ; hindwings the same. Head, thorax,
and abdomen ochreous, speckled with fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 6 30 mm. ; ? 44 mm.
One (J from Ron Island, July 1897 (Doherty) ; two + ?, one c?, from Sudest
Island, April ; two <S S, one ?, from Rossel Island, February — March 1898 (Meek).
In forewings veins 10 and 11 are coincident, anastomosing with 12, 10 not
afterwards anastomosing with 8, 9, as in Anisogrnjj/ic Warr. ; but in shape of
hindwings the species agrees with Gonophaga rather than with Anisograpke. In
one ? from Sudest Island vein 10 does anastomose at a point with 8, 9.
112. Hyposidra incomptaria.
Lagym incomptaria "VVlk., xxxv. p. 1539, S (Arn).
Lagyra corticaria Wlk., xxxv. p. 1540, S (Tondano).
Hyposidra variabilis Warr., Nov. Zool. III. p. 306 (Fergusson Island).
„ „ „ „ „ III. p. 416 (Hnmboldt Bay, New Guinea).
„ „ „ „ „ IV. p. 119 (Queensland).
Having seen many more examples of this variable species, I am satisfied that
my variabilis is identical with Walker's incomptaria. Among five specimens
(one ?, four i S), lately received from Sudest Island, collected by A. S. Meek,
one i in particular is so strikingly marked that I here record it as aberr.
pallidiplaga. The ground-colour is a mixture of deep brown and purplish grey ;
the lines, the upper half of central fascia, the apical blotch and submarginal shade
are brown ; but the inner margin from near base to beyond middle bears an
irregular yellowish ochreous patch extending to the median vein, and transversed
by the inner, median, and exterior brown lines. Hindwings dark purplish fuscous,
the patch at anal angle brown with a yellow spot on it on inner margin.
( 358 )
ll;i. Mimomiza annulata sp. nov.
Foi'ewings : yellow, snftnsed in places with Ijriglit fiilvons and speckled with
fuscons ; the lines lead-coloured ; first from one-fonrth of costa, oblique outwards
from costa, angled in cell, to one-third of inner margin : outer line with white outer
edge, oblique from three-fourths of inner margin towards apes close before which
it is acutely angulated and retracted to costa ; au oblique dark costal streak at
two-thirds ; cell-spot annular ; fringe apparently yellow.
Ilimhcings : paler, not suffused with fulvous ; the outer line at three-fourths
curved parallel to hindmargin ; no first line ; cell-spot annular.
Underside yellowish, with coarse fuscons speckles ; the cell-spots dark ; outer
line indicated on both wings, and beyond it a cnrved series of dark dots on veins,
which are faintly marked also on the njiperside. Head, thorax, and abdomen
yellow, suffused with fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 3o mm.
One ? from S. Flores, October 189(5, dry season (Everett).
In forewings veins 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 are stalked, and 11 anastomoses with \'l,
their apex is produced, and the hindmargin bent at vein 4.
Note. — Abraxas compositata Guen. : not an Indian insect. In the Brit. ^fn^.
Ca<. xxiv. p. ir~!i.i (I.^'l-j, Walker referred four specimens of au Indian insect to
Abr. compositata Guen., the types of which came from N. China and Japan. In the
Proc. Zool. Soc, Lone/, p. 6o3 (1807), Mr. Moore, accei)ting Walker's identification,
erected, not without reason, a new genus, Vindtisara, for the Indian species, which
he figured (PI. XXXII. fig. 0); and it is recorded as Guenee's species in Cotes &
Swinhoe's Catalogue of 1888, and subsequently by !Sir G. Hampson in the Fauna
of Brit. India, Moths, iii. p. 290 ; nor did it occur to me, when rearranging the
Geometridae in the British Museum Collection, to suspect the correctness of
"Walker's assumption, accepted, as it apparently had been, liy general consent. I
have lately had occasion to refer to Mr. Leech's paper on the " Lejjidoptera Heterocera
of China, Japan, and Corea," published in Ann. Mag. N. II. WJl, and was surprised
to find no record of the occurrence of a species which, in India, seems to be no
rarity. On referring to Guenee's origiuiil description, it was at once apparent that
this Indian sjiecies, for whose identification Walker was responsible, has nothing
whatever to do with Guent5e's so-called .[/jra.ias from China. The expanse of the
Indian insect, as given by Hampson, is 74 — 8ii mm. ; Guenee gives 40 mm. for his
Chinese species. Secondly, Gnenee makes no mention of any excision in the
hindmargin of the hindwings, a ]>ecnliarity not occurring in any Ahraxiis,!im\ which
could not have escaped his observation ; but, lastly and jiositively, he speaks of " a
bundle of yellow hairs at the base of the forewings in the i_ on the underside."
Thus the omission of the species A. ro/njjositata Guen., under that name, in Mr.
Leech's paper became intelligible. In fact, Abr. compositata (Juen. is nothing else
than Lijgris junciilineata Wlk., a species with whicli (Juenee's description agrees
entirely, but which does not occur in India, as neither does Walker's compositata in
China. The Indian insect must therefore be quoted for the future as compositata
Walker, non Gucncc. The snjierficial resemblance in colour and markings between
the two insects may possibly have misled Walker; though how he could have over-
looked the mention of the tuft of hairs below it is difficult to understand. To
modern devotees of neuration will be interesting to observe, as a result of the
( 359 )
comparative inattention to strnctnral differences whicli characterised the earlier
entomologists, that liofh Guenee described as an Ahraxtts an insect which belonged
to another subfamily, the Larentiixie, and Walker referred to the same genus
Abraj-as, the identical Larentid with which he had previously misidentified a
Boarmin.
NOTE ON TE8TUD0 8UMEIEEI.
By WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.
IN May 1898, Mr. Leopold Antelme sent me a giant land tortoise purporting to
be an abnormally lavgejemale of Testudo elephantina. Uu its arrival at the
London Zoological Gardens, the first discovery I made was that, instead of being
a gigantic feni'dc, it was a male of (for elfjihnntina) moderate size, the carapace
measuring about thirty-eight inches in a straight line. I immediately examined
the animal more closely, and found that it was quite distinct from T. elephantina
iu many characters. It was nearly as wide as long, while T. elephantina is half as
long again as wide; it was (|uite flat on the top of carapace, while T. elephantina is
strongly arched; it was sharply declivous in front, while T. elephantina is much
more gradually deflexed; its head was narrower, and lastly, its neck was half as long
again, as in T. elephantina. On comparison with the figures and descriptions in
Dr. Giinther's monograph, I came to the conclusion that it was an exceedingly large
example of the supposed extinct Mauritius species, Testudo inepta, and as such it
was registered. Some months afterwards, being struck by the animal's attitudes
and action, I had it photographed in a variety of positions, and became at once
aware on seeing the prints that I had seen such pictures before. On going through
my various jiictures of tortoises, I discovered that my tortoise agreed exactly with
the specimen still living in the Artillery Barracks at Mauritius. 1 then proceeded
to look up Mr. Sauzier's description of the Mauritius specimen which he named
Testudo siimeirei, and 1 found that my animal agreed iu all points with the Mauritius
specimen. I therefore have the great pleasure of recording a second living specimen
of Testudo sumeirei.
Now, as to the history of these Testudo sumeirei, it is known that in the year
1766 five large tortoises were brought to Mauritius from the Seychelles by the
French Chevalier Marion do Fresne, and were known as the Marion tortoises.
In the year 1833 one of these was sent by Sir Charles Colville to the London
Zoological Gardens, but soon died. A second arrived a few years later. Both these
were recorded as 'Testudo indica, as were all giant land tortoises up to 1871 ; since
then these two have been supposed to have been Testudo vosmaeri of the Isle of
Kodriguez, but evidently were two J', sumeirei.
'Testudo sumeirei is a little-known species whose characters have not been well
diagnosed, for being only known from living specimens, the essential and osteologicat
features have not been available for examination. It w^as thought by Mr. Sauzier
( 360 )
tlmt this was the species, or one of the species, which formerly inhabited the Island
of Bourbon or Rf^nnion. This I always donbted, as the species had nothing in
common with the other six or seven extinct Mascarene tortoises, whili' it had great
affinity to the four races of Aldabrn. At the time of the publication of Dr. Giinther's
monograph, a very large number of references to the Giant Tortoises by various
ancient voyagers had been overlooked or not made jinblic, and also the discovery
of tortoise eggs in a semi-fossilised state had not been made on an ontlying island of
the Seychelles. Now, however, we know that in additit>n to the imported Aldabra
tortoises the Seychelles were originally inhabited by a special race or races of giant
land tortoises. The Testudo stimeirei, as we have seen, were taken from the Seychelles
to Manritins as curiosities ; up to IsoO Aldabra was overrun witli thousands of
tortoises, so that the Aldabra races were well known: what would bo more likely,
on the other hand, that the last, or nearly the last, indigenous Seychelles tortoises
shonld have been carefully preserved and taken to Mauritius as wonders ? I
therefore think there is little doubt that I't'sludo sumeini was the original
Se3-clielles tortoise, and of these three only are left alive— two in Mauritius, and
one in London.
( 361 )
THE GENUS AFTEBYX.
BY THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, PH.D.
WITH A CHAPTER ON THE ANATOMY OP THE KIWIS BY FRANK BEDDAUD.
(Plates IX. to XVI.)
THE genns Apteryx, forming the family Apterygidae, is now generall.v admitted
to represent an order or snborder {Aptcnjges or Apteryyi/ormes) of the
Ratitae. The position among the latter has been generally recognised from the
time of the earliest knowledge of the Apterijx. In 1813 Shaw said that these
birds seemed "to approach more nearly to the strathions and galliuaceons tribes
than to any other." Lesson finally placed Apitenjx among his "Oiseanx Anomanx,"
which correspond with our Rntifae, declaring that it would doubtless have a
sternum without a keel. Latham ^Gen. Hist. B. v. X. p. 394) called it an
" Apterous Penguin," and this grave error of judgment was iendoraed by Stephens
(in Shaw's Gen. Zool. v. XIII. p. ~0), while Temminck placed it along with the
Dodo in his order Imrtes. The peculiar features of the Apteryx have been very
differently valued, but not many serious donbts have ever been raised as to the
fact. that the Aptcryges belong to the Ratitae. Nevertheless Fiirbringer (Unters.
zur Morphologie u. Syst. (I. Vog. v. II. p. 156", 1888) places the Kiwis, together
with the Crypturiformes and Galliformes, in his order Alectorornithes, dividing his
Oens Apteri/ges into the families Apterygidae aud Dinornithidae. Many important
anatomical details (see among others Parker's observations) show a striking
similarity with the Carinatae rather than with the Ratitae, especially the structure
of the foot. If the structure of the eggshell is admitted as of any taxonomic
value, then the Kiwis have nothing to do with any of the other Ratitae, but approach
the Grallae or Grallifonnes. This is easily seen when examining an Apteryx-egg
macroscopically, aud admitted by everybody {cf. Huttou 1871, Des Murs, Schalow
1894) ; and also Nathusius' microscopical studies on the eggs of Apteryx led to the
same conclusion.
Notwithstanding these facts, most recent authorities (cf. Gadow, Newton,
Sharpe, Salvadori and others) have placed the Kiwis in the system as an order
or snborder of the Ratitae, and this may therefore for the present be accepted,
tliough not without reserve. In view of the important peculiarities of these birds —
chiefly the extraordinary position of the nostrils, almost on the tip of the beak,
the absence of an aftershaft to the feathers, the presence of four well-developed
toes, and the prodigiously large, thin-shelled egg — it is certainly impossible to
place them merely as a genus along with the Ostriches, Nandus aud Cassowaries,
especially since it is now universally admitted that the above-named three groups
are very distinct families and even orders — Strift/iiones with the genus Struthio,
Rheae with the genus Rhea, Casiiarii with the genera Dromaeus and Casuarii/s
(cf. Cat. B. Brit. Miis. v. XXVII. pp. .571-90).
( 362 )
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF APTERYX.
The Kiwis are large birds, as large as and larger than a domestic fowl. They
have extremely aborted wings, without flight-feathers, no rectrices, a long, slender,
slightly curved beak, with nostrils near tho tip. The legs are strong, covered with
variously-sized scutes, the metatarsus about as long as the middle toe. The bill
has long and numerous bristles at the base. The feathers are long, narrow, and
without an aftershaft. The hind toe is well developed, and has, like the other
three toes, a long claw. The maxillopalatines resemble those of the Cassowaries,
but the vomer is fused with the palatines and pterygoids. The sternum has no
keel ; the caeca are very large. Habits nocturnal. Food consisting of worms taken
out of the soil with the long bill, and occasionally various seeds and fruits. Egg
enormous, white, shell very thin. In captivity they can be kept without difficulty,
and are not susceptible to cold. The genns was created in 1813.
1813. A/jtcri/j:, Slhiw in X,it. Misc. v. XXFV., Pis. 1057, 1058, ami text.
In 18.37 (Swainson, Class. B. v. II. p. 436) the name was epelt A/iltniy.r, but other synonyms there
do nnt seem to be. In English, German, and French, the Maori word " Kiwi," or " Kiwi-
Kiwi," is adopted for these birds. It was apparently first introduced by Lesson in 1828. Other
native names .are " Kiwi-parure " on the North Lsland, ''Tokneka ' for .ljitir!/.r (iiis(rati.i,
" Kiwi-pukupuku" for Aiilcri/.r nuvni, " Roaroa," "Roa," or " Kiwi-karurai " for Apteryx
luKiiti. The more rufous v,ariety of Aplfri/jc tiiislnil/s innidelli is called " Kiwi-kura." In
Germany the name " Schnepfenstrauss " is sometimes used for the Kiwi.
For accounts of the genns the following articles may be consulted :
1876. Rowley in Oni. Mis,:, v. I. pp. 1—26, Pis. I.— VI. (4 species) ; 1888, Buller, B. New Zmlaml,
2nd Edition, v. II. pp. 308-332, Pis. XL VII. XLVIII (4 species).
1882. Reichenow, Vog. Znoh Gaii. v. I. p. 6.
1893. A. Newton, Did. B. pt. 2, pp. 493-7 (3 species and a "supposed fourth species A.
haasti ").
1893. W. Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club. v. I. (No. X,), pp. XLIX— LXII. (5 species, one sub-
species) ; 1895, Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. XXVII. pp. l')03-12 (6 species).
For anatomy, see, in addition to the places indicated nnder the head of the
various places :
1838, 1842, 1846, 1870. Owen in P. Zonl. Soc. Land. ; id. in Trans. Zool. Sue. Land., vols. II.
UI. VII. ; 1888, T. J. Parker in Proc. if. Soc. v. XLIII. pp. 391-97 (6 cuts) ; id. I.e.
pp. 482-7 (7 cuts) ; id. 1890 in Xature, XLII. p. 16, and in Proc. R. Soc. v. XLVII.
pp. 454-9 ; 1882, Huxley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. ; 1885, Beddard in Proc. Zool. Soc.
Loml. p. 188; 1891, T. J. Parker in X,:id Zeal. Jouni. Science {2), I. pp. 2-9, 66-8; 1888,
Fiirbringer, I'lilers. -. .Morjjh. d. Viigel, v. II. pp. 1436, 1467, 1567; 1893, Gadow, Bronn's
Klasien u. Ortln. VI. 4, Vogel II. {Si/stem. Theil), p. 104.
Oological characters :
1860. Des Murs, Truile gincr. Ouloijie urn. p. 304 ; 1872, Hutton in VV«;i.<. and Proc. Xm- Zeal.
Inst. V. IV. p. 166, PI. IX. ; 1871, Nathusius in Zeiischr. loiss. Zool. pp. 330-55, ff. ; id. in
Joimt.f. Orn. 1871, p. 251 ; 1894, Schalow in Journ.f. Urn pp. 2, 27.
1. Apteryx australis Shaw.
l/w Striated Sotith-Islaml Kiwi.
1813. Aptery.c amlralis, Shaw in Shaic <£• Xodder's Nat. .Misc. v. XXIV. Pis. 1057, 1058, and
text ; 1820 (Oct.), Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2nd. ed. v. I. p. CXIV.
1826. J. F. Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. v. XIII. 1, p. 71 ; 1826, Ranzani, Klem. di Zool. v.
ni. 9, p. 295 ; 1828, Lesson, Man. dOrn. v. II. p. 21 1 ; 1828, Lesson in Voy. Coquille, Zool. I.
2, p. 418 (" Apterix ") (also footnote) ; 1829, Cuvier, Higne An. 2nd ed. I. p. 498 (note) ; 1831,
( 363 )
Lesson, Traite d'Urn. p. 12 ; 1833, Yarrell in Proe. Znul. Soc. pp. 24, 80 ; 1833, id. in Trans.
Zool. Soc. Loud. V. I. pp. 71-76, pi. X. (figure of type) ; 1835, MacLeay in Proi: Zool. Soc.
p. 61 (second specimen); 1836 (Translated extract from Yarrell) in Iris, v. 29, pp. 386-9,
PI. X. ; 1837, Short in P. Zool. Soc. Land, (living specs, seen) ; 1836, 1839, Lesson, Compl.
Buff. V. 6, p. 524, V. 7, p. 4, Atlas PI. 37 (after Shaw) ;
1845 (?). Reichenbach, Handb. Orii. Gallinacene, PI. 386, f. 2191, 21'.t2 ;
1850. Bartlett in P. Zool. Sue. Lund. p. 275, PI. XXX. (head and wing), PI. XXXI. (foot) ; 1856,
Bonaparte in Coinjit. Rend. v. 43, p. 841, No. 21 ; 1861, Sclater & Hochstetter in Rep. Brit,
Ass. Adc. Sci. p. 116 (reprinted in Xnt. Hist Rir.), 1861, v. 8, p. 504 ; 1862, G. R. Gray in
Ibis, ser. 1. v. 4, p. 233 ; 1807, Huxley in P. Zool. Soc. Loml. p. 424 (under aspect of skull) ;
1870 (Apr.), Potts in Tran.^. d- Pruc. ^\ Zealand List. v. 2, p. 66 (egg) ; 1870, Finsch in
J. f. 0. V. 18, p. 337 ; 1872, Potts in Ibis, 3rd ser. v. 2, p. 36 (variety) ; 1872, Sclater in
P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 861 ; 1872, Finsch in J.f. 0. v. 20, p. 263 ;
1873. Schlegel, Mus. P. B. v. 4, Struthiones, p. 7 ;
1873. Butler, B. New Zeal. ed. 1, p. 365 ; 1873, Potts in Trans. <i: Pruc. N. Zealand Inst. v. 5,
pp. 186—193 (biology) ;
1874. Finsch in J.f. 0. v. 22, p. 220 ;
1875. Rowley in Oni. Misc. v. I. p. 18, 19, pi. 4 (juv.) ;
1881. W. A. Forbes in P. Zool. Sue. Lonl. pp. 781, 782 (trachea) :
1882. BuUer, Man. N. Zeal. B. p. 45, PI. XXII. ;
1883. Beddard in /'. Zool. Soc. Lund. pp. 188, 189 (heart); Lankester t.c. p. 23!l (heart^Owen's
heart of Apteryx was that of an Ornithorhynchus) ; Owen I.e. p. 328 (Lankester's surmise not
correct) ; Lankester, I.e. pp. 477-82 (reasserts and proves his former contention) ;
1884. Reischek in Trans. X. Zealand Inst. v. XVII. p. 191 (biolog.) ; 1888, Parker in Ibis,
p. 127, f. 4 (manus) ;
1888. BuUer, B. Xcw Zealand, 2nd ed. v. 2, p. :!22 (synonymy part.); 1888, Smith, Trans. N.
Zeal. Inst. v. 21, p. 223 (plentiful near Lake Brunner) ;
1893. Buller in Trans. N. Z. Inst. v. 25, p. 85 ;
1893. Rothschild in Ball. Oni. Club., No. X. v. 1, pp. 40—42 (id. Ih/s, pp. 574-6).
1895. Salvador!, Cat. B. Brit. .]fus. v. XXVII. p. 6ll4.
1828. Druiniceius nuvae^'landiae (from hearsay and a piece of skin, very imperfectly described) ;
Lesson, Manuel d'Orn. v. 2, p. 210 (Kivi-kivi of natives).
1891. Aptery.r nm.rinm (non Bonaparte 1856 ? nom. nud.), Buller in Trans. Xew Zeal. Inst. V. 23,
pp. 602, 603, V. 24, pp. 01, 92 ;
1893. Aptery.r hiwnji, Rothschild in Bull B. 0. Club, v. 10, pp. Gl, 62 (reprint in Ibis, 1893,
pp. 572, 575) ; 1896, Buller in Trans. New Zeal. Insl. v. 29, p. 204 ; 1898, Buller op. pit.
V. 31, p. 36.
? 1873. Aptrryr fiisia, Potts in Trans. <('• Proc. New Zeal. Inst. v. 5, p. 196 (from native report
about a black Kiwi, which was said to be " all the same as the Kiwi, only black." 1 1)
DESCRIPTION OF A. AUSTRALIS SHAW.
cT iul. Head and neck rufous brownish-grey. Rest of njiperside reddish
brown, each feather margined with black, giving the ])himagr a iongitudinall)'
striped a])pearauce. Uiidersurface grey, with a rufons tinge liere and there. Bill
pale horn-colour, legs and feet reddish brown, iris brown. Total length about
b'M mm.
? ad. Larger than the /««&. Head ainl neck rather dark smoky grey, generally
without the rufous tinge. Rest of jdumage as in the mnk, but the centres of the
feathers in most sj)ecimens paler rufous. Total length about TOO mm.
Jur. Similar to the adult liirds in plumage.
Chick. Much darker than the adult of either se.x. This is caused by the pale
central area of each feather being more restricted in width and the black borders
conseipiently wider : foreheinl markedly more greyish than the rest of the head
and neck. Chicks m this stage strongly resemble adult individuals of Ajiteri/x
(MStralis mn nielli.
( 364)
Thirt\'-one specimens iu my ctillection examined. Twelve of these are from
Stewart's Island.
I have ow femole from the >Sontb Island, collected b}' Mr. Jewell, in which the
Mack edges to the feathers are more restricted and partially mixed with rufous, so
that the whole bird has a much redder appearance than usual. A similar aberration
will be discussed further under Aptenjx australis mantelli.
MEASUREMENTS OF SKINS OF APTER7X AUSTRALIS, IN MILLIMETRES.
Culmen
from base.
Bill from
gape.
Metatarsus.
Toe without
claw.
? ad. Stewart I. (PI. IX.)
206
223
100
68
? ad. Stewart I. (Described as .1.
iiui.rima by BuUer).
195
I'jy
88
59
? ad. no locality.
186
193
83
64
? ad. Stewart I. (Buller)
184
190
83
56
? ad. Stewart I. (Buller).
171
179
89
62
$ ad. South I. (Jewell coll. very
much rufous).
168
172
70
61
5 no locality.
165
172
80
61
? ad. South I.
162
170
76
70
? ad. Stewart I.
162
170
75
59
$ West Coast Sound.
160
170
80
62
" ? " Secretary I. 1899 (Travers)
(? J)-
148
156
71
63
(" ? " teste Butler's label, but per-
haps ri ) Stewart I.
150
157
71
54
(" 5 " teste BuUer's label, but per-
haps (J) Stewart I.
l.W
160
79
59
J Stewart I. (Buller).
144
154
82
63
(^ Stewart I. (Buller).
139
154
83
62
S Stewart I. (Buller;.
13.3
142
74
57
^ Stewart I. (Buller).
130
140
80
58
cf Stewart I. (Buller).
154
161
72
58
J no locality.
125
134
68
50
(J no locality.
124
132
73
58
(? ad. South I.
123
1.S2
65
55-5
c? South L (Jewell coll)
120
126
68
—
cJ South I.
120
129
79
66
(J South I.
115
121
60
—
(J no locality.
115
123
78
58
J Doubtful Sound, ll.5r.88.
112 .
117
60
—
The discovery of Apteri/x australis in 1813 (/.e.)must have created considerable
excitement, and its first describer must have felt justly proud in enriching
ornithological knowledge with such a remarkable addition. The original description
reads as follows : —
"THE SOUTHEEN APTEUYX.
" Generic Chakactek.
" Bill long, slender, nearly strait, covered at the base by a cere, marked on
each side by a tubular furrow, slightly swelled and bent at the tip.
" ITostrils (?) linear, inconspicuous, near the tip of tlic bill, at the end of the
tubular furrow.
( 365 )
" Wings ludiraents ouly, consisting of a single joint or finger, about au inch in
length, and terminated by a small claw or spur.
" Peet comped, short, strong, gallinaceous and tetradactyle ; the hinder or
subinterior toe very short.
" Tail none.
" Specific Character.
" Ferruginous, grey Apteryx, with yellowish brown bill and legs.
" The bird represented on the present plate constitutes a perfectly new genus,
which it is not easy to refer to any of the established ornithological orders. It
seems however to approach more nearly to the Struthious and the Gallinaceous
tribes than to any other, though the very different form of the beak implies a
different manner of life. The size of the bird is nearly that of a goose, and its length,
from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the body, about two feet and a half.
The bill, if measured from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the upper mandible,
is about six inches and three quarters in length ; but if measured from the
beginning of the forehead to the tip, about five inches and three quarters. The
general habit or appearance of the bird approaches to that of the Penguins ; while
the plumage bears a strong alliance to that of the brown or New Holland Cassowary.
The head is rather small, and the neck of moderate length ; the legs, which are
situated as in the Penguins, are sliort and strong, measuring about six inches from
the knee to the extremity of the middle claw. The feet have three toes in front,
and a very short hind or subinterior toe ; and all are furnished with very strong and
sharp claws; that of the middle toe measuring nearly an inch in length. The
whole structure of the feet is gallinaceous. There is no appearance of a tail, and
in place of wings (unless any art of deception has been practised, of which I cannot
discover the least appearance) can ouly be perceived a small single joint ou each
side, measuring about au inch in length, slightly fringed on its lower edge by a few
straggling plumes, and terminateel by a small and sharpish claw or spur, scarcely a
([uarter of an inch iu length. The colour of the whole bird is ferruginous, the edges
of the feathers, which on all parts are of a lengthened and pointed shiii)e, being
of a more dusky cast, and thus giving the appearance of a mixture of brown
in the plumage. The bill and legs are of a yellowish brown colour, the bill paler
than the legs.
" This curious bird is a native of New Zealand, from the south coast of which
it was brought by Captain Barcley of the I'rotddcnee, by whom, through the kind
interposition of my friend, W. Evans, Es(i., it was jtresented to myself. The second
plate represents, iu their natural size, the bill, wing, leg, and a feather of this bird.''
This description is preceded by a Latin translation, headed " Ajderi/x australis"
and accompanied by two plates, one representing the whole bird, the other the bill,
foot, wing, and a feather. The type sjiecimen from which this description was
made passed into the hands of the then Lord Stanley, afterwards thirteenth Lord
Derby, and is now preserved in the Liverpool Museum. Many naturalists, however,
for a long time doubted the actual existence of such an extraordinary creature.
Lesson, who afterwards was well acquainted with this bird, wrote in 1^28 :
on p. 210 of his Manuel iP Ornithologk : " L'Apteryx de M. Temminck ne serait-il
pas fonde sur les pieces de dronte (Dodo) conservdes au Museum de Londres ? "
In this same article Lesson also suggests that the Droute might have been the
( 366 )
Cassowary of Iiiilia (" le casoar des ludes orientales ") with the beak of a specimen
of the Albatross I On the ijrevious page, however, Lesson describes from hearsay
and a piece of a skin a bird abont half the size of the Emeu, which is comiuou
in the forests of New Zeiihmd and which is hunted with dogs by the natives and
called " kivi-kivi." This most imperfectly described bird he names " Dromiccitis
)wvaezelandiae." .Shortly afterwards, in the same year, it dawned on Lesson, that
these latter birds. might have been Shaw's " Apteriu," as Lesson spells it, for he
says : " Nous ne dontons point aujourd'hui que ce ne soit Vapterix australis de
Shaw, figure pi. MLVII et MLVIII, du i.M" volume de ces Miilanges." Xo second
examjjle was known in 1833, when the late Lord Derby sent tiie original specimen
to be exhiliited at a meeting of the Zoological Society of London, and when it was
excellently described and very well figured by Yarrell. A second specimen reached
England in 1835 ; and between that year and ISoU several other specimens ui Apteryx
including the types of ^1. oireni and .1. m<tnteUi, were received in Europe.
Aptenj.1- anstralis, although the first known form of the genus, is much rarer in
collections than A. oweni and A. australis mantelU, and until quite recently it was
by no means easy to procure a series of this bird. In 1888 Sir Walter Buller wrote
as follows : " Comparatively few specimens of this species are now brought in by
collectors iu the South Island, whereas the supply of Aptcnj.i- oireni is undiminished ;
and the conclusion is irresistible that Apten/.c australis, perhaps the most interesting
bird in the Southern Hemisphere, is fast becoming extinct." Sir Walter Buller's
fear about their " becoming fast extinct " may soon be justified, for it is evident
that these defenceless birds, if allowed to be hunted indiscriminately in a country
where civilisation and cultivation of the ground is fast spreading, and where
polecats, stoats and weasels are introduced and abound, must before very long
become rare if not extinct : but at jiresent they are evidently still common in certain
places, and it is strange that this fact was overlooked by the collectors, who liave
apparently never yet systematically explored the avifauna of all parts of their
country. On Stewart Island the Kiwi is now protected by law. 1 have received
specimens from Secretary Island (from Mr. Henry Travers), from Doubtful Sound
and West-Coast Sound : but recently a good number have been captured on Stewart
Island, and I saw, not long ago, a whole bundle of them put np for sale in an
auction room in London. Sir Walter Buller does not describe the exact distribution
on South Island. It would seem, however, that Apteryx australis is less fond of
monutainous parts than most of the other Kiwis, and that it is only known from
the southern parts of the South Island. It will be seen from my synonymy thiit
I cannot separate the Stewart Island birds from typical A. australis. The only
difference ever supposed to exist between them is the alleged larger size of the
Stewart Island form. Sir Walter Buller, having received a large female IVoni
Stewart Island, considered it to be different from .1. australis, and applied to it the
name ^1. maxima. This name not being applicable, 1 named it .1. lairryi, in honour
of Sir Walter Lawry Buller. Having now before me a good series of A. australis
from the South (or Middle) Island as well as from Stewart Island, I find that,
although the largest females happen to be from Stewart Island, they cannot be
separated, the majority of sj)ecimens being equally large from both localities. In
addition to this we find similar variations in size among A. australis ma/itrlli from
the North Island.
One egg from the collection of Count Roedern, now in my museum, measures
114yx70-iJ mm., one from the South Island (received from Mr. Dannefaerdj
( 367)
131 X SO mm., one from Stewart Island 13:^ x 81 mm. A specimen in Mr. ( !rowley's
collection measnres 4-7o x 3-0.") inclies (gi'e Duller, B. Neiv Zealand, 2nd Ed. v. 2.
p. 326). The rgg.s are similar to those of A. australis manielli which will be
described in greater detail.
In habits this Kiwi does not differ from the other species. Sir Walter Bnller
publishes some interesting observations made on Stewart Island Kiwis by Mr.
Marklund, who collected a good series liefore they became " protected" by law.
The following facts are of special interest.
Mr. Marklund says that these birds are very scarce, and have to be hnnteil fur
over a large extent of country. " Their favourite feeding ground is the summit of
Table Hill, rising to an elevation of 2,300 feet, which is covered with grass and
stunted vegetation, and in the daytime they have to descend some 500 feet, in order
to camp in the bush, the summit not atFording sufficient covert." Mr. Marklund
has never found any on the western slope of Table Hill below a level of 1 ,000 feet ;
" but on the eastern side the Kiwis go right down to the plain, or jiractically to
the level of the sea." He has found them to inhabit holes among the roots of the
" mutton-bird woods." " He generally found a pair of birds together in one hole,
sometimes accompanied by a single young one. On one occasion he found five birds
inhabiting an extensive chamber. Being without provisions, he liad to cook and
eat them, rare as he knew the bird to be. From the retreat of this party of five to
the summit of Manuka Flat (a distance of half a mile) there was a broad beaten
track, as if sheep had been accustomed to travel over it. The roots crossing this
track were so worn and abraded that he came to the conclusion the Kiwis had been
using the path continuously for several years. He says that this species has three
distinct calls : one is a loud shrill whistle, especially in fine evenings when the
atmosphere is clear ; the second is a deep rasping note, seldom heard ; and the third
is a low clucking sound, rarely uttered. In hunting these birds his plan was to
start about 3 a.m., before daybreak, while the scent was strong upon the ground,
and then to intercept them on their way from their open feeding-grounds to the
shelter of the ' mutton-bird woods,' or track them by means of the dog to their
holes. The old birds often make a stubborn resistance, and the first time his
dog tackled one of them he got his foreleg ripped up about six inches by the
bird's claws."
There is a chance of this bird being preserved in Stewart Island, which has
happily escaped the introduction of stoats and weasels, but on the mainland the
I)rotection, on account of these pests, comes probably too late, both for the Kiwi and
the Kakapo. Sir Walter Buller continues :
" Towards the end of November Mr. Marklund obtained two eggs of this species
of Kiwi, after nearly a month's continuous search ; but it was so late in the season
that, in both cases, the chick was fully formed within the shell, and had to be
removed by incision. This somewhat damaged the specimens, but I am never-
theless able to give a full description of them. They differ consjiicuously both in
size and in contour. The larger one measures .5'4 in. in length by 3'2.j in. in
breadth, and is perfectly elliptical in shape, there not being the least indication of a
smaller end. The other egg is smaller, measuring .o'l in. by 3'1 in., and is narrower
at one end. Both of them are of a very pale green colour, or perhaps, more properly
speaking, greenish white, and the shell, especially in the smaller egg, exhibited
minute, widely-scattered punctae on the surface, distinctly visible under a magnifying
glass, and similar to the markings on the eggshell of the Moa. In forwarding the
26
( 368 )
specimens, mj- collector says : I had a very hard joh in jn'ocnriiig these eggs, as
the birds do not go far away from their nests while hatching, and of course the dog
got a very poor chance of picking up the scent. One of the eggs was somewhat
damaged, through the bird defending it from the dog, before I could reach the
place ; nevertheless it has a good show side. The larger of the two I procured in
a locality where I had never been before, and, owing to the dog being muzzled, the
bird that was sitting on the egg managed to escape ; and, inclement weather coming
on, it was impossible to get another specimen before I had to leave. In the breeding
season the birds never come out on the open grounel — in fact, they seem to be
starving themselves in tlieir fear of leaving the nest or its close vicinity.
" My Stewart Island collector, Mr. 0. Marklund, who is a very observant man,
sends me the following notes : At the end of July I came down from the hills ;
and on this trip I found that the Kiwis were moving down to the lower country —
probably for nesting pnrposes. I should also mention — although it may be already
known to you — that I have determined which of the cries are used by either sex.
After some practice with a leaf of wild flax held in a certain position between my
two thumbs, I can fairly well imitate their cr}'. I have discovered that the best
time for these birds is a moonlight night, with the sky somewhat overcast. If it
is too light the birds will not leave the scrub. They also object to rainy weather.
Thougli apparently insensible to pain when attacked by a dog, they are naturally
very timid. If the moon is bright their own shadow will sometimes cause them
uneasiness : indeed, I have seen one make a kick at its own shadow on the ground,
accompanied by that peculiar hissing sound they make when contined in a pen. I
have noticed also that a smaller bird will always ran as hard as his legs will carry
him at the least show of anger from a larger and stronger one. By imitating their
or)- — the deep, rasjiing one being the more successful — I have always had the clear,
shrill one in response. If in the close neighbourhood, I would then send the dog
in, and it would always turn out to be a male. The male is generally ready to
answer, especially if it does not happen to know where its mate is ; but the female
is more independent, and often takes no notice whatever of the call. With this
bird the ordinary relationship between the sexes appears to be reversed : for
instance, it is the female that undertakes the defence of the house and home, for
the male gives in after a very slight struggle ; but the male is the faster runner of
the two. After the young is big enough to follow its parents the male (not the
female) seems to take special charge of it. The male has a high shrill cry ; the
female utters a low, hoarse note — between a cry and a hiss. In one case I heard
the male uttering the cackling noise — like a hen with chicks — but that may be
common to both sexes. Although a nocturnal bird, its sight is weak even at night,
for I have seen them running against objects that could easily be avoided ; but
their hearing and sense of smell are very acute. By going against the wind I have
got to within 10 feet of them and seen them feeding. They do not confine
themselves to worms, but will also take any kind of vegetable matter available —
for example, the young shoots of a very common aljiiue orchid. I have found three
difl'ereut kinds of seed and a small white berry (of which I have not yet seen the
plant) in the stomachs of those I have opened. Enclosed you will find some of
the seeds on which the Kiwis subsist. I do not understand how they can tind any
nourishment without cracking the seeds, but the fact remains that they do, for 1
have found these seeds in the stomachs of several that I have opened. The grass
producing this seed grows in great abundance up to a level of 2,0W feet above the
( 309 )
sea. The seeds sent are those of Gahnia procera ; they are red-coloured and ol'
the size of small wheat."
I have had several ^1. aiistralis alive, first under Mr. Doggett's care in
Caml)ridge, afterwards here in Tring ; and they seemed to be unite liapjjy. Tliey
frequently uttered their very loud and strong cries iu the evening, and it seemed
that the shrill note was that of the 7nale. The cry of this form seems to be a little
louder than that of A. uustralis mantelli ; but otherwise the same.
2. Apteryx australis mantelli Bartl.
The Striated North-Lslaiid Kiwi.
1830. Kiwi, D'Urville in Vny. AsUolahe, Histoire, v. 2, p. 481 (North Island) ; }S?.0, Apteryx
austnilis, Quoy et Gaimard in Voy. Aslrotube Znol. v. I. p. 158 ; 1839, Cunningham in P. Znol.
Soc. Lnml. p. 63 ; 1841, J. Gould, B. Aiistr. v. 6, PI. 2 (text partim) ; 1841, Gould in P. Zonl.
Sue. L'jiul. p. 70 ; 1845, Hombi-on& Jacq. Voy. Pule Siul, Atlas Pis. 24, 25 ; 1845, Reichenbach,
Grallatores, PI. 143 f., 1015, lOlG (from Gould), Gallinaceae, PI. 386, f. 2193 (from Gray &
Mitchell) ; 1846, Gray, Gen. B. v. III. PI. 139, text ; 1853, Jacq. et Puch. in Voy. Pole Sud,
Ois. in. p. 127 ; 1854, Hartlaub in J. f. 0. p. 166 ; 1865, Dareste in ComjH. Rem!, v. 42,
p. 861 (brain), Ann. Sc. Nat. 4 s^r. Zool. v. 5, p. 48 ; 1865, Gould, Haiidb. B. Aust. v. 2,
p. 568 ; 1871, Buller iu Trans. N. Zeid. Inst. p. 52, PI. XII. b. (.1. australis and mantelli
considered the same) ; 1882, Finsch in His, p. 399 (N. Island).
1850. Ajitery.r 7na>ilelli, Buttlett in P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 275, PI. XXX. f. 3, 4, PI. XXXI. f. 2
(North Island) ; 1852, Alfr. Newman in Fror. Tagsher. No. 664 {Zool. Bd. 3, p. 210) ; 1852,
Wolley, Zoologist, p. 3409 (habits in captivity), A. Newton p. 3605 (ditto) ; 1859, Sclater in
P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 530 (egg laid in captivity) ; 1861, Sclater & Hochstetter in Rep. Brit.
Ass. Adi\ Sc. p. 177, and Xat. Hisl. Rer. 1861, p. 505 ; 1863, Layard in Ibis, p. 242 (habits) ;
1863, Sclater in P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 235 (accounts about breeding) ; 1864, Sclater in P. Zool.
Soc. Land. p. 374 (Auckland); 1865, Gould, B. Australia, v. 2, p. 569; Finsch in /. /. 0
p. 329 ; A. Newton iu Ibis, pp. 251, 504 ( (J incubating) ; 1870, Potts in Traus. A\ Z. Inst.
V. 2, p. 67 ; 1870, Buller in Trans. N. Z. Inst. v. 2, p. 52 (" mauleni^amtralis"), Hector, p. 73 ;
1871, Hector, op. cit. v. 4, p. 363 ; 1872, Potts iu Ibis, p. 36 (scutellation of tarsus not a
specific character) ; 1873, Potts in Trans. N. Zealand Inst. v. 5, p. 194 ; 1873, Garrod in
P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 470 (anatomy), p. 644 (muscles) ; 1873, Buller, B. Xeic Zealand, 1st ed.
p. 357, pi. 33 ; 1874, Button in Ibis, p. 43 (localities on N. Island) ; 1874, Buller in Ibis,
p. 122 ; 1875, Garrod in P. Zool. Soc. Load. p. 341, fig. (anatomy) ; 1875, Sharpe in Zool. Voy.
Erebus it Terror, App. p. 36 ; 1877, Forbes in P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 308 (bursa Fabricii). 1881,
pp. 780, 781, figs, (trachea) ; 1879, Nathusius in J. f. O. v. 27, p. 255 (egg) : 1882, Buller,
Manual N. Zealand B. p. 44, PI. XXI. ; 1893, A. Newton, Diet, of B. p. 495 ; 1893, Rothschild"
in Bull. B. 0. Club, No. 10, pp. LX.— LXII., and 'Jbis, pp. 573-5 ; 1895, Salvadori, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. v. XXVII. p. 607 ;
1885. Aptery.r hulleri, Sharpe in Proc. Wellington Phil. Soc. p. 6, Trans. N. Zealand Inst
V. XXI. p. 224 ; 1888, Buller, B. New Zealand, 2ndied. v. 2, p. 308, PI. XL VII. ; 1892,
Schiffi in J. f. 0. p. 230 ; 1893, Buller in Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. v. XXV. p. 85 ; 1893, Wright
in Ibis, p. 283 (Hauturu Island, N. Island).
DESCRIPTION OF A. AUSTRALIS MANTELLI.
S ad. Much blacker than A. axstraliis, this being caused by the great
reduction in width of the rufous area in the centre of the feathers, and the greater
extension of the black edges. Forehead and head dark smoky grey, occiput and
hindneck blackish grey. Breast and flanks dark smoky grey, each feather in
the middle with a pale buff stripe, abdomen in the middle uniform whitish
grey. The tips to the feathers, especially on the hindneck, harder and more
bristly.
? ad. Similar to the nxtle, but larger, and flie centres of tlie feathers
( 370 )
generally more rnfons. liindneck diirker and the forehoail often more whitish
grey.
A Chick, just hatched, in my collectinn is nitons Imiwn, feathers irregularly
margineil with blaek : bill wiiite.
An older Chick in my collei'tion has the black colonr nnii'li more extended, so
that only a few feathers on each siile on tiie flanks have rnfons centres.
lUti specimens of .1. a. mutitelU in my collection examined.
In this snbsjiecies there often occnrs the curions red variety already referred
to nnder the typical form. In several of my specimens the black margins of the
feathers are so restricted that the whole bird appears a dnll rnfous red. This variety
is known to the Maoris as the Kiwi Kara or Red Kiwi.
MEASDREMEXTS OF SKINS OF .1. AVSTRALIS MAXTELLI.
Culmen.
Bill from
Metatarsus.
Middle toe
gape.
without cl.iw.
? (coll. sexed).
147
159
—
?
181
190
85
59
?
1.50
169
75
58
?
161
166
72
54
?
174
185
73
—
?
IGC
175
75
56
? (MiuaU sexed).
155
163
09
56
? (Doggett sexed).
136
145
67
50
J (coll. sexed).
168
175
69
58
? (V) (Minall sexed).
135
141
05
48
J (coll. sexed).
167
173
64
51
? CO (Doggett sexed).
129
134
67
49
? (coll. sexed).
167
171
79
56
¥
180
188
78
59
?
177
182
78
60
J (not sexed).
180
189
80
—
J (s. BuUei's Kiwikuia).
120
135
69
52
(J (not sexed).
127
140
58
48
^ (coll. sexed).
140
145
70
52
cJ
104
114
59
—
(J
131
139
69
56
s
136
140
65
39
<?
130
138
68
52
cJ (?) (Minall sexed).
157
163
75
56
(J (coll. sexed).
133
137
62
55
6
126
137
69
54
cJ
125
133
07
53
(J (not sexed).
132
140
69
54
(J (coll. sexed).
126
137
70
50
It is quite evident that the " Kiwi-Knra " is merely an individual aberration,
for the following reasons : —
The various specimens are not all alike, and some are coloured intermediately
between the ordinary darker brown and tiic rufous varieties. They are not found
in any particular places, but occur here and there among the darker ones. A similar
aberration is found among ,1. augtralis australis.
Ever since the discovery of the North Island Apteryx there has been some
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NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC^.VOL.VI 1899.
Pl.XIV.
■ I V
J G KeulemATLS del et litlv
Mii\ternSroc ainp -
APTERYX AUSTRALIS S>ia.-w. ?a.d. from Stewart Island .
(371 )
iliscnssion about its validity as a species, bnt the majority of those writer.s who
formerly denied its validity now admit that it is specifically distinct from -I.
australis australis. It is true that the North Island specimens can always he
distinguished from the true ^1. australis by their harder, more bristly tips to the
feathers of the ujiperside, or at least of the neck. Thus the mere touching of
the neck-feathers, stroking the neck upwards, is generally sufficient for discriminating
between the two forms. In addition to this peculiarity the southern birds are
lighter and often larger. It is therefore wrong to unite the two forms ; but the
differences being so slight that they are not always very apparent, and the two
being representative forms on two not very distant islands, it is more natural to
regard them as subspecies than as species. Their anatomy and habits are also
(jnite similar.
The original description of the North Island Kiwi is as follows : —
"ON THE GENUS APTERYX. BY A. D. BARTLETT.
(" Aves, PI. XXX, XXXI.)
" In calling the attention of the Meeting this evening to the large collection
of sj)ecimens of the genus Apteryx on the table, I beg to state that I have been
led to make a careful e.xamination of all the individuals I could find in the
l^olli'ctions of the British Museum, the Museum of the Zoological Society, the
Royal (College of Surgeons, and elsewhere, in consequence of an Apteryx belonging
to Dr. Mantell having been placed in my hands by that gentleman a few days
since, which ajipeared to me to differ from all that I had before seen. As a careful
comjiarison of this bird with the specimens in the collections before mentioned fully
justitied me in considering it as a distinct species, I was about to describe it as a
new one ; but, most fortunately, I heard that the original specimen figured and
described by Dr. Shaw (to which he applied the name Apteryx Australis) was in
the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley. It is with much pleasure I have
to acknowledge the kindness of his lordship in honouring me with the loan of
this bird, which has enabled me to identify the large Apteryx placed in my hands
by Dr. Mantell as belonging to this species, and also to determine most satisfactorily
the distinctive characters of the common species, which is considerably smaller,
and lo which the name of Apteryx Australis has long been erroneously ajijilied.
This bird differs from the original Apteryx Australis of Dr. Shaw in its smaller
size, its darker and more rufous colour, its longer tarsus which is scntulated in
front, its shorter toes and claws, which are dark horn-coloured, its smaller wings,
which have much stronger and thicker quills, and also in having long straggling
hairs on the face. I may, however, remark, that although individuals of this
species differ much in size, depending probably on age, se.x, etc., I have found
no e-Kcejition to the distinctive characters above given. I therefore propose? the
name of Apten/x Mantdli for this smaller and more common species, — a humble
effort to commemorate the exertions of Walter Mantell, Esq., to whom we
are indebted for so many valuable discoveries in the natural history of New
Zealand.
" I subjoin a short description of the two species, together with figures of their
legs and wings, in order that they may be more readily distinguished.
( 372 )
" Apiertjx AustrtiViA.
Colour, pale grejish-brown, darkest on the
back.
Entire length, 30 inches.
Bill from forehead. 6 in.
Tarsus (reticulated), '2i in.
Middle toe and claw, 35 in.
Claws nearly equal in length, and white.
Wings with soft slender quills ; face with short
hairs.
" .l/iteii/r MniiteUi.
Colour, dark rufous brown, darkest on the back.
Entire length, 23 inches.
Bill from forehead, 4 in.
Tarsus (scutulated), I'j in.
Middle toe and claw, "2i in.
Middle claw longest, all the claws dark horn-
colour.
Wings with strong thick quills ; face with long
straggling hairs.
" In conclusion, I wonkl remark that the specimen of Apfoyx Australis belong-
ing to Dr. Mantell was collected by his son in Dusky Bay ; and 1 liave been
informed by J. E. Gray, Esq., that the original bird described by Ur. 8haw was
brought from the same locality. As far as I am able to ascertain, all the specimens
of Apter)/.r ^fflnteU^ are from the Xorth Island."
This description is so accnrate, that, even without the indication of the locality,
which is clearly added, it would have been sufficient to admit the name Mantelli.
It must have been a curious misunderstanding which caused Dr. Sharpe to rename
the North Island Kiwi and call it .1. biilleri, a name which was unfortunately also
accepted by Buller in his works.
Specimens of this form are recorded from the Pirongia Ranges, Upper
"Wanganui River, mountainous part of the Hokianga district, small islands of
the Gulf of Hanraki, Kaimanawa Range, Kawhia district, Waitakerei Ranges,
Raglan, Waikato coal-mines (18<i6), Taupiri, Piako Ranges, Howick. Buller says
in 1888: "To the present day they linger on some of the small islands in the
Gulf of Hauraki ; for although so singular a fact has often been called in question,
resting as it apparently did on the mere assertion of the natives, the matter was
placed beyond all dispute by Mr. T. Kirk, who obtained several himself on the
Little Barrier."
The Kiwis are very swift runners, and can make very good use of their
extremely powerful legs. They are always ready to kick at any object approaching
them closely. In kicking they strike forward like an Emu or an Ostrich, but
I have seen an Aptcryx australis from Stewart Island frequently kick backwards
as well as forwards. The blow from a Kiwi's foot is strong enough to rip open
a dog's leg, and will cut a man's hand to the bnne. As is well known, they are
nocturnal in habits, but at Tring several North Island Apteryx frequently came out
of their shed and basked in the sun. The cries of this Kiwi could be heard nearly
all over the little town of Tring, when I had dozens of them alive in a paddock near
the Museum ; and even now they can be heard all the year round from a pair I
still keej) near the Museum. They seem to cry when it pleases them, but by no
means more than usual on dark and wet nights ; on the contrary, I think, most
on clear, moonlight nights. They cry chiefly between eight and twelve, and are
apparently silent for the rest of the night, but in winter they can be heard from
about six to ten o'clock and later. The cry of the male is a somewhat hoarse,
slirill whistle, often distinctly like Ki-i-wi, often shorter, more in one syllable.
The female answers in a less loud, harsher and shorter more screaming note'.
The young and half-grown birds also, according to Sir Walter Buller, call to
each other, the male in a thinner whistle and the female in a thick husky way.
Sometimes, but rarely, a low cackling or grunting note is heard, probably of
( 373 )
both mrdr and female. When angry they hiss andihly, and when feeding make a
sniffling noise with their nostrils, evidently to clear them from extraneons matter.
Their natural food is entirely worms, but occasionally they are said to swallow
seeds and fruits. I have had many alive, some now in the ninth or tenth j^ear.
They delight in earthworms, but live excellently on raw meat, chopped up in
small pieces, boiled potatoes and soaked bread. In this climate it is best to allow
them a free run in the open, on soft ground, where they can probe for worms, and
they must, of conrse, have a low, dark, but dry, little room under ground, or made
of a box. This hiding-place must be well covered, to keep warm in winter and
cool in summer, while artificial heat is quite uinnecessary, except in — for England
— excejitionally cold winters.
They are nearly all, but more so the larger species, of a very pugnacious
disposition. As they kick vehemently, and are able to cut the hand to the bone,
one must be carefnl in handling them, and if it is necessary to catch them, grasp
both their legs quickly in one's hand.
In the Birds of New Zealand (ed. 2. v. 2. p. 31.5) Sir Walter Bnller describes
his Kiwi hunts in the Pirongia Ranges as follows :
" At noon on Tnesday, Nov. 1st, we had completed all our arrangements for
a week's sojourn in the bush, and started, fully equipped, for a small kainga, about
a mile from Alexandra, where we found our men and dogs awaiting us. The
former consisted of an experienced Kiwi-hunter, Wiremu Rihia by name, and two
young natives who were to carry our provisions and make themselves generally
useful. The dogs were small black mongrels, one of them having something of
the colley in him. My companion was Mr. G. Lindauer, the well known Austrian
artist, who fully shared my enthusiasm about a Kiwi-hunt. Some little time was
lost in arranging terms with the men and a tariff for the use of the dogs. It
was 3 p.m. before we got fairly started on our expedition. The central cone of
Pirongia, which encloses an ancient volcanic crater, towers up to a height of
2800 feet above the level of the sea, and is clothed with dense vegetation to
its very summit. The ascent commenced at once, and in less than an hour we
had reached the site of the ancient Pirongia pa, tJie earthworks of which were
still distinctly traceable, indicating fortifications of a very formidable kind in the
olden time. From this jjoint we obtained a grand panoramic view of the Waikuto
lands — the theatre of the late war between the British troops and the JIaoris,
lasting over several years and costing much ' blood and treasure.' Away to the
right, standing up in bold relief against the sky, was Kakrpuku, in the form of
a natural pyramid, and, in the distance beyond, the long central range of
Maungatautari, marking the ancestral home of the Ngatiraukawa. Far down
below us, winding through the plains and showing itself at intervals like a broad
streak of molten silver, was the picturesque Waipa river, bounding the ' King's
territory ' and spanned, in the direct line of our view, by the new bridge leading
to Whatiwhatiboe, recently opened by the Native Minister, and named by the
king, in a symbolic way, Tawhara-kaiatua. Away to the e.xtreme right, looking
hazy blue in the afternoon light, were the heights of Raugitoto, where, according
to our native guides, there exists another Kiwi preserve ; and far beyond again
could bo seen the snowclad tops of Tongariro and Ruapehn, the giautsof the
north. In the deep gullies around and in front of us clumps of native bush in
all its endless variety filled in the view, the ever-present tree-fern with its
lofty crown of spreading fronds being the predominant feature. Groves of these
(374)
beautifnl objects, and thousands of single ones scattered through the bnsh, render
the laudscaj)e characteristic and picturesque. After a brief halt, our natives
resumed their swags and we continued the ascent, arriving at Pukehona, at the
edge of the mountain-forest, in time to fix our little camj) and cook the evening
meal before the shades of night had closed in upon us. At daybreak one of the
native attendants called me up to hear the rich flute notes of the Kokako
{Gmueo/Ji's icilsom) in the low timber at the edge of the forest. I went after
him with my gun, but owing to the thickness of the underwood I failed to find
the bird. Leaving our camp at 6 a.m., we entered the dense bush and resumed
our ascent of the range. Before we had gone far the dogs (each of whom carried
a sheep bell around his neck) took uj) the Kiwi scent and disappeared down a
ravine, one of the natives dashing after them. He i)resentl\' reappeared with a
^ne female Kiwi, which was immediately secured in a Maori ket. I returned with
him to the spot, and saw at once how utterly hopeless it would be to attempt
Kiwi-catching without dogs. Near the bottom of a deep gully, completely clioked
up with the gronnd-kickie (Fre>icineUa banksii), so thick and luxuriant indeed that
it was a matter of difficulty to push through it at all, down among the gnarled
roots of a tawhero, and quite hidden by a growth of Asjjlenium hidbiferum and
other ferns, was the entrance to the Kiwi's retreat — a rounded and perfectly
artificial entrance, just large enough to admit the hand. I inserted my arm to
its full length and could just reach the extremity of the chamber, which spread
laterally and widened at a little distance from the mouth. On getting back to the
track on the ridge, the natives showed me another " rna-kiwi " from which they
had, not long before, taken an adult kiwi and an e^g^. This hole was in brown
vegetable mould alongside a fallen tree, and the entrance was so perfectly round
that I at once felt persuaded that the Kiwis, if they do not actually dig or burrow
their holes with their well-armed feet, at any rate scrape and adapt them. Natural
holes and cavities are so numerous, owing to the gnarled character of the roots,
that the birds would have no difficulty in finding a cavity suitable for nesting
purposes, with the smallest possible labour in preparing it. But more about
this anon. After a couple of hours' tramp through the bush we came to the place
previously decided on for our camp and daily rendezvous.
" Our natives were not long in putting up a double shelter, in the form of an
inverted V with the apex open. A log fire occupied the space between, the opening
in the roof permitting the smoke to escape. My friend and myself occupied one
side, and the natives the other. These bush huts, which are quite impervious to
the rain, are very simply and rapidly constructed. First a slanting framework of
slender sticks cut from the adjoining woods is erected, and this is thatched on top
and sides with the j)liant leaves of the nikan plant {Areea sapidoJ), the long fronds
being skilfully interlaced together, and covered on the outside with a thick layer of
tree-fern branches })Iaced with the lower surface reversed, so as to j)revent annoyance
from the dusty seed-sjwres.
" Our camping place was conveniently chosen, with ready access to firewood and
water, besides being a very picturesque spot ; and as it may give some faint idea of
the richness and surpassing loveliness of the New Zealand ' Bash,' I shall
endeavour to describe it. Behind and overshadowing us was a grove of fine tawa
trees, their tops meeting so as to admit only a glimmering of the sunlight ; and
immediately beyond them, in striking contrast with the clear, upright boles of the
former, a group of tawhero, their trunks covered from the ground upwards with a
( 375)
dense growth of climbing kickie, spreading out its tufted arms in all directions.
Eight in front of us was a thick and almost impenetrable tangle of undergrowth,
laced together with the kareao-vine, which hangs its wiry cables from the tree tops
above and twists and coils abont among the underwood in ever}" conceivable form.
Then a little to the right, and open to the light of heaven through a gap in the
forest, could be seen a lovely group of Cyathea medidlaris, the stems of the largest
being some forty feet in height ; and in their very midst, touched by their waving
fronds and leaning against a sturdy hinau, stood a withered, crownless trunk,
covered with a thick profusion of epiphytic jilants in every shade of green, and
fonning with the tree-ferns a study that I was never tired of gazing upon from our
open shelter. When broad daylight poured in upon us through the opening in the
forest, or the slanting rays of the setting sun lighted up the feathery crowns of
these majestic tree-ferns, casting the vegetation below into deeper shade, the effect
was simply enchanting. Then out of the tangle in front there rose a beautiful
specimen of Ci/athea dealbata, its starlike crown a perfect model of graceful
symmetry, and its lofty stem draped with creeping kohia of brilliant green; while,
to heighten the general effect, there hung from a neighbouring tree festoons of the
beautiful white clematis, just bursting into full bloom. Examined more in detail,
the surroundings of our little camp were full of interest. The whole ground was
(.•arjieted with mosses and ferns of alL the commoner species, whilst a fallen log at
our very feet presented on its damp surface a perfect garden of the curious kidney
fern {'rrirlwmanes reniforme), tens of thousands of beautiful ferns of vivid satiny-
green crowding one upon another in endless profusion, intermingled with the delicate
fronds of Hi/menopkyllum. Whilst we were engaged in camp preparations the native
lad who had taken charge of the dogs came in with three fine Kiwis, caught in our
vicinity, but unfortunately crushed to death, as the dogs were left unmuzzled.
" After having refreshed ourselves in the morning, we started on our first real
Kiwi-liunt. AVe took a course down the side of the gully, and were soon in a perfect
labyrinth of supplejack {Rkipogonum scandens). These vines hung from the trees,
ran along the ground, twisted around each other and crossed and recrossed,
forming the most complete Chinese puzzle one could imagine, and so interlacing
the nuderwood together that; it was a matter of e.xtreme difficulty to get through
it even at a slow pace. Then when the little dogs took up the scent and disappeared
down the gully it became necessary to follow qnickly in the direction their bells
indicated, so as to be ' in at the death ' ; and then the hunt became as exciting as
it was difficult — the kareao catching the feet and tripping one up, or striking
painfully across the shins — and so up and down, now swinging by a vine, now
pushing on all fours through the tangle ; forcing one's way through clumps of
kickie and dense beds of Toman'a down into the bottom of the ravine ; then, as the
scent led u])wards, following the tinkling bells (the dogs being out of sight) up the
tangled slope again, the course sometimes forming a complete circuit of the ' field,'
and representing the erratic wanderings of the Kiwi upon the feeding ground the
night before. Heated, out of breath, scratched in the face and hands, and with our
shins aching from repeated contact with the kareao-vines, every now and then we
halted to ascertain by the sound of the bells the position of the dogs, and then, full
of excitement, resumed our novel chase again. At length, just beside a rough
track on the hill-side, our dogs ran their quarry to earth, and began to tear with
their paws at the opening to the ' rua-kiwi.' Calling the dogs off and closing in
upon the spot, we drew from the cavity a fine male Kiwi, and then two vigorous
( 376)
yonng: birds, all nnharmed, but evidently much scared, and striking boldly with
their claws. Onr captives were soon secured in a Maori ket and we sat down to
rest for a short time before taking up the scent again. 1 pnt my arm far down into
the cavity, and fonnd that, altliough the rounded entrance was just large enough to
admit the bird, the chamber opened out inside, extending diagonally to a depth of
about two feet, and wide enough at the bottom for the accommodation of two full-
grown birds. 1 drew out the nest materials, consisting of shreds of kickie-leaves
and other dry litter, mixed with Kiwi feathers. . ■ >•
" We had not to hunt long before we came upon another bird, a fine adnlt female,
and presumably the mate of the one we liad just canght. She had taken refuge in
a cavity under a rata-root, and one of the dogs, having unfortunately slipped his
muzzle, killed the bird by breaking her neck. Other captures followed, and the
aggregate result of the first day's hunt was ten Kiwis of all ages, and one splendid
egg. The ground traversed by us during this hunt and extending over many miles
gave evidence everywhere of the presence of Kiwis by their borings in quest of food.
These were very numerous in all suitable localities, and were of all sizes, assuming
in soft gronnd the appearance of deep funnels with a circular opening four inches or
more in diameter, being thus formed by the rotatory action of the bill in its search
for the hidden food. The ground seems admirably adapted for this purpose,
consisting of a brown vegetable mould. It is easily worked, and, as I ascertained
by digging, this earth teems with annelids and insect life of various kinds.
" Not far from our camp there was an ancient rara-tree — its age extending to
many hundreds of years, its hollow trunk bound round with huge cables of aka,
and holding in its hoary arms tons of Astelia and other parasitic plants. One of our
natives set fire to this tree near the base. The accumulation of dry vegetable
substances soon ignited, and the flames ascended the hollow trunk with a roar like
that from a steamer's boiler. All day long this monarch of the forest burned fiercely,
sending up a column of smoke visible many miles away on the Waikato plains.
During the night we were all startled from our sleep by the fall of this burning tree,
which came down with a terrific crash carrying everything before it. We had just
time to turn out of our blankets and witness a ' display of fireworks ' compared with
which the (Jrystal Palace Exhibition is mere child's play I
" In the early part of the night we heard the shrill cry of a Kiwi — a prolonged
whistle slightly ascending and descending (whence the native name) — and when it
was sufficiently light our natives went out witli the dogs and brought in an adult
female and two young ones. These were found together in one hole. The mate was
no doubt one of those obtained in the same locality on the previous day.
" Early next morning, accompanied by a native, I climbed to the summit of
Pirongia proper, and had a magnificent view of the Upper Waikato, the day being
beautifully clear and cloudless. The ascent is somewhat laborious, owing to its
steepness and the absence in many places of anything like a bush-track. Almost to
the very summit of the peak we met with traces of the Kiwi in earth-borings of the
kind already described ; but although we had one of the dogs with us, we did not
find any birds in our track. My native companion was no doubt right in his
statement that the Kiwi at iiic>ht roams over tlie feeding grounds, and returns on
the approach of day to the shade of the gullies where the light penetrates more
feebly. All along this mountain track and on the summit 1 found in great abundance
the katouton shrub with its bright green foliage and pretty tassels of crimson flower.
This afternoon yielded two more adult males and two young ones, besides an egg
( 377 )
jnst ready to lie hatched. The sncceeding morning was showery, and although the
men made an early start they broug'ht in about noon only two more adult birds (male
and female), taken at different places, and two more young ones, the effect of the
rain being to obliterate the scent and spoil the hunt. The weather having now set
in very wet and tempestuous, we had to discontinue Kiwi-hunting and see to making
our temporary shelter more secure, by an extra layer of kickie thatch. The rain
came down in torrents towards evening, but on the whole we found ourselves
very comfortably housed.
" Our expedition lasted a week, with varying success each day according to the
weather; the total result being forty Kiwis of all ages and nine eggs.
" We partook of the flesh of one of the Kiwis which the natives had boiled. It
had the dark appearance of, and tasted very much like, tender beef.
" The first two birds (both females) killed by the dogs I dissected with the
following result : — The stomach of one contained three wetas {Deinacrida thoracica),
ten huhu grubs, mostly of large size, several earthworms, and a small brown beetle
which my son Percy afterwards identified as Coptomma acutipenne ; also some
berries of the mairi and taiko (well-known forest trees) and a round object, nearly
as large as an ordinary marble, which proved to be the egg of the great earthworm
toke-tipa. Before we had made out the last-named thing I handed it for examination
to my companion, who pressed it between his finger and thumb, when it burst,
sending a jet of milky fluid into my eye, causing much smarting and subsequent
irritation. The stomach of the other bird contained, besides insect-remains, a large
number of the hard kernels of the taiko berry ; and it seems to me that these are
swallowed by the Kiwi (in lieu of quartz pebbles, which are not found in every
locality) to assist the process of digestion. I have found similar kernels in the
stomachs of Kiwis received from the Upper Wanganui. Among the comminuted
matter I was able to detect some very minute landshells. In the stomach of
another, which I opened afterwards, I found a number of angular pieces of pebble ;
and others contained the hard kernels of pokaka, miro, mairi, and hinau berries.
" The adult birds when taken from their holes were perfectly mute, but
endeavoured to wound with their sharply-armed feet, and made a snapping noise
with their bills. I soon found that the safest mode of holding them was suspended
by the bill. They then only struggle vainly and strike the air with their feet ; but
if their rumps are allowed to touch the ground, so as to give them leverage, then
they strike with effect, as I was not long in discovering. A strong adult bird is
capable of inflicting a nasty scratch with its sharp claws by a downward stroke ;
and one of our natives showed me some skin wounds, long ugly scratches on his
arms and legs, inflicted on the previous day by a large Kiwi which he had followed
into a sort of cavern at the edge of a stream and captured with his hands.
" Judging by analogy and the form of the bird, I felt persuaded that the Kiwi
was a burrower, but our native attendants all denied it. We had undoubted proof
of it, however, liefore we had finished. For the safe custody of our captive birds we
had constructed a commodious cage, consisting of kareao-vines well arched over, with
both ends driven firmly into the ground, then laced together with native flax and
covered over with fern-fronds to keep out the daylight. The birds seemed
perfectly at home at once, and commenced to eat the miuced-up fresh meat supplied
to them. The old birds continued silent, but the young ones emitted now and
then, and especially at night, a low sound not unlike the whimpering of a
new-born kitten: The cage contained seven fine adult birds, four females and three
( 378 )
males. To onr dismay in the morning we discovered that all the former had made
their escape during the night through a burrow which undermined the kareao-vines
and passed right under an adjacent log, a distance of some eighteen inches. The
three male birds were still in the cage. It is evident that the females alone perform
the work of digging and preparing the ' rua,' although, as will jire.sently appear,
they take no part whatever in the incubation of the eggs. All the sjjccimens of
this sex collected by us at this season had the plumage of the back and rump so
abraded and worn as to be quite valueless as skins, and were accordingly reserved
for skeletons. The males, on the other hand, while having in every instance the
abdomen denuded of feathers by constant sitting, generally presented a smooth
and undamaged plumage. In further proof of this, the adult females invariably had
their claws blunted, as the result of their scrajiing or digging operations, whereas
the other sex (except very old birds) had these weapons perfectly sharp.
" I have already described how some of our captives effected their escape on the
mountain by tunnelling under their cage. We had further evidence, after our return
to Cambridge, of their engineering skill. One of my birds — not a Pirongia captive,
but one caught by the natives in the Kawhia district and the largest specimen of
Aptenjx bulleri I had ever seen — was placed with the rest in a vacant stable, which
had previously been secured all around the sides to prevent burrowing. To my
astonishment, however, in the morning, 1 found that ' Madam Jumbo ' (as we had
christened this large Kiwi) had, during the night, forced aside a heavy packing-case,
removed a loose scantling stud, deliberately tunnelled a jjassage through the hard
foundation, and escaped from her place of confinement, taking one of her companions
with her. They had disai)peared in a deep fern gully, and we naturally thought we
had seen the last of them. But the birds had been liberally fed during their
imprisonment, and this taste of civilisation was sufficient, after a day's absence,
to bring them back again into the township. The following morning the male bird
was found in the backyard of a chemist's shop, where he was causing consternation
among the fowls, whilst ' Madam Jumbo ' deliberately marched up the hill into
the Constabulary Barracks and made for the officers' (piartcrs, where she was
overheard, at daybreak, patrolling the Captain's verandah (tapping the boards
gently with her bill), and was immediately put under arrest."
In October IsiUJ .Sir W'alter Buller writes : " One of the inmates of my aviary
at present is an adult female Kiwi, only recently captured. During the day it
retires into a small dark chamber, where it remains coiled up in the form of a
ball — and if disturbed or dislodged, moves drowsily about, and seeks the darkest
corner of its jirison, when it immediately rolls itself again into an attitude of repose.
It ai)pears to be blinded by the strong glare of sunlight ; and although it recovers
itself in the shade, it can then only detect objects that are near. Night is the time
ol its activity ; and the whole nature of the bird then undergoes a change : coming
fort.h from its diurnal retreat full of animation, it moves about the aviary un-
ceasingly, tapping the walls with its long slender bill, and probing the ground in
search of earthworms. The feeding of this bird at night with the large glow-worm
(' toke-tipa' of the natives) is a very interesting sight. This annelid, which often
attains a length of 12 and sometimes 20 inches, with a proportionate thickness,
emits at night a bright phospjimi light. The mucous matter which adheres to
its body appears to be charged with the phosphorus ; and on its being disturbed
or irritated the whole surface of the worm is illuminated by a bright green light,
sufficiently strong to render adjacent objects distinctly visible. Seizing one of these
( 379 )
laTs^i' worms in its long mandibles, the Kiwi [M-oceeds to kill it b)' striking il,
rajiidl)- on the gronnd or against some hard object. Dnring this operation the bird
raaj' be clearly seen under the phosphoric light, aud the slime which attaches itself
to the bill and head renders these parts highly phosphorescent : so that, even after '
the Inminons body itself has been swallowed, the actions of the bird are still visible.
Tiicre is no longer the slow and half-stnpid movement of the head and neck ; bnt
the bill is darted forward with a restless activity, and travels over the surface of
the gronnd with a continued sniffing sound, as if the bird were guided more by
scent than by sight in its search for food."
Abont the jjropagation we find the following notes in the Birds of New
Zealand : —
" My investigations on the spot enabled me to determine one important fact
with certainty — namely, that, as with the Moornk, the Cassowary, the Emn, and
the Rhea, the male bird alone performs the labour of incnbation and takes npon
himself the entire charge of the young till they are old enough to shift for
themselves. The female, without any assistance from her mate, digs or scoops
ont a nesting-place, usually adapting to her requirements an existing hole or cavity
in the ground, forms a rndo nest and deposits her two eggs, flaving done this,
she walks off and disclaims all further responsibility, al)andoning her mate to his
share of the parental duty, and (so the natives allege) immediately pairing with
another male and forming a new nest elsewhere."
The last sentence of these observations had j)robably better be disregarded.
The " walking off and disclaiming all fnrther responsibility " (sic I) is hardly based
on observation, and the native statement that they pair again immediately cannot
be fully credited, as it wonld mean a constant breeding thoughout the year. It is also
opposed to observations in captivity, for we have found that the pairs keep, as
a rule, well together, even ont of the breeding season. One of the Kiwis in mv
possession destroyed her own egg, on which the male would not sit. Although
Kiwis have laid eggs in England, in the Zoological Gardens, in my own, and in
the late Lord Lilford's aviaries, they have never yet hatched.
" The breeding season evidently extends over a considerable jjeriod. Of the
ten eggs collected by onr party during the first week of November, nine contained
well-developed chicks, some of them just ready for extrusion, and the tenth was
j)crfectly fresh. The very young bird figured on page 326, and the egg purchased
from the natives, were taken from one hole, and the male bird was still sitting.
From the condition of the chick, I judged that if undisturbed it would have been
hatched out in another day or two : it was alive and active when the shell was
opened, although the egg had been out of the nest for several days. Some of the
young birds taken by us were apparently abont two months old. I think it probable
that there are two broods in the season, inasmnch as one of our adnlt birds contained
in its ovary a large bnnch of undeveloped eggs, up to the size of back shot, whilst,
as stated on page 314, a recently captured bird which I had, many years ago, at
Wanganui, produced a fnlly matured egg on the 22nd of March.
"One of the nests fonud by us contained a young bird and an egg (an unnsnally
large one, and from its white appearance evidently newly laid) ; another contained a
single young bird, and two others contained each two young ones. All of them,
with a solitary exception, were active and strong, snapping angrily with their little
bills and attempting to strike with their feet. The exception referred to conld not
have been hatched out very long, because it was too weak to run, and, after the
( 380 )
manner of yonng nestlings, bad an abnormally large stomacb. It is evident tbat
the bird usually lays two eggs ; occasionally, however, there is only one, and Mr.
Cheeseniau iiit'orms me of two well authenticated instances of tiiree eggs in the nest —
one in the Waitakerei Ranges and the other at Haglan. In both cases the eggs were
brought to the Auckland Museum, and the fact vouched for to his satisfaction.
" The natives state tliat the Kiwi begins to lay in August, which is quite likely
to be true, as the eggs must take a long period to incubate. It will be remembered
that Mr. Bartlett's bird (mentioned on page 314) sat on perseveringly from the
beginning of January to the 2.Jth of April. In further support of this view I may
mention the following circumstance. Among the live birds brought from I'irongia
was a female which appeared to be carrying a well-developed egg in the oviduct,
inasmuch as it movediabout with awkwardness and habitually rested on the tarsus
horizontally as described at page 314. She was more untractable than the other
birds, attacking the hand when approached, striking savagely forward with her feet,
and uttering at the same time a low growl. This bird was killed by an accident
about the middle of February following ; and on dissection 1 found a memliranous
egg, about two-thirds the full size, the shell not having yet formed. In the
ordinary course a fortnight would probably have elapsed before the exclusion of the
egg for incubation. Again, among the birds captured by my party there were three
young birds of the year : that is to say, of such a size as to make it probable they
had been hatched out about April or Ma)'. If the conclusion thus pointed to is the
true one, the nesting operations of the Kiwi must extend over a great portion of the
year ; in which case its reproduction is not the least interesting feature in the
natural history of this anomalous bird. In all the eggs I opened (save one freshly
laid) there was enclosed with the well-developed feathered chick, a tough
membranous sac, connected with the embryo and containing several ounces of yellow
fatty substance (Vitellus). When all this adipose matter has been absorbed into
its system, the chick, having in the meantime expanded to its full size, cracks its
tabernacle and comes out into the world ready for active service. It is very soon
able to forage for itself, and increases rapidly in size, inasmuch as the young which
I attempted to rear had more than doubled their size in six months.
" The eggs, which are broadly ellijitical in form, vary somewhat in size. The
largest of those collected by us measured 5-30 inches in length by 3-30 in breadth ;
and the smallest 4-5 by 2'7. The latter weighed exactly IH ounces, being just
4 ounces less than the weight of our largest. Two other eggs of full size weighed
respectively 14 oz. and 15J oz. They vary likewise in form, some being more
elliptical than others, whilst one in my possession is perfectly oval. 8ome are pure
white when laid, others have a greenish-grey tint ; but owing to the long period of
incnbation they get much soiled by contact with the bird,* the shell becoming a
dirty yellowish-brown colour. This is easily washed off, by the application of a
brush, in soap and cold water ; but I think it is necessary to do this whilst the egg
is fresh, for there is a greasy matter on the surface which would no doubt make the
discoloration permanent if allowed to become perfectly dry. The fresh egg on
being emptied of its contents exhibited a delicate pink tint on the inner surface of
the shell ; but this was absent in those containing chicks."
I have very little to add to Sir Walter Buller's notes. To me it seems almost
* It is in my opinion not so much the contact with the bird— or its feet, as elsewhere stated — but
with tlie soil and nesting material, that discolours the egg of the Kiwis, like those of other birds (Pnilinj)
for example).
134
by 73
131
„ 79
131
„ 80
130
„ 85-5
127
„ 77-2
124
„ 80-6
124
„ 76-5
124
„ 85
123
" !i!
121
11 77
( 381 )
incredible that, an Apteryx should lay more than one egg at the time, and the fact
that two and even three have been found in one hole is not quite conclusive to show-
that they were laid by one female. However, the Kiwi female in the Zoological
Gardens has several times laid two eggs in one year, but between the first and
second a period of four or five weeks elapsed, and it was noticed that the male could
not entirely cover the two eggs with its body. These facts do not seem natural, and
do not support the theory that several eggs are hatched at one time. The shell
being rather thin, and the temperature in the nests naturally high, there is no reason
to believe that the time of incubation is an unusually long time ; and the native
report mentioned by Gould, that the period of incubation is six weeks, may perhaps
be quite correct, but it is a pity that nothing definite is known about it.
The eggs of Mantell's Kiwi in my collection measure as follows : —
mm. I 121 by 77-G mm.
121 „ 78-5 „
120-O „ 79 „
119-0 „ 80-5 „
119 „ 74-5 „
118*3 ,, 75 ,,
109 „ 72 „ (abnormally
small. From iSir Walter
Bnller).
The weight of one in my aviary was 18 ounces. The shell is very thin, the
grain rather fine and totally different from that of all other Struthious Birds, more
resembling that of the eggs of Ra/l/dae or of Ot/'s, than that of the eggs of Stnitino,
Rhea, Bromaeus, and Casiiarius. The empty eggshell is very light in weight,
being on an average about 1 ounce or little more, while that of the smaller egg of
the swan is about 1| oz., and that of the still much smaller egg of Ajjtenodijtes
longi lost lis is also about H oz.
3. Apteryx haasti Potts.
Haasfs Kiwi.
1861. Apteryx australis (non Shaw), Haast, Topogi: & Geol. Erpl. p. 139 (NeNon Prov.) ; id. in
Ibis, 1862, p. 104 ;
1872. Aplei-yx haasti, Potts in Trans. N. Zeul. Inst. v. IV. p. 204 ; id. in Ibis, p. 35 (Okarito
country) ; 1872, Finsch in J. f. 0. p. 271 (after Potts) ; 1873, Potts in Trans. X. ZtaUwd
Inst. V. V. p. 195 ; Finsch t.c. p. 212 ; 1874, Potts in Zoologist, v. 32, p. 4014 : 1874, Finsch
in J. f. 0. p. 220 ; 1874, Rowley in P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 497 ; 1875, Kowley in Orn. .Misc.
V. I. p. 3, Pis. I., III. ; 1881, Forbes in P. Zoul. Svc. Lund. p. 781 (trachea) : 1882, Buller,
Man. Neio Zeal. B. p. 46, No. 67, PI. XXII. ; 1889, Smith in Trans. New. Zeal. Inst. v. XXI.
p. 224 : 1893, Buller in Trans. New Zeal. Inst. v. XXV. p. 87 ; 1893, Kingley, t.c. p. 108
(young) ; 1895, Buller in Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. V. XXVII. p. 12G, 18»6, v. XXVIII. p. 358 ;
1893, A. Newton, Diet, of B. p. 496 ; 1893, Rothschild in .Inn Mag. Nat. Hist. (G) v. XI.
p. 43 (error) ; 1893, Forbes t.c. p. 159 (correction) ; 1893, Rothschild," t.c. p. 299 ; 1893, id. in
Bull. H. 0. Club, No. X. pp. LX, LXII. and reprint in Ibis, pp. 573—575 ; 1S94 iu Bull. B. 0.
Club, No. XVII. p. XXXVI., and reprint in Ibis, p. 429.
?1841. Fireman, J. Gould in letterpress to A. oiaeni in v. VI. of Birds Austral. ; 1847, Strange in
P. Zool. Soc. Lund. p. 51 (from native reports. Descr. nulla) ; ?1861, .l/ilrry.r major, EUuian
in Zoologist p. 7468, lOis, p. 416 (descr. nulla) ; 'iAplergx maxima, Bonap:irte (ex \'erreau\
MS.) in Compt. Rend. v. 43, pp. «4I, 1020 (descr. nulla ! Native reports about a very large
( 382 )
Kiwi and inspection of an egg, the enormous size of which evidently induced Mon-i. Veireaux
to Ijelieve that its parent was a much larger bird than the common Kiwi) ; 1»J73, Potts in
Tfiins. 1(11(1 Pc'C. .\V(r Zral. Iiistif. V. V. p. 19.3.
DESCRIPTION OF .1. J 1. 1. 1ST J.
S (1(1. Heiul l)rownish grey, this colour being produced by the bases of the
feat hers being ashy grey, and the tips darker, almost blackish. Neck similar but.
with more or less indistinct brownish bnff bars before the tij)s of the feathers,
giving the neck a somewhat undulated appearance. Rest of upper surface clav-
))rown with darker and lighter cross-bars, each feather being brownish grey for
aliDut its basal half, the interior half brownish black with two well-defined wiiilish
bulV bars and tlie tip light brown. Under surface much paler and greyer, the
transverse liars being indistinct. Bill pale yellowish horn-colour. Iris dark brown.
Tarsi and toes dark brown, claws dark horn-brown. Total length about Stilt mm.
cnlmen from base 100, lo8, 112, 115, IIT), lliJ, 120, 121 mm, from gape to tip
117, 125, 125, 128, 130, 130, 134, 135 mm., Metatarsus 72, 75, 70, 70 ,78, 7'.i, so,
80, 82 mm. Middle toe without claw .55, 50, 57, 59, 00, 01, Ol , 02, 05 mm. (Nine
evidently adult sexed male» in my collection measured.)
? ad. Similar to the male, bnt considerably larger, and the colour generallv
somewhat richer and darker brown above. Total length abont OOD mm., cnliuen
from base 134, 13s, 139, 143, 144, 146, 152, 152, 150, 157, 100, 101 mm., from
gape to tip 144, 150, 150, 155, 158, 100, 160, 103, 164, 100, 108, 172 mm.
Metatarsus 80, 80, 80, 83, 87, 87, 88, 88, 89, 91, 91, 92 mm. Middle toe without
claw .58, 01, 02, 03, 03, 03, 0.5, 05, 08, 08, 70, 77 mm. (Twelve evidently adnlt
sexed /ewrt/cs measured.) One adnlt specimen measuring as above 112, 123, 82,
70 mm., is marked as 9, female by Sir Walter Buller, but I have no doubt is a male
Soon after moult the plumage is darker, but when much worn it ai>pears
much paler.
Chick in first plumage very similar to the old bird, but somewhat more
yellowish, the lower bar on the feathers nowhere well-developed, but only faintly
indicated. All the feathers, chiefly at their bases, softer and more downy.
Aberrations : I have one adnlt male with the head and chin nearly ijuite white,
a narrow line of white running down the foreneck and chest, and a few white
feathers scattered here and there on the hindneck and back.
For the above descriptions I have examined 43 specimens at present iu my
collection, of which 17 are from the Heaphy Ranges, the rest without indication of
exact locality.
The adult Aj/teri/r hnasti is easily distinguished from any A. oweni by its
very much larger size, especially the very robust and long bill and large feet.
The plumage differs in its brown coloration. The pale bars are much wider and
more distinct. Young .1. haasti as a rule are easily distinguished from A. oweni
by the characters of the plumage, occasionally, however, we find a young ^1. haaxti
which is difficult to separate from large West-coast specimens of A. oweni with
very distinct barring to the feathers. It is said that ^1. haasti has always dark
claws, but this is not constant. As a rule the claws are blackish, but I have
one with white and several with light brown claws, while those of .1. oweni are
also sometimes dark brown.
The eggs are like those of .1. ausfralin and its subspecies. I have only
three, received from Sir Walter Buller. Two are evidently normal eggs of a
greenish white colour and measure 130 by 77, and 125 by 92 mm. The third one.
( 383 )
trom the Heaphy Ranges, is clearly abnormally small, and has an exceptionally
thick shell and is elliptical oval in shape, while nsiially the eggs of Apfen/x have
a more or less distinctly pointed smaller end. It measnres llo by TTo mm.
This fine Kiwi is only known to inhabit the mountain-range running parallel
to the west coast of the South Island. In my controversy with Dr. Forbes in
the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and in the Bulletin of the B.O.
Club, I have made erroneous statements about this species also being fonnd on
the North Island, where only Apteryx australis muntelli and;4. oiceni occidentali.t
are known to occur. My mistake arose from a specimen of A . oweni occidentalis
having been sent to me from the North Island as a young of A. kaasti, and
from the fact that specimens of A. haasti were liberated on a small islet
near Papaitouga.
Very little is on record about the life-history of Haast's Kiwi, but from what
we know its habits are similar to those of the other species of Apteryx.
4. Apteryx oweni Gould.
Owen's Kiwi.
1847. Apte.ryx oweni (spelt Owenii) J. Gould in P. Zool. Soc. Loml. p. 94 ; 1848, Gould, B. Australia.
V. VI. PI. 3 ; 1849, Gould in Trans. Znol. Soc. v. Til. p. 379, PI. 57 ; 18.il, Reichenbach, Syn.
Ar., Gnllinaceae. Xovitia,; t. .'587, ff. 2U92, 2693 ; 1801, Sclater & Hochstetter in Rep. Brit. Ass.
Adv. Sr. p 17G, and Xat. Hist. Review, p. 505 ; 1862, Sclater in Trans. Zool. Soc. Land. v. IV.
p. 362 ; 1867, Finsch mJ. f. 0. pp. 329, 346, 1872, p. 268, 1874, pp. 174, 220 ; 1869, Potts in
Trans. N. Zealand hist. v. 2, p. 67 (egg) ; 1873, Schlegel, J/»s. P. B. v. IV. Strutkioites, p. 8 ;
1873, BuUer, B. New Zealand, 1st ed. p. 368, PI. 34 ; 1873, Garrod in P. Zool. Soc. Land.
pp. 470, 641 (anatomy) ; 1874, Haast in Ihis, p. 215 ; 1875, Rowley in Orn. Misc. v. I. p. '20
PI. II. (cj ad.) PI. V. (juv.) ; 1876, BuUer in Trans. Neiv Zeal. Inst. v. VIII. p. 193 ; Forbes
in P. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 781 (trachea) ; 1882, Buller, .Uanual V. Zeal. B. p. 46, PI. XXI. a ;
1884, A. B. Meyer, Aljhilel. Vorielskelelte, p. 42, PI. LIV. : 1884, Reischek in Trans. N. Zral.
Inst. V. XVII. p. 192 (biological observations) ; Beddard in /'. Zool. Soc. p. 189 (anatomy of
heart) ; Parker in Ibis, p. 127 (manus) ; Buller, B. Nov Zealand, 2nd ed. v. II. p. 327 ; ISIH,
Buller in Tran<. N. Zeal. Inst. v. XXIV. p. 90 (Preservation Inlet), 1893, v. XXV. p. 8r, ;
1893, A. Newton, Diet. B. p. 495 ; 1893, Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club, No. X. pp. LX— LXII.,
and Ibi.% pp. 573-6 ; 1895, Buller in Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. v. XXVII. pp. 82, 137, 142 ;
1896, BuUer, in Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. v. XXVIII. p. 357.
1869, 1871, 1872, Apteryx oweni, Sclater in P. Zool. Soc. Loml. pp. 468, 479, 861.
1873, Apterijj; mollis. Potts in Trans. & Proc. N. Zeal. Inst. v. 5, p. 196 (Martin's Bay, W, Coast,
albino).
1875, Apteryx fuscns (non Potts, 1873), Rowley in Orn. Misc. v. 2, p. 8.
DESCRIPTION OF A. OWENI.
t? ad. Head and throat brownish grey, darker on the occiput and hindneck,
feathers of the neck slightly marked with indistinct greyish-whitish bars, which
increase in distinctness towards the back and flanks. Upper surface of body deep
brownish grey, each feather with one or two bars of a greyish white colour. These
bars are less wide and generally less distinct than in A. haasti, being more or less
of a horseshoe shape and irregular in outline. Undersurface of body much jjuler,
of a whitish grey colour with a number of darker grey bands on each feather.
Total length about 415 mm. Measurements of ten sexed adult males in my
collection : Calmen 84, 76, 90, 80, 83, 80, 96, 77, 87, 76. Bill from gape to tip 9.5,
85, 99, 90, 90, 87, 110, 84, 92, 83. Tarsus 56, 54, 55, 61, 55, 57, 59, 52, 54, 55.
Middle toe without claw 43, 47, 42, 50, 455, 40, 48, 44, 42, 40 mm.
27
(384 )
$ ad. Similar to the adult malt', but larger and sometimes slightly darker.
Total leugth about 480 mm. Measuremeuts of nine se.xod and oue doubtful female
ia my collectioa : Culmen 102, 107, 95, 100, 96, 90, 93, 98, 102, H0.» Bill from
gape to tip 111, 115, 110, 105, lUO, 100, 101, 109, 111, 115.* Tarsus 61, 66, fin, Co,
01, 02, 58, 00, 60, 62.* Middle toe without claw 45, 50, 44, 46, 48, 44, 43, 48,
48 • mm.
Chick. Head pale grey, rest of body dark ashy vermiculated with paler grey,
underside much paler, as in the adult birds.
Two specimens, male and female, from C'ollingwood, are very dark. The male
has the pale crossbars much less apparent than usual owing to the long blackish
tips to the feathers ; the female shows the pale bars very distinctly, but yet the
general tone of colour is much darker than in typical 4. oweni. Head and hindneck
rather grey. Behind the base of the mandible, below the eyes, is a patch of white
feathers. This peculiar feature, however, is present in several other typical A. oweni
in my collection.
Owen's Kiwi, or, as it is generally called, the Grey Kiwi, or, as it might be
termed, the Small Kiwi, is found over a great portion of the South Island, and is
still fairly common in its western and eastern parts.
According to Buller it frequents the woods and must be sought for in prostrate
hollow trunks, natural holes or caverns among the roots of the large forest-trees
and clefts or fissures in the rocks. In such places it breeds, and the eggs are
sometimes taken from under a clump of tussock or from the shelter afforded by an
overhanging stone on the slojie of a hill.
In manners and breeding-habits this Kiwi agrees with its congeners, only its
notes are much feebler, softer, and its eggs considerably smaller. The two sexes
generally cry together. The eggs in my collection measure 112 by 64, 112-5 by 69,
111 by 72, 112 by 71, 99-5 by 65, 108 by 68, 110-5 by 09, 107-5 by 69, 108 by 08-5,
111 by 68, 108-5 by 67-5, 112 by 06, 108 by 68 mm. It is, of course, possible that
some of these eggs belong to my A. oweni occidentalis, but there is no certainty
about it, as New Zealand collectors seldom take the trouble of properly labelling
eggs and birds.
'-eo-'
•J. Apteryx oweni occidentalis HotJisch.
Larger grey Kiwi.
Apteryx oweni, Buller, B. Ncie Zral. 'laA ed. v. 2, p. ,3-27 (partim) ;
Apteryx occidmtalis, Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club, v. 1, No. X. pp. ,'')9, 61 (reprint in Ibis, 1893,
pp. 57.3, 571;) ; 18115, Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. .)/»s. v. XXVII. p. 610 ; 1890, Buller in Trans.
New Zetiland List. v. XXVIII. p. 3.i8 ; 1899, Buller, op. cit. v. XXXI. p. .35.
.{jileryx ownii nccitleiilalis, Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club, v. 1, p. C-2.
DESCRIPTION OF .1. (JWESI OCCIDENTALIS.
(? ad. DiiTers from the same sex of A. oweni oweni by its larger size, more
distinct, more regular and wider jiale bars to the feathers and the more developed
light tips to the feathers. The wider pale bars to the feathers make the dark bars
bolder and stand out more cousj)icuously than in typical ^4. oweni. The reason for
the greater distinctness of the pale bars in this form is their more regular outline
• This specimen, though sexcd male, is doubtless a, female. Its collector is not known.
( 385 )
as well as greater width. lu most specimens of A. oiveni oweni they are not only
narrower, bnt more or less irregularly V-shaped. Total length about 480 mm.
? ad. Larger than the male and generally darker. Total length about
54U mm.
Measurements of A. oweni occidentalis : —
Culmen from base.
Bill from gape.
Metatarsus.
Middle toe without
claw.
(J 115 mm.
124 mm.
66 mm.
55 mm.
(died in captiTity, caught N. Island).
(J 9fi mm.
104 „
60 „
45 „
(Mt. Hector, N. Island).
? 125 mm.
130 „
65 „
53 „
(BuUer distr., S. Island).
? 118 mm.
130 „
64 „
50 „
(BuUer distr., S. Island).
? 118 mm.
127 „
60 „
47 „
(Buller distr., S. Island).
(J 85 mm.
96 „
50 „
— —
(Buller distr., S. Island).
i 97 mm.
108 „
CO „
45 „
(Buller distr., S. Island).
I have examined altogether 11) specimens in my collection, of which two are
from the North Island, the rest from the mountains of the north-west portion of the
South Island.
The specimen of ^4. oweni occidentalis I received alive from the North Island
was the canse for my erroneous statements with regard to the occurrence of Apten/x
hiiasti in the North Island, as it was sent to me as a young specimen of Apteryx
haasti by Sir Walter Buller. As a fact, Apteri/x haasti has never been obtained
on the North Island.
It is by no means easy to define the exact range of my A. oweni occidentalis.
The North Island specimen was obtained by Mr. Morgan (Jarkeek at the head of
the Hutt river on Mount Hector, in the Tararua Range, in December 1875. It was
caught by his dog among the snow-grass, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. At
a higher altitude he found the species comjiaratively abundant, and he met with it
occasionally below the snow-line, frequenting mossy places in the bush free from
undergrowth. (Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2ud ed. v. 2, p. 328.)
In addition to the North-Island bird I have a fine series of specimens from the
Upper Buller district, where, according to Mr. Brough, of Nelson, " they inhabit the
dense bush, and seem to prefer dark and gloomy gullies, where the sun scarcely ever
penetrates, and where the under-scrub is almost always dripping wet." Some speci-
mens which I have are labelled " Nelson," by Sir Walter Buller, but as they bear
Mr. Brough's name, I have no doubt that they also come from the " Upper Buller."
Others I bonght from Sir Walter Buller are labelled " Buller district, W. Coast,"
and one " Heaphy River." Some skins, however, which are labelled " Collingwood,"
I consider to be typical A. oweni, not occidentalis. Therefore, if the localities on
our labels are correct, the distribution of my occidentalis is not easy to understand,
but I believe it is a fairly distinct form, j)erhaps representing the typical A. oweni
on the high mountains of the Buller district, where it may occur together with
A. haasti.
( 386 )
Sir Walter Bailer mentions au egg measuring 4-6 b}- 2';j inches.
In the Bull. B. 0. Club, No. XVII. p. 3(5 {Ibis, 1894, p. 429) it is mentioned
that I exhibited before the Club some Kiwis I had received alive, and wliich
in addition to the cross-markings, showed lougitndinal lines to the feathers. I
concluded that they must be hybrids between A. m'intelli and A. occidentalis ; but
I evidentl}' made a mistake about this, as they lost all the mi.xed apj)carance in
their plumage, and conld afterwards not be distinguished from ordinary A. oiceiii
The mixed markings they showed, when young, were therefore most likely a peculiar
aberrational character. The place the.^e Kiwis came from is not known to mo.
KEY TO THE FORMS OF THE GENUS APTERYX NOW
KECOGNISED BY ME.
f Feathers of upperside striated : 2.
' I Feathers of npperside barred : 3.
Plumage darker, feathers of neck more bristly: A. aiistralis ?nantelli ;
c, I North Island.
"' I Plumage lighter, feathers of neck softer, less bristly : A. aiistralis australis ;
[ (South Island and adjacent smaller islands.
„ /Larger, more brown, and with wider light bars : A. kaasti ; Soutli Island.
" [Smaller, more greyish, and with narrower light bars : 4.
4.
[Generally larger. More distinct, more regular, wider and straighter pale
bars to the feathers : A. pweui occidentalis; South Island and south-
western portions of North Island.
Generally smaller. Less distinct, more irregular and more or less distinctly
V-sbaped bars to the feathers : A. oweni oiceiii ; South Island.
NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GENUS APTERYX.
By frank E. liEDDAED, il.A., F.Ii.S.,
Proscciiir and Vice-Secretary to the Zonlogical Society of London.
(Plates XV. and XVI.)
Through the great kindness of the Hon. Dr. Walter Rothschild, M.P., I
have come into temporary possession of the largest collection of the skeletons and
alcohol-preserved bodies of the genus Apteryx that have ever been amassed in
one museum. I have been able to study skeletons of Aptfnjx mnntelli {■= A. biilleri),
A. haa.iti, A. oweni, A. australis from Stewart Island ; besides these there were
two young sjjecimens of A. australis removed from the egg, and bodies in sjjirit
of A. mantelli, A. oweni, A. Iiaasti, and A. australis from Stewart Island, and
a body from which a skin had been prepared, and which was therefore incomplete,
of ^1. occidentalis.
In addition to this rich material, for the use of which I am greatly indebted
to Mr. Rothschild, I have been able to refer to a single skeleton of each of A. oweni
and A. australis which belong to the collection under my charge at the Zoological
Society's Gardens.
I am therefore, I believe, in a jiosition to settle more definitely than lias yet
( 387 )
been done the specific characters of the various species of this genus so far as
concerns their internal structure.
In dealing with this subject, however, I am b}- no means breaking new ground.
A few osteological marks of difference between A. australis and .1. oweni have been
pointed out by Dr. Mivart, F.R.S.,* in his Memoir upon the axial skeleton of the
Struthionidae. More important as a contribution to the present question is a
memoir by Professor T. J. Parker, F.R.S., chiefly concerned with a description of
the development of this genus, but containing incidentally many and valuable notes
upon the specific characters of A. austmlis, A. oiveni, and A. nuintelli, besides a
few remarks upon the wing of A. haaati, upon its skeleton (doubtfully referred to
this species), and of A. maxima (probably "a sub-adult A. bulleri"). Professor
Parker had, however, fewer complete specimens of these birds than I have had the
privilege of examining. This, it is hardly necessary to point out, reduces the value
of the specific determinations based upon them ; and I shall have to point out later
the very considerable variations that occur in most parts of the skeletons of all the
species of the genus Apteryx, a fact which renders the tabulation of reliable specific
differences extremely difiScult.
The general anatomy of Apteryx has been apparently so exhaustively treated
of (see the list of memoirs dealing with the genus) that I had hardly hoped to
discover any new points. I have, however, been able to ascertain two new facts
of some little classificatory importance. The first of these is the existence of an
oil gland hitherto overlooked, a feature in which this genus appears to differ from
all other Strnthious birds ; the second matter is the presence of definite intrinsic
syringeal muscles, not unique among the Struthiones, but new to Apteryx so
far as recorded fact enables me to judge. A few minor novel points are only of
systematic value.
The memoirs which I have consulted in the preparation of this paper are
the following : —
Parker, T. J. " Observations on the Anatomy and Development of Apteryx."
PM. Trans. 1891.
Forbes, W. A. " On the . . . Trachea in the Ratite Birds." P.Z.S., 1881, p. 778.
Owen, Sir R. '' On the Apteryx australis." Trans. Z.S., ii. p. 57, and iii. p. 277.
MiVART, St. G. " On the Axial Skeleton of the Struthionidae." Trans. Z.S.,
X. p. 1.
FtJRBRiNGBR, M. " UntersuchuDgeu znr Morphologie nnd Systematik der Vogel."
Amsterdam, 1888.
Gadow, H. " Aves " in " Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs."
Huxley, T. H. " On the Respiratory Organs of Apteryx." P.Z.S., 1882, p. 560.
MiTCHEtL, P. Chalmers. " On the Intestinal Tract of Birds." P.Z.S., 1896,
p. 136.
Beddard, F. E. " On the Heart of Apteryx." P.Z.S., 1885, p. 188.
Lankester, E. R. " On the Heart described by Professor Owen in 1841 as that of
Apteryx." P.Z.S., 1885, p. 239.
Lankester, E. R. " On the Right Cardiac Valve of the Specimens of Apteryx
dissected by Sir Richard Owen in 1841." P.Z.S., 1885, p. 477.
Owen, Sir R. " On the Structure of the Heart in Ornithorynchus and Apteryx.''
P.Z.S., 1885, p. 328.
♦ See list of literature above.
( 388 )
Weldon, W. F. R. " On the Anatomy of Phoenicopterus." P.Z.S., 1883, p. 638.
Parker, W. K. " The Shoalder Girdle." Ra>/ Societi/ Publication.
Lindsay, B. " On the Avian Sternum." P.Z.S., 1885, p. 684.
1. CERTAIN EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
The Oil Gland. (PI. XV.)
The impression is generally given that Apteryx has no oil gland. Gadow, for
example, distinctly denies its presence ; Fiirbringer, in his table of characters of
the groups of birds, marks it as .absent — but with a query. Garrod, in his MS.
notes, declared the oil gland to be absent, as also in a published reference to the
matter. It is carious that three such excellent observers should have fallen into an
error ; for not only has the Apteryx an oil gland, but it is a particularly large one
The oil gland is, however, in some ways rather nnlike that of other birds, which
may account for its having thus far escaped detection. One naturally looks for the
oil gland a little way from the extremity of the tail, and expects to find two closely
approximated pear-shaped bodies with conspicuous mamillae. The oil gland of
Apteryx is not at all like this. It might easily be mistaken for a mass of fat
snrrountling the extremity of the tail. It is a really enormous gland which lies
quite normally above the extremity of the vertebral column, though it appears also
to extend down the sides of the caudal vertebra. It is not distinctly divided into
two glands, though there are two not very prominent nipples — the external orifices.
It was the presence of these that directed my attention to the existence of the
gland. The two nipples form the very extremity of the body of the bird. In an
A. australis I found each of these nipples to have two orifices ; this was not plain
in an A. haasti (pi. XV.), nor in an A. mantelli. The oil gland was perfectly nude
in the former case ; it had two minute feathers in the latter bird.
It will be obviously desirable to ascertain how far an oil gland is really
represented in the other Strnthious birds which are commonly stated to be devoid
of that structure. At present Apteryx seems to stand rather apart, as indeed it is
held to do on other grounds. It is suggestive, too, to note the less specialised
condition of the oil gland of Apteryx, as shown by the absence of the cordate form
and the slight prominence of the mamillae.
Remiges.
The arrangement of the feathers ujjon the wing ofl'ers several points of interest
for consideration, and has been variously construed. There is, for instance, con-
siderable difference of opinion as to the number of remiges present — a matter which
is discussed at some length by T. J. Parker. In an embryo of Apteryx (lustralis,
practically full grown and corresponding to one of Stages H— K of Parker, I
carefully counted the remiges and made out fourteen of them, closely set long
feathers. Upon the upper surface of this wing, which measured in total length in
its natural (somewhat flexed) condition from the point where it became free from
the body, about the middle of the humerus 12 mm., were numerous rathrt- closely
set strong feathers. These feathers did not appear to me to have a particularly
regular arrangement. The tendency of their distribution seemed to me to be
towards the production of transverse rather than longitudinal lines of feathers.
It is important to notice that the under surface of the wing of the young in a!.sj
NoviTATES ZooLOGicjE. . Vol. A^. 1899.
Pl.XV.
S ^ , „ M .. :
.^ ^ ,.^ / ^jf/. ^,.-
"- rinst V. L ivi-uuit? Lei^;.^
OIL GLAND OF APTERYX HAASTI
1. VENTRAL VIEW. - 2 . LATERAL VIEW.
( 389 )
feathered, though more sparingly, which rarely persists, and then to a very small
extent, in the fnll-grown bird.
The number of remiges in the wing of the adult ApUi-yx has been variously
stated. Parker figures eleven and thirteen remiges in .4. mfintelli ; Owen allowed
"nine quasi-quill-plnmes " in .1. austrnlis. These feathers, of coarse, vary in
numbers anil relative development. In .1. //ansti—in two specimens, at any rate —
I observed a curious change in position of the remiges. After the first seven or
eight, counting from tbe claw, the feathers ceased to lie along the edge of the
manns ; they moved on to its upper surface. Had there been in these birds any
lower coverts (of which I have seen three or four in some wings) these feathers
would possibly get the credit of being the true remiges. It seems to be therefore
difficult and unprofitable to attemirt any definite statements as to the exact number
of remiges in the various species of Apteryx. It is generally the case — and Parker
has illustrated the fact — that the distal remiges are the larger, and that they cease
abruptly at about the middle of the forearm.
The utmost number of remiges that I have counted, including both large and
small, is fourteen, which agrees with the conditions observable in the young. The
species A. austraUs appeared to have the feeblest remiges, but of six examples
examined by me from this point of view, the largest number of strongly developed
remiges was five or six out of a total of thirteen or fourteen. In two others
the strongly developed remiges were only two or three. In the remaining two all
the remiges were feeble.
On the other hand, in A. haasfi there were as many as ten or eleven strong
remiges in four birds, eight and nine in two others, and seven in a small bird.
A. oweni in this matter agrees with A. haasti ; in three individuals there were ten
or twelve strongly developed feathers. A. mantelli in the characters of its remiges
is somewhat intermediate. Seven or eight was the largest number present ; in
some specimens all were feeble.
Claw of Digit.
Professor Parker has attempted — but does not lay undue emphasis upon the
point — to extract specific characters from the form of the claw ujiou the wing. In
A. oweni he has found it to be " always soft and weak, gently curved, about 4 mm.
long." As far as my experience goes this is accurate, save that the length varies
somewhat, though not within wide limits. I do not, however, find myself able to
agree with what he has written concerning .1. haasti. He finds no difference from
the claw of ^1. oweni, save that it is sometimes smaller ; but he tjuotes Professor
Hutton to the effect that it may reach a length of 9 mm. In A. liaasti the claw is
either straight or curved ; its length varies from 6 mm. through 7, 8, and 9, to 14,
which was the extreme length observed by myself. In A. australis I noted rather
less variation in the length of the claws, which were nearly always curved ; they
were straight in only one individual out of six. The length varied from u to 10,
but the average was distinctly 7 mm.
In A. mantelli the claw was short * (4 or n mm.) in six out of seven individuals
examined ; 11 mm. long in the seventh. They were curved, and I should state that
in no case have I allowed for the curve in measuring. In this species (" A. bulleri )
Parker describes and figures a claw 18 mm. long.
* In one individual on one side of the body the claw was double.
( 390 )
It appears, therefore, that in all the species examined the claws may be longer
or shorter, and more or less curved. I do not see sufficient grounds for emphasising
any specific distinctions. It may be generally remarked, however, that ^1. australis
and .4. haasti agree in having as a rule longer claws than .1. oweni (which is. after
all, a smaller species) ; and, as a rule, A. mantelli is distinguished from its allies by
its smaller claws.
2. SOME NOTES UPON THE OSTEOLOGY.
The osteology of Aptenjx has been so fully described in the adult and in
the embryo, especially by Owen, Mivart, and T. J. Parker, that it seems to be
unnecessary to enter into an elaborate description of the skeleton here.
In certain features, however, the skeleton varies rather more than is perhaps
generally thought. A few of these variations coincide with differences in external
characters and in other points of structure, and are therefore possibly of specific
value. These will be found referred to iu the course of the following pages and
at the end of this paper where it is attempted to lay down the specific characters of
the different species of Apteryx. But the bulk of osteological variation has not
apparently any such meaning.
Vertebkal Column.
The vertebral column of Apteryx has been elaborately described by Mivart for
A. oweni and A. australis.
I find that the centrum of the atlas is very deeply notched in ..4. oweni and
A. mantelli* ; indeed, in the latter the superior boundaries of the circular notch
very nearly meet and convert it into a foramen. The same is the case with A. haasti.
A peculiarity which A. mantelli has, and does not share with the other species
mentioned, except occasionally in A. oweni, is the incompleteness of the neural
arch of the atlas ; there is a median division perfectly complete, though the two
halves come into actual contact. The hypapophyses of the atlas of A. oweni are not
quite as figured by Mivart. In one specimen I find no hypapophysis at all ; in
another, instead of the squarish median process figured by him as extending along
the base of the centrum, it was divided into two very strongly marked and more
laterally situated processes. As, however, in A. haasti there is a median tubercle as
well as these two, it seems probable that the former is the real hypapophysis, and
that the latter correspond to the lateral hypapophysial processes described by Mivart
in the ostrich. In A. mantelli the lateral processes alone are present. The hypor-
apophyses are well developed; iu all species, in A. oweni they are long and rather
narrow ; in A. haasti medium, and in A. mantelli very deep.
As to the axis, I observed but slight differences in the different species. The
spine is massive, particularly in A. mantelli : the hyperapophyses are long, and
there is no hypapyophyses. The rib-like elements exist in all species, being stontest
in A. oweni.
Dr. Mivart remarks that the tenth and eleventh cervical vertebrae in A. oweni,
' In one of three specimens of ^ . mantelli the " body " of the atlas, instead of being completely
perforated by the odontoid process, was only deeply excavated above a narrow vertically oval foramen,
even turning the excavation forwanl through the body. In this individual the arch of the atlas wa«
complete above.
( 391 )
bnt uot iu A. nmfraUs, have a median ventral canal formed by the united cata-
pophysis. In only one species did I find a complete canal to be formed by the
catapophysis, that was on ('. T'. 1 1 of .-1. auatralis ; bnt in all the catapophyses of
two or three vertebrae came very nearly into contact. This was more marked in
A. oweni and A. aiistrulis than in the other species, On the twelfth cervical vertebrae
in all species of Apti'njx a median hypapophysis appears, save only in A. haasti
where it is the thirteenth. In -1. mantelU, A. aiistralU, and in ^4.. haasti the first
hypapophysis is at least occasionally bifid. The hypapophyses in A. oweni continue
to the first dorsal vertebra in A. haasti to the third dorsal. In all species of
Aptenjx there are sixteen cervical vertebrae, the number of free dorsals, and
consequently of sacrals, varies somewhat. In an A. australis I found 6 free dorsals
and 6 sacrals in front of the acetabulum. Iu three A. mantelli these numbers were
7 and 5 ; in another 8 and 4 ; in an A. haasti 7 and 5 ; in an A. oweni 1 and 5.
In Apteryx oweni I find nine perfectly free caudal vertebrae. One in front of
this series is overlapped by the ilium, but is not completely ankylosed to the vertebra
in front. (PI. XVI. f. 3.)
In A. mantelli there are either seven or eight free caudal vertebrae, not over-
lapped by the ilia. In front of these either none at all, or two or three vertebrae
which are not ankylosed to each other.
In A. australis there is a longish pygostyle formed by the partial ankylosis of
the last four caudals ; in front of this are three free caudals. (PI. XVI. f. 4.)
A. haasti has eight free caudals not overlapped by the ilia. In front of this
series is one caudal not completely ankylosed.
Ribs.
In Apteryx oweni there are two ribs belonging to the cervical series, three
ribs which join the sternum below, and four ribs following, of which the first has a
sternal division, which does not, however, reach the sternum. Uncinate processes
are borne by the last cervical rib, and by the four following ribs ; thus there are five
in all. Sometimes four ribs articulate with the sternum or even, according to
Mivart, five.
In A. mantelli there are also nine pairs of ribs ; but only one belongs to the
cervical vertebrae. The following four reach the sternum : the rest have not a
sternal half. The six first ribs have uncinate processes.
In A. haasti there are nine pairs of ribs, as in the other species, in addition
to a rudiment belonging to the fifteenth cervical. Four ribs reach the sternum,
and there are six pairs of uncinate processes.
In A. australis from Stewart Island there is a rudimentary rib on the fifteenth
vertebra ; then follow six pairs with uncinate processes, of which the last five reach
the Bternum ; then two largish free ribs without uncinate processes and finally
a minute pair.
Shoulder Giedle.
Professor T. J. Parker has dealt with the variations of this part of the skeleton.
It is chiefly in the proportions between scapula and coracoid, in the size of the angle
between the two, and in the bony or membranous condition of the procoracoid, that
variations occur.
This last-named variation, like the others, has no very definite relation to the
( 392 )
species. Professor Parker found two deeply notched coracoids of A. mantelli as
against one unnotcbed. Three A. australis are figured as notched, but neither of
two A. oireni. Fiirbringer depicts one notched and one uunotched ^4. australis, the
latter copied from Owen. Parker (W. K.) figures A. australix as unnotcbed. My
specimen is notched.
I have found no notch in any of six specimens of A. haaxti ; neither of two
Oiceni had a notch : but of four A. manteUi two were notched and two had com-
pletely bony procoracoid.s. It looks, therefore, as if it was at least rarer for A. oweni
and A. haasti* to have largely membranous procoracoids than for the other species.
The Sternum.
The general form of the sternum oi Apteryx is well known. It is, however,
very variable in details, most of the details, if not all, lieing totally nuconnected
with specific distinctions. The principal variations shown by the sternum are as
follows : —
1. Variations in the proportions of the median and posterior lateral processes.
In the majority of cases the posterior lateral processes are tlie longer ; this was so
in six .4. manteUi examined by myself, in one figured by T. J. Parker, and in one
figured by Miss Lindsay; in four A. kaasti examined by myself, and a queried liaasti
figured by Parker; in two A. oweni examined by myself, in two figured by Parker,
in one figured by Miss Lindsay ; in one A. australis examined by myself; in one
A. australis figured by Owen, in one figured by Parker.
Total 21.
In many specimens the two processes are equal ; this was so in two A. mantelli
examined by myself, in two figured by T. J. Parker ; in two A. kaasti examined
by myself; in one A. attstralis figured by Fiirbringer, in one figured by Parker.
Total 8.
In fewer specimens still the median is longer than either of the two lateral
processes ; this characterised an A. australis figured by W. K. Parker, and an
embryo ^1. australis figured by T. J. Parker.
Total 2.
These variations are purely in the amount of ossification, some cartilage being
apparently invariably left tipping the processes. This fact still further diminishes
the importance of these variations ; but it is noteworthy that in the nnossified or
bnt slightly ossified sternum the lateral processes (according to T. J. Parker) always
exceed the median, save in the striking case of an A. australis last referred to, which
agrees with an adult fignred by W. K. Parker.
2. Variations in the character of the median process.
This is longer or shorter, broader or narrower ; it is sometimes but rarely bifid
at the extremity. This has been figured in two examples of .1. nurni (by Miss
Lindsay and T. J. Parker), and in a doubtful .4. kaasti (by Parker).
3. The anterior emargination of the sternum varies in depth, but is usually a
symmetrical semicircular incision. Professor T. J. Parker distinguishes " .4. bulleri "
(=.4. manti'lli) from A. australis by the greater depth of the emargination in the
former species. This is certainly usually, bnt not universally, the case ; I have an
A. manteUi with quite a shallow anterior emargination. A. kaasti varies in precisely
the same way. On the other hand, the specimens at my disposal lead me to support
' T. J. Parker's doubtful A^ haiuti had a notched coracoid.
( 393 )
Professor Parker's statement that " in ^1. Oweni . . . the emargination of the
anterior border ... is slightly sinnous, each side presenting a sigmoid curvature."
I have not found this characteristic form of the anterior emargination of the
sternum in any species but ^l. owcni.
4. There are occasionally but rarely two fenestrae in the sternum. Owen
describes this in his specimen of ^1. australis ; I have seen the same thing, the
right fenestra being rather the larger in an A.mantelli. In another A. tnantelli
there were two minute fenestrae of pinhole size.
5. The sternum of Apteri/x is described as quite flat and keelless. Nevertheless
T. J. Parker observed in quite a large proportion of examples of ^1. mantelli studied
by himself a distinct keel. I also find it to be commonly present in that species.
This vestigial keel is so slight that it is not particularly easy to see ; it is however
readily y^/^ I have found similar traces in A. haasti.
6. From measurements of the sternum Professor Parker thought himself
justified in deducing the following results : —
" In A. australis the length of the corpus sterni appears to be constantly more
than half its breadth."
"In ^1. bulleri (= A mantelli) the length of the corpus sterni is — often con-
siderably— less than half its breadth."
" In A. oweni . . . the length of the body is less than half its breadth."
I have tested these conclusions upon other examples measured in precisely the same
fashion as that adopted by Parker. These are my figures : —
Length.
Breadth.
Length.
Breadth.
A. oweni .
11
33
A. haasti .
19
38
't n • . •
15
35
21
45
)i )i
17
38
21
44
A. mantelli
18
40
,
18
40
» )i • ■
15
39
20
45
I) )t . .
11
41
A. australis
28
55
HI) . -
18
37
19
51
}6
41
20
50
A. haasti .
22
45
i» n • •
15
35
These measurements on the whole bear out Professor Parker's remarks con-
cerning.!, oweni &\iA A.mantelli. I may perhaps point out in addition that^l. hdasti
belongs to the same category as those two species, but that there is a tendency to an
increase in the length as compared with the breadth. In A. australis it appears from
the measurements which I have taken that the length is also less than half the
breadth. But not a great deal can be made out of these measurements. In the
first place the nnmbers (actual and proportional) are very close ; the difierencos are
not at all salient. In the second place the occasional asymmetry of the lateral
notches renders it sometimes difficult to follow out Professor Parker's scheme of
measurements. I give my own figures therefore for what they are worth, which
does not appear to me to be a great deal.
Skull.
The very slightest differences apart from those of size distinguish the Apierygea'
A peculiarity which I noticed in the skull of .4. australis is possibly of some
little interest : that is, the bifid anterior extremity of the vomer, a deep oval notch
( 394 )
separating its two horns. The shajie of the vomer in this region is in fact not unlike
that of certain Limicolons birds, especially perhaps Haetnatopus. In other skulls of
Apteryx I did not find this peculiarity nearly so well marked.
The basis cranii is a little different in the various skulls which I have examined.
In A. mantelli the basi-sphenoid bar widens out in a fusiform fashion, to contract
again just before it is hidden beneath the vomers. This does not cliaracterise the
other skulls. But A. oweni and .-1. haasti agree to diflfer from A. mantelli in that
the basi-sphenoidal rostrum is ridged on either side where it widens out into the
basi-temporals. In A. austrnlis these two lateral ridges exist as well as a median
one lying between them, equnlly marked bat not quite so long.
Pelvis. (PI. XVI.)
A comparison of the pelves of the different species of Apter>/x shows a great
uniformity in the characters of this part of the skeleton. The principal point of
difference which I could detect concerned the length of the prepubic process. The
following measurements show how short this process is in A. mantrlli, and how long
it is in A. oweni : —
Length of pre.aiititrocbanteric
part of ilium.
Langtb of post^Dtibe
6ft. Sin.
Prepnbis.
A. mantelli ....
A. haasti ....
A. amtral's ....
A. oweni ....
n » ....
83 mm.
75 mm.
82 mm.
90 mm.
61 mm.
54 mm.
39 mm.
35 mm.
40 mm.
41 mm.
30 mm.
30 mm.
,5 mm.
3 mm.
8 mm.
8 mm.
9 mm.
8 mm.
The two ilia diverge from each other anteriorly, and here is the widest part of
the pelvis. The two bones, instead of being almost parallel with the vertebral column,
as they are posteriorly, are flattened out laterally, which is of conrse the cause of
the greater width of the pelvis here. Posteriorly the pelvis is widest just behind
the acetabnla, across the antacetabular processes. In rare cases the width of the
pelvis at these two points is eijnal or snbequal. These examples are so far nearer
to the other genera of struthious birds, in none of which are ilia wider in front than
across the antacetabular processes. The following are a few measurements : —
Width of
Width across
Difference.
Species.
nia anteriorly.
antac. proc.
40
36
4
A. haasti.
44
36
8
11 II
39
35
4
36
36
0
50
36
14
» n
44
37
7
35
34
1
A. mantelli.
41
35
6
41
35
6
»» It
46
39
7
36
25
11
A. nweni.
40
29
11
56
36
20
A. australie.
NoviTATES ZoOLOQICiE..VoL,VI. 1899.
Pl.XVI.
r^
SidnevBorriiliir ilcl.
lith- Anst V. E.A.Funke, Leipzig
3, PELVIS OF APTERYX OV/ENI-
^. „ „ „ AUSTRALIS.
( 395 )
The pelvis of xipteri/x also shows variatious in the degree iu which the ilia meet
above the vertebral column. Dr. Mivart remarks that " the ilia do not quite
meet together dorsad behind the acetabula, though they are not so open as in
VromaeKs and Casuarius.^' I should have regarded it as the rule for this open tract
tlirough which the spines of the lumbar vertebrae are vi.siblo to commence rather ia
I'niiit of, or at least on a level with, the anterior margin of the acetabulum.
3. MUSCULAR ANATOMY.
The general muscular anatomy of Apteryx has been described by Owen ;
Garrod dealt subsequently with certain muscles of the thigh, and with the deep
ilexor tendons ; Furbringer has carefully gone into the shoulder muscles in his
great work upon birds ; T. J. Parker redescribed the muscles of the wing, correcting
Owen in several particulars ; finally Gadow's book upon birds contains the bulk of
what is known concerning the musculature of Apteryx.
Muscles of the Hind Limb.
Glutaeus primus. — This wide sheet of muscle is correctly described by all
authors as arising from the entire length of the ilium, post-acetabnlar as well as
pre-acetabular. I observed no variations worthy of remark.
Glutaeus secundus. — This is, as usual, the most powerful of the three glntaei
which spring from the pre-acetabular ilium. It arises from the whole of the crest
of that bone in front of the acetabulum, and also from such parts of the surface of
the ilium as are not occupied by the two muscles ne.\t to be described. Some of its
fibres even spring from the septum between itself and those muscles. The insertion
is by a broad strap-shaped tendon.
The Glutaeus tertius and Gl. quartus really form one muscle, with but indica-
tions of division. They are both covered by the last muscle, excepting the anterior
part of Glutaeus tertius. In A. kaasti they spring from the ilium and lie side by
side, the anterior of the two being slightly the smaller ; in .1. australis I was
unable to distinguish the two muscles, e.xcept just before their tendons of insertion.
In this species the tendons are inserted separately but contiguously ; in ^4. haaati
they are absolutely fused just before insertion.
Glutaeus quintus. — This muscle is continuous at its origin with the Glntaeus
secundus ; it ends in a long strong tendon inserted between the tendons of the
femoro-caudal and Glutaei tertius et quartus.
Obturator externus. — This muscle (called by Owen " pyramidalis ") arises from
the ischium, and is inserted fleshily beneath the tendon of the obturator internus by
a wide insertion considerably wider than that of tlie femoro-caudal.
Obturator internus ends in a long round tendon which is as usual accompanied
by Gemelli. It overlaps the insertion of the last muscle.
The Iliacus is a small mnscle with fleshy origin and insertion.
The Femoro-caudal immediately underlies the accessory femoro-caudal. It is
distinguished by Garrod into two parts, one of which, arising from tlie candal
vertebrae, he separates as true femoro-caudal. I imagine that the pyramidal muscle
does represent both femoro-caudal and its accessor}-, but I can see no marked line
of division between them. The muscle arises chiefly from the ischium, but its area
of origin also strays on to the ilium and the caudal vertebrae. It is inserted
( 39f. )
by a flat tendinous bead on to the neck of the femur, being crossed just at its
insertion by tlie tendon of the Glntaeus V.
The Stiperfcial femoro-caudal muscle is a great mass of fiesli immediately
underl3nng the biceps ; it springs from the ilium as well as posteriorly from the
candal vertebrae. It is inserted along the edge of the femur external to the femoro-
caudal, adductor and accessory semitendinosus. It reaches exactly as far as the
distal end of the origin of the last mentioned. The muscle, as has been correctly
observed by Owen and Garrod, is divided into two parts, separated by the emergence
of the sciatic nerve and artery. The anterior smaller part (called by Owen the
"Adductor brevis femoris ") is aj)pareutly to be distinguished among other struthious
birds and in the tinamous.
The large extent of the Biceps femoris is not clearly indicated in the figures
of either Owen or Garrod. Its origin by a tendinous sheet in common with that
of the last-described muscle extends considerably in front of the acetabulum as well
as considerably behind it. Before its insertion on to the fibula tLrough the biceps
sling it gives off from its upper surface a fibrous band to the outside of the
gastrocnemius. This has not been mentioned in Apteryx ; but Gadow states its
existence in Struthio. I may remark that I have found a somewhat similat
insertion in the rail Podica soiegalensis — a fact which may conceivably be of some
little classificatory import. On the other hand Weldon has figured (p. 648, Fig. 3,
B) a closely similar arrangement in the duck, and I have observed the same in
a swan.
The Semimembranosus of Apteryx australis is very much as it has been described
by Garrod in .1. oweni. It has two very distinct heads of origin, between which
arises the femoro-caudal and lies a portion of the oil gland. The posterior part
arises close to the semitendinosus from some of the coccygeal vertebrae ; the rest
of the muscle springs partly tendinonsly, partly muscularly, from the ischium, and
even to a small extent from the pubis ; the two join almost immediately, arching in
a crescent-shaped outline over the femoro-candal, as already said. In A. haasti
the two heads of the muscle were present, but the discontinuity at their origin was
less marked; the second head, moreover, was limited to the ischium, and was
circular or thereabouts in section, instead of strap-shaped. The tendon of insertion
of the muscle runs side by side with, and is indistinguishable from, that of the
semitendinosus.
Semitendinosns. — This muscle shows a slight variation in the relations of its
accessory (femoral) head within the genus. In A. australis the accessory head
of the semitendinosus was distinctly separated from, though parallel to, the middle
head of the gastrocnemius. In ^1. haasti no such separation is obvious.
Adductor. — There is but one adductor in Apterijx. It is a flat thin muscle
arising from the front edge of the ischium.
Rectus femoris {= Vastus externus + Criiraeus'). This is an enormously
thick and fleshy muscle arising from the greater part of the shaft of the femur from
the neck onwards. The vastus externus portion is much the larger, and on the
outer side of the thigh forms a continuous and undivided mass of muscle ; on the
upper side of the thigh there are indications of its division into two accessory heads
of origin. The cruraeus portion from the greater part of the length of the inner side
of the femur ends in a strong round tendon, to which many fibres of the vastus
externus portion are attached, and which then becomes continuous with the strong
* Crvraent + gracilit of Owen's deucriptioa of the AjtUryx.
( 397 )
tendon of the vastus exteruns. The two together form the ligamentum patella,
the smallish ossified patella being enclosed in their substance, and are inserted on to
the head of the tibia.
Vastus i/iterni(s.— This muscle arises below the last, but Las not so extensive
au origin from the femur ; its short tendon is inserted on to the head of the tibia
below and to the inside of the last.
The Sartorius is a powerful muscle with no peculiarities of origin or insertion.
The Ambiens {Pectineus of Owen's description) is well developed, and arises
as usual from the pre-pubic pi'ocess; it disappears into the soft tissues of the leg
between the two divisions of the rectus femoris, and is inserted, as will be described,
into the flexor perforatus.
The Peroneus longus is a massive muscle covering the front part, and covering
the tibialis anticus for nearly the whole of its extent. The tendon, as usual, divides
into two — one branch going to the heel, the other becoming continuous with the
tendon of the flexor perforans et jiierforatus.
Peroneus brevis appears to be completely absent.
Tibialis anticus. — It might be gathered from Sir K. Owen's description of
the muscles of this bird that the characteristic long tendinous head arising from
the external condyle of the femur was absent. This, however, is not the case.
The tendon of insertion is undivided save just at its insertion, where it is perforated
by the Extensor dig. III.
Extensor communis digiforum. — The tendon of this muscle supplies the second,
third and fourth toes ; it iirst divides into two branches, and then each of these
again divides into two, the middle of the three toes getting two branches.
The number of the short extensors of the foot has been understated by Owen.
There are altogether five of these.
Extensor digiti HI. — This arises by a long slender tendon from the ligament
uniting the tibio tarsus with the tarso metatarsus. It perforates the tendon of
insertion of the tibialis anticus, and immediately after swells out into a fleshy belly,
which again ends in a long tendon inserted on to the extensor communis tendon
just below toes III. and IV. The remaining short extensors, except that of digit I.,
are covered by a densish fascia, which accounts for their having been missed
by Owen.
Extensor brecis dig. IV. — This, like the remaining extensors, arises from the
extensor surface of the metatarsus. Its origin, however, extends further forward
than any of the rest. Its tendon, moreover, is attached laterally to the fourth
digit, and acts rather as an adductor, as well as to the fourth digit.* The Abductor
dig. II. is attached to the inner side of that digit. The Extensores Itallucis and
dig. III. are purely extensors in insertion.
Ga.^trocnemiiis. — This muscle has, as usual, three heads. The outer head
springs by a rather narrow head from the femur, which is entirely tendinous.
This tendon arises distally to, but nearly in contact with, the long arm of the
biceps sling. The short arm of the biceps sling is a broad ligament to which
the adjacent flexor muscles are attached on its way to the leg. The inner head
of the gastrocnemius is the larger, and arises from the crest of the tibia as well
as from adjacent fasciae. The middle femoral head has been already referred to
in connection with the accessory semitendinosus. The insertion of the gastrocnemius
is in no way peculiar.
' This luesiimably represents two sliort extensors fused.
( 398 )
The Plantaris (= Soleus) is in no way [iccnliar : it is a fleshy muscle arising
from the head of tibia jnst beneath the insertion of the semitendinosus ; it is
inserted by a long tendon on to the cartilage through which the flexor tendons
glide.
The three Flexores perforati (of digits II., III., IV.) are connected at tlieir
origin from the femur with each other and with the flexor profundns. Their
tendons, however, separate early, as is usual. Tlie strong ambiens tendon is
definitely attached to the fl. perf II., and to that only ; it does not give off slips,
as Mitchell has figured and described in various liirds to the two other muscles,
making up the jierforatus complex. Furthermore, three small tendinous bands,
accompanied by muscle fibres, and forming a tiiin flat sheet of tissue, are continuous
with the ambiens tendon above, and appear to be in connection at the other end
with the short arm of the biceps sling, and to arise from the fibula. I look njjon
this sheet of muscle and tendon as a second head of the flexor in qnestion, and
as corresponding to the fibular head of birds, such as Sijcticorax. If this be so,
Mitchell's contention that the ligamentous head in question is a rudimentary ambiens
is not so certain as it seemed to be, for both occur in ApU'rijx. I found the same
state of affairs in ^1. haaati.
The Flexor perfo)-anx et perj'oratus dnj. 111. arises partly from the head of the
tibia, partly from the patellar ligament, and finally from a broad sheet of glistening
tendon which nnites it w-ith the adjacent gastrocnemius head, and from the middle
of which also arises the next muscle to be described. This broad sheet of tendon
ends below to form a turned-up margin continuous with the long head of the
biceps sling. The tendon of the mnscle is joined by a viuculum to the perforatns
tendon of the same digit.
The Flexor perj'orans et perforatum dig. II. is a smaller muscle than the last ;
it lies between it and the outer head of the gastrocnemins. It arises, as already
stated in describing the last muscle, from the femur and the septum between itself
and the last.
The Flexor /lallucis longus arises by a principal head from the intercondylar
region in conjunction with some of the other flexor muscles, and by a small slender
entirely muscular additional head from the posterior surface of the outer condyle :
the two soon unite, and from their tendon is given off, as Garrod has described,
a thin tendon to the Hallux before it becomes fused with the tendon of tlie
flexor profundns.
The Flexor profundus springs from the upper part of the sliaft of the tibia
and fibula, both beneath the Popliteus and also from its fibular tendons ; there
is a second and smaller head of origin from the outer condyle of the femur. Its
tendon fuses with that of the last muscle, and the conjoined tendon thus formed
s]ilits into three tendons for digits II. — IV.
MUSCI>ES OF THE FoIiK LiMB.
The muscles of the fore limb have been, as already exjilained, described in
great detail for Apteryx by more than one observer. I feel it therefore uimecessary
to do more than indicate some few differences that I have observed in several
species. Considering that the wing is the most degenerate organ of Apteryx, and
that the muscles are naturally sharing the fate of the dwindling bones, it does not
seem permissible to dwell much \\\)u\\ such varintions as their different degrees of
degencracv show.
( 399 )
Latissimus doni. — As has been pointed out, this muscle consists of only one
piece, which may or may not be the equivalent of the two latissimi of other birds.
It is a much larger muscle, relatively as well as actually, in .4. haasti than in
A. oweni. In the former species it conceals more of the Rhomhoideus, and leaveH
less of the scapula bare than it does in A. oweni.
Deltoids. — In A. haasti I foand, in addition to the deltoid present in all
ApterijT, a broadish strap-shaped slip of muscle arising from the scapula super-
ficially to the deltoid, passing over it, and inserted on to the humerus below it
by a fleshy insertion. The existence of this muscle seems to me to show that
the single deltoid of the majority of species of Aptert/x is not, as it has been
called, a delloides major, perhaps including a representative of the minor, but
definitely a deltoides minor inserted, as it should be, above the insertion of the
major.*
Rhomhoideus. — There is no special remark to be made about this muscle,
except to confirm the already known fact that it is a single muscle. I found
it relatively largest in .1. austi'ciiis.
Teres. — There is but one teres, which is very much larger in the smaller
A. oweni than in A. haasti, an undoubtedly bigger species. It was also relatively
small in A. australis.
Serratns profundus. — This muscle is stated by Furbringer to consist of four
slips in Apteryx. In A. hua.iti I found but three slips, two longer than the third,
which was inserted in common with the second. In A. australis all four were
present. In A. oweni the fourth (most posterior) slip, which arose from the rib
as the third, was represented by an excessively slender piece.
The serratus superficialis consisted of four distinct bundles in A. australis, of
apparently only three in ^4.. haasti, and of only two in A. oweni.
Abdominal Viscera.
The arrangement of the septa which subdivide the body cavity offers nothing
specially noteworthy. The intestines are contained in a spacious cavity, which is as
usual shut off from that which lodges the lobes of the liver by a horizontal septum.
This latter is attached to the ventral body wall just behind the liver lobes. The
latter are divided from each other by the usual falciform ligament.
The intestinal tract, as it lies undisturbed, shows the usual duodenal loop,
inclined apically to the left side of the body ; to the right of this are the irregular
coils of the greater part of the small intestine. Thence emerges the ileum, which
runs across the body cavity below the gizzard, and accompanied by the caeca ; this
bends back and passes into the short straight rectum.
The arrangement of the intestines, when compared with Mr. P. Chalmers
Mitchell's important series of figures of the avian intestine, is seen to conform
closely to the type characteristic of Casuarius and Dromaeus. But the duodenal
looji is narrow across, and not wide like that of Casuarius : the gut, too, is not very
much folded. There is no other bird to which Apteryx shows a closer likeness in
these matters : a further argument for the close association of all the Struthiones.
The large intestine is short. The vitelline caecum is very plain, and in a specimen
of A. australis was attached to the abdominal wall.
As is usual in birds, the median mesenteric vein runs straight through the
• This muscle can hardly be a propat.igiali^ which has shifted its insertion I
28
( 400 )
primary loop of the intestine to the vitelline caecnm, whichis at its middle. This
vein, however, is borne at the snmrait of a deep fold of mesentery for the greater
part of its course. Towards the vitelline caecnm this fold becomes obsolete.
As to the length of the intestine, I measured it in three individuals belonging
to the species A. auatralis, A. haagti, and A. oweni, which were about of the relative
sizes that is indicated by the order of their placing — A. australis being the largest
individual. I found the lengths of the entire gut and of the caeca to be as
follows : —
Gut.
Caeca.
A. aiistriilis .
A. kafisti
A. oweni
67 in.
41 in.
32 in.
8 in.
6 in.
4iin.
The measurements, corresponding so nearly as they do, did not seem to favour
the probability of discovering specific diiferences by the study of a more extensive
series.
I do not find myself able to agree in every detiiil with Sir R. Owen's description
of the lining membrane of the intestine. He writes that the duodenum is beset
with extremely fine villi about one line in length which are towards the end of the
duodenum converted into thin zigzag longitudinal folds. At the very beginning of
the duodenum (of A. oweni) I find appearances a little diflerent : there are, in fact,
no separate villi at all, but closely set zigzags, which give a beautifully sculptured
appearance to the interior of the gut. In the lower part of the small intestine, not
far from the origin of the caeca, these folds are rather more regular, closer, straighter
and finer.
The character of the lining membrane absolutely changes at the origin of the
caeca. Moreover, a marked valvular fold separates the small from the large
intestine. The latter has a series of conspicuous longitudinal ridges ; these, for the
most part, cease some little way in front of the end of this portion of the gnt. The
appearances of the interior of the gut, however, are liable to alteration from the con-
dition of its distension. In the large intestine of A. occidentalis 1 did not find
the longitudinal folds referred to except at the very end of that portion of the gut.
The gall bladder is known, from the investigations of Owen, to be subject to
individual variation. It was wanting in one of the three individuals dissected by
him. Mr. W. A. Forbes (MS. notes) found a gall bladder in a specimen each of
A. australis and ^1. oweni.
In a sjiecimen of A. kaasti, dissected by myself, there was a large gall bladder ;
but the mode of its connection with the liver and with the cystic and hei)atic ducts
'Was difierent from that figured by Owen. The cystic duct leaving the gall liladder
was immediately joined by a duct from the right lobe of the liver, and then became
continuous by means of a branch with the hepatic dnct coming from the left lobe.
A second specimen had an eijually well developed gall bladder.
1 found a gall bladder in the remaining species, including A. occidentalis.
4. WINDPIPE.
The syrinx of Aptenjx has been to some extent described by the late
Mr. W. A. Forbes. His observations (illustrated by two cuts) related to the
( 401 )
species ^^i australis, A. Imnsfi, A. nireiti, and A. mantelli, between which he noted
certain differences which will be referred to presently. Owen observed of the
Apterijx that there was no lower larynx — by which, of conrse, he meant syrinx. As
Forbes remarked of this question of the alleged absence of a syrinx, it is difficult to
answer definitely in the case of many of the Ratite birds, because the nature of
a^syrinx has not been accurately defined. In any case I am able to add a somewhat
imi)ortaut fact to Forbes' description, which removes all doubt as to the truly
syringeal nature of the bifurcation of tlie trachea in Apteryx.
As to the form of the syrinx itself, Mr. Forbes, who has figured back and front
views of that of A. mantelli, has pointed out some slight variations from species to
species. In A. mantelli and in ^4. kaasti the last tracheal ring is incomplete behind,
thongh complete in front ; on the other hand, in .4. australis and A. oweni the last
three tracheal rings are incomplete posteriorly.
I find that Mr. Forbes is perfectly correct in this statement so far as concerns
three of the species which he mentions.
In Mr. Rothschild's species, A. occidentalis, only the last tracheal ring was
split posteriorly ; but then, as I had only a single individual to e.xamine, it would be
rash to base or support a specitic difference on the fact. In this species both
the penultimate and antepenultimate ring are produced posteriorly in a triangular
fashion. In front the last three are thus produced.
As Mr. Forbes showed, there is some modification of at least the last two tracheal
rings, and, though there is no pessulus, the membrana tympanifornis is well-
developed. There is therefore, so far, every essential of a properly developed syrinx,
save the pessulus and the intrinsic syringeal muscles. The latter I find to be
present and to be especially ])lainly developed in Apter>/x australis. There is a thin
band of muscle continuous above with the extrinsic muscle ; this passes down the
side of the trachea and gradually thins out into fibrous tissue, which seems to die
away upon the last tracheal ring, hardly reaching the bronchi. Its state, in fact,
is clearly one of degeneration, and very much on a par with the state of the
corresponding muscle in the Hoatzin {OpistJiocomus). In A. mantelli the same
muscle was visible ; but it did not seem to me to be anything like so well developed
as it is in the species just referred to.
In neither A. haasti nor ^4. oweni could I observe the presence of this muscle
at all. I looked for it, moreover, in a fresh ^4. haasti which died in the Zoological
Society's Gardens early in March. It is perhaps noteworthy, in connection with the
better develo})ment of the intrinsic syringeal muscles in .1. australis, that the lower
end of the trachea in this species is a more consolidated structure than it is in the
other Apteryges. In the meantime it is clear that Apte.ryx, like Rhea (and these
are the only Struthiones which are so characterised), possesses a pair of intrinsic
syringeal muscles, but that these are much more on the wane in Apteryx than
in Rhea.
5. THE SPECIES OF APTERYX.
I shall now attempt to deduce from the foregoing facts the characters of the
several species of Apteryx.
Apteryx oweni perhajis differs more from the rest than they do among them-
selves : it is to be distinguished by its smaller size, the characters of its plumage,
the three open rings of the trachea below, and the great length of the prepubic
process, besides possibly a number of niiunr points.
( 402 )
Apteri/x hnnati, althongh looking like a larger edition of A. oweni, differs in the
last two features just mentioned.
Apteri/x mantelli and A. australis are closely allied to each other, and come
very much nearer to A. haasti than to A. oweni. The following tabular statement
deals with many of the points raised in the present paper.
A. oweni.
A. fiaasti.
A. muntflli.
A. augiralU.
Keural arch of atlas
Sometimes
incomplete.
Complete.
Sometimes
incomplete.
Complete.
Catapophysial canal .
Sometimes
present.
Not formed.
Not formed.
Sometimes
present.
First median hypapo-
physis .
On C.V. 12.
On C.V. 13.
On C.V. 12.
On C.V. 12.
Free dorsal vertebrae .
7.
7.
7 or 8.
6.
Free caudals
9.
8.
7 or 8.
7 (of which 4
form a pygostyle).
Ribs ....
i cervical ; 3, 4 or
2 cervical ;
1 cervical ;
2 cervical ;
h reach sternum.
4 reach sternum.
4 reach sternum
.5 reach sternum.
Coracoid
Not notched.
Not notched.
Varies (2 and 2).
Notched.
Prepubic process.
Very long.
Moderate.
Very short.
Moderate.
Syrinx.
3 tracheal rings
open posteriorly.
1 tracheal ring
only.
As in haasti.
As in hcuisti.
Intrinsic muscles
0.
0.
Faint.
Fairly developed.
It will he observed that a very large proportion of the structural variations,
observed by myself and others among the species of Apteryx, concern degenerating,
or at least altering, organs ; they are mainly indeed massed in the wing and adjacent
parts, which is of course precisely where degeneration is most actively progressing.
These very numerous variations cannot, therefore, be safely regarded as a basis
of classification. In different individuals the processes may be easily supposed to be
going on with more accelerated or with less rapidity than in others. The wing of
Apteri/x seems to be too small to be useful in any way, and yet too large to enable
us to assume that a position of equilibrium has been reached. The specific characters,
therefore, in that region of the body are not yet fi.xed ; we can at most observe
tendencies towards particular structural peculiarities. It would seem, for example,
that the sternum of A. haa.iti varies round a long and comparatively narrow form,
and that a short comparatively wide sternum is equally distinctive of A. mantelli ;
that perhaps A. kaa»ti has definitely acquired a solid coracoid without an anterior
notch, while A. mantelli and A. australis have nut settled down to a state of rest in
this particular. On the other hand, the syrinx and the hind hmb would seem to
offer more reliable material whereon to base specific distinction.
( 403 )
LIST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE AT GAMBAGA,
IN THE GOLD COAST HINTERLAND,
BY CAPT. W. GIFFARD.
By ERNST HARTERT.
THIS collection is made near Gamhaga, in the Gold Coast Hinterland, north of
Cape Coast Castle, lUi' N. lat., and about V west of Greenwich. A few
skins are from Mossi, or as it is now officially spelt " Moshi." This is the country
beginninfc about fifty miles N.E. of Gambaga, and such few birds as Captain Giffard
shot there were procured within twenty miles of Wagadugu or Waghaduga. A few
skins were also secured during the return journey on the Volta River, others at
Cape Coast Castle, and others at Prahsu or Praso.
The collection, although not a very large one, and most of the species being
represented in a few specimens only, contains some interesting novelties, which are
already briefly characterised in the bulletin of last October's meeting of the British
Ornithologists' Club. Still greater, however, is the zoogeographical interest attached
to the ornis of Gambaga. The close relationship between the fauna of North-eastern
Africa and that northern portion of West Africa which has been called the
Senegambian division is now a well-known fact, which I had an opportunity to
observe myself in Haussaland, as long ago as ls85 and 1886 (see Journal fur
Ornithologie, 1886, p. 576). The exact limits of the great zoogeographical area
extending from North-east Africa to Senegambia are, nevertheless, very little known.
Reliable facts about the distribution nf birds in Senegambia itself are scarce; nothing
is known of the exact northern limits of tropical Senegambia towards the Saharau
desert-fauna, next to nothing from within the great bend of the Niger north of the
tenth degree, next to nothing from the northern portions of Haussaland, nothing
from Bornu, Bagirmi, "Wadai aud Darfur. Every additional fact is therefore welcome
to ornithologists and students of African zoogeography. From my own scanty
observations, made fourteen years ago, under difficult circumstances, in Haussaland,
I am inclined to think that the mountains in Central Haussaland, which separate
the waters going to the Benue aud to the Niger south of the tenth degree, from
those running to the Lake of Tsad, and to the Upper Niger, or their northern slopes,
form a kind of line of demarcation between the tropical West African region and
the Senegambian and North-eastern division. Future observations and collections,
however, must show how much of these differences is merely due to the prevalence
of large forests in the West African region, and their greater scarcity in the more
northern portions. As it is, the name of the West African region is not too well
chosen, as it extends as far eastwards, about, as the thirtieth to thirtv-fifth degree
east of Greenwich, and as it extends to the north only along the west coast in a
narrow belt to about the Gambia, where it seems to be limited by the great area
reaching from North-east Africa to Senegambia, which might be called the Sub-
Saharan area. For this distribution cf. Oedicnemus ajfinis, Ptilopachits fuscus,
Cerchneis alopex, Coracias naeriits, C. ahi/ssinicus, Petronia dentata, Mirafra
erythropt/gia, Ueliocorys modesta yijf'ardi, and many others in the following list.
( 404 )
More remarkable still is the occurrence at Gambaga of some species only known
from Angola to Nyassa-land — i.e., Accipiter oram/je/i.tis (Xo. 3(i), Petroclielitlon
••ujigula (No. Ifio), and a I'onn closelv allied to' Bessonornia modestus Shelley
(No. 1129).
The occurrence of such forms within the bend of the Niger is quite unexpected,
and it shows how little we know of the details of distribution of African birds.
In addition to thirty-four of the forms collected by Captain Giflard, the
following were obtained near Gambaga by Colonel H. P. Northcott :
ilacindipter>/x macrodipterus, La/iius gubernator (previously only known from
Eastern E<piatorial Africa), Prioimps poliolophus, Pijtelui kijpog ram mica, Crateropiis
reinwardti, according to Sharpe in Bull. B. 0. Club, vol. x. pp. 6, T, October 1899.
LIMICOLAE.
1. Oedicnemus affinis Rttpp.
<J Gambaga, 20. 12. 1898. " Iris yellow."
The distribution of this species is generally only known to be North-east
African. In the Catalogue of Birds (vol. sxiv.), it is given as: "North-eastern
Africa, from Kordofau and Bogos, south to Somali-land, and to Lado in Equatorial
Africa."
2. Pluvianus aegyptius (L.).
? Gambaga, 27. 10. 1898. "Iris brown, legs grey."
3. Gralachrysia cinerea (Fraser).
? Gambaga, 27. lu. 1898. " Legs and base of bill coral rod." The base of
the bill is not yellow, as stated in Cat. B. Brit. Mas. vol. xxiv. p. 65. See also
Joarn.f. Orn. 1880, p. filo. Dr. Sharpe recorded this species from the Rio Volta,
Prof Reichenow from Togolaud. I found it far in the interior of Haussalaiid, to
at least 12^ north. Gambaga seems to be the most westerly locality known for
tliis bird.
4. Lobivanellus seneg'alus (L.).
6 Gambaga.
ft. Lobivanellus albiceps (Gould).
6 Gambaga, 14. 3. 1898. " Iris yellow."
6. Oxyechus forbesi (Shelley).
% Upper Volta River, 22. 3. 1899.
7. Helodromas ochropus (L.).
? Gambaga, 24. 12. 1898. " Iris brown."
8. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.)
? Gambaga, 25. 11. 1898.
( 405 )
PARRIDAE.
9. Parra africana fCxm.).
? Gamba^a, 14. 3. 1898. " Ins brown."
HELIORNITHIDAE.
10. Podica senegalensis (Vieill.).
S Gambaga, 20. 12. 1898. " Iris grey." '
RALLIDAE.
11. Porphyrio alleni Thomps.
Moshi, 3. 7. 1898. "Iris orange."
PHASIANIDAE.
12. Ptilopachus fuscus (Vieill.).
<f c? 'Gambaga, 7. 2. and 13. 3. 1898. "Iris hazel, cere and legs red." It
seems to me that eastern specimens (Kordofan) are niiich lighter, and with the
throat more brownish than our Gambaga birds, which agree with such from Sene-
gambia, but I have no fresh material from the east to decide about this question.
One of the two Gambaga birds, whicli are both sexed " d," the bird shot in March,
has the breast much paler.
13. Francolinus bicalcaratus (L.).
<f Gambaga, 20. 2. 1899. " Iris brown."
14. Francolinus albogularis Gray.
(J Gambaga, 5. 2. 1898. "Iris brown." This male agrees entirely with the
type of the species in the British Museum. Besides this male there is a female,
whicli differs from the male in the following characters : The feather of the lower
hind-neclj and upper back have no creamy white shaft stripes, but are grey, with
a large black patch, traversed by rufous lines, on the margin of each web, and they
are rufous at base ; the feathers of the chest, sides aud flanks are blurred with
blackish brown.
The tarsus has no spur. This female was shot at Gambaga, on October 4th,
1898. The iris was hazel.
I have very little doubt, but further proof is required to show, that Francolinus
hicldeyi (Grant ex Shelley's MS., Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. xxii. p. 145) is th6 female
of F. alboi/Klnris. The types from Accra, Gold Coast, differ from the undoubted
? of F. albogidaris, as described above, essentially only in having more numerous
and narrower black bars to the feathers of the chest. These birds, which have been
named, F. backlefji, caimot, in my opinion, be considered to be the ? of- F. schlegeli,
from N.E Africa, which is oidy known in the male sex, and which is not yet
represented in any British collection, as far as we are aware. If /'. huckleyi is not
the ? of F. albogularis, then it must be that of a very closely allied form.
( 406 )
PTEROCLIDAE.
If). Pterocles quadricinctus (Temm.)
<J ad. and juv., Gambagii 1.1. Is'.cj aiul .i. 3. IfSOs. " Iris browu."
COLUMBAE.
Ki. Vinago waalia (Gm.).
<? ad. Gambaga, 4. 11. 1898. " Iris tirauge red."
AVing 177 mm. Abyssinian specimens seem to liave the wing slightly longer,
while a female from Niam-Niam (Bohndorff coll.) has the wing very short, only
165 mm. Larger series from the different localities shonld be stndied. The /«/««/«
differs from the inale in being smaller and in having the vinous patch on the wing •
much smaller.
17. Columba gniinea (L).
i Gambaga, 28. 8. 1898. " Iris, cere and legs pink."
18. ? Columba gymnocyclus (Gray).
? Gambaga, 28. 8. 1898. " Iris pink with yellow edge, cere and legs pink."
This interesting pigeon looks very much like some domesticated races of C. Una,
and agrees perfectly with the types of C. gymnocyclus^ except that it is of a lighter
grey and has a shorter wing, which latter peculiarity may be due to its sex. It has a
distinct bare ring round the eye. Captain Giffard kindly tells me about this bird as
follows: — "The little blue rock-pigeon is a wild bird. These birds live in a big
800-feet scarp, about si.x miles from (Jamliaga, and come down in fair numbers at
sowing and harvest time, at other times they are very seldom seen. There is not
the least doubt as to their being wihl, and they could not have originated from tame
birds, as there is only one pair ol tame pigeons in Gambaga — large white birds — and
very likely no more in the whole of tlie Hinterland." Our knowledge of Cnlamha
qymnocyclus is very small, and there is no reliable evidence of its distribntion.
There are some specimens from " Senaganibia " in Berlin, some from " W. Africa'
in the British and Paris Museums ; and we have one that was formerly in the
Rioconr collection, without locality, but perfectly agreeing with the types. Probably
these dark birds are inhabitants of rocky cliffs somewhere in Senegambia, and
possibly the Gambaga birds are a paler sub-species. The wing of our bird measures
2U0 mm., that of our dark C. yi/mii.ur//cli<s 'i\'A mm.
19. Chalcopelia afra (L.).
cJ Gambaga, 31 8. 1898. " Iris brown " Rather pale on the breast !
20. Turtur senegalensis (L.).
S Gambaga, 2U. 2. 1899. " Iris brown."
Turtur vinaceus (Gm.).
Gambaga.
21. Turtur semitorquatus (Ruiip.).
? Gambaga, 17. 9. 1898. '' Iris orange, cere red."
( 407 )
ARDEIDAE.
22. Butorides atricapilla (Afzel.).
(? Upper Volta River, 10. 2. 1899. " Iris and legs yellow. Upper jaw black,
lower part yellowish."
23. Ardetta payesi Verr.
Moshi, 20 miles from Wagadugu, 4. 7. l!S38: "Iris orange."
(Cf. Neumann in Jourii. f. Orn. 1H98, pp. 283, 284, Hartert in appendix to
Ansorge's "Under the African Sim.")
ACCIPITRES.
24. Circus macrurus (Gm.).
? Gambaga, 7. 12. 1898. " Iris yellow."
2;). Astur sphenurus (Riipp.).
(f c? ? art. Gambaga, 24. VZ. Isii8, 12. 4. 1.S98. " Iris orange."
This species is closely allied to A. badiuH, from which the adnlt bird can easily
be (bstingiiished, although it may hardly be more than a subspecies of it.
2(i. Accipiter ovampensis Gurney.
S ad. Gambaga, December 1898. "Iris orange." This rare hawk, which
Dr. Sharpe kindly compared with a specimen in the British Museum, is figured and
described in the Ibis 18T5, p. 367, PI. VI. It is hitherto only known to occur from
S.W. Africa to Nyassa-land and the Zambesi, and the occurrence in the Gold Coast
Hinterland is a most unexpected one. Our bird, being a ntale, is considerably
smaller than the ? ad. type. If measures as follows: Wing 215, tail 150,
metatarsus 44 mm.
27. Eutolmaetus spilogaster (Bp.).
? Gambaga, 24. lU. 1898. " Ins orange."
28. Circaetus ciuereus Vieill.
? Gambaga, 14. 1. 1899.
29. Nauclerus riocouri (Vieill.).
(f Gambaga, 22. 1. 1899. " Iris pink." The claws are whitish yellow.
30. Cerchneis alopex Heugl.
f Gambaga, 4. 12. 1898. "Iris brown."
This specimen is somewhat paler and less reddish than specimens from Shoa
and Bdgosland. The occurrence so far west as Gambaga is in the highest degree
interesting. (Cf. Rothschild in Bull. B. 0. Club, v. VIII. p. 57 (June 1899).
( 408 )
31. Dissodectes ardosiacus (Bonn, et Vieill.).
<J S Gambaga, 12. 10. 18'J8, 2<J. l^. 1898. " Iris brown, cere and legs yellow."
These two spei'iinens, said to be a ?!iiilc and & female, are alike in size, but
the ? has the inner webs of the rectrices more distinctly barred on the underside.
STRIGES.
32. Huhua poensis (Tras.).
One young bird, (? ?), Cape Coast, 1. 5. 1899.
33. Bubo cinerascens Gn^r.
((J ?) Gambaga, 14. 1. 1899. "Iris orange."
34. Pisorhina capensis subsj). ? ?
A male, shot on the Volta River 10. 2. 1899, with a light yellow iris, differs
from a good series of skins of P. capt'usis from Southern Africa in being generally
more rufous, in having the wing about 3 or o mm. shorter, the under wing-coverts
mucb less spotted and barred, the black shaft-stripes to the feathers of the
underside narrower. I suppose our bird will eventually prove to belong to an
undescribed form of P. capensis, if it cannot be called P. senegalensis (Swains.),
with which P. pt/gmaea (C L. Brehm) may be synonymous. P. ugamlae 0. Neum.
should also be compared. With only a single skin, and without sufficient material
from other parts of Africa for comparison, I cannot at present venture to settle the
question of our Gambaga Scops-owl.
35. Glaucidium perlatum (Vieill.).
? Gambaga, 20. 7. Ih98. " Iris- yellow."
PSITTACI.
36. Palaeoruis docilis Vieill.
<J Gambaga, 25. 9. 1898. " Iris orange."
37. Poiocephalus vei'steri (Finsch.).
i Gambaga, 9. lu. 1898. " Iris yellow."
COHACIIDAE.
3s. Coracias cyanog'aster Cuv.
6 $ Gambaga, November and January 1898. " Iris hazel."
39. Coracias naevius Daud.
6 ¥ Gambaga, .liuniary and October 1898. " Iris hazel."
l\\e female has the wings a little shorter tiian the male. Both these skins are
much smaller than our skins from Eiithiaea and Somaliland. The J from Gambaga
has the wing iSo, the female 17.") mm.
( 409 )
40. Coraoias abyssinicus Boild.
<S f (xambaga, January 1899. " Iris lirown." '-^
41. Eurystomus afer (Lath.).
d ail. Gambaga, 16. 4. 1898, ? juv. Gambaga, 20. 10. 1888.
ALCEDINIDAE.
42. Corylhornis cyanostigma (Rtipp.j.
<S Gambaga, 23. 11. 1898. " Iris browu."
43. Ispidina picta (Bodd.).
? Gambaga, IT. 9. 1898. "Iris brown."
44. Halcyon chelicuti (StanL).
¥ ? Gambaga, June and March.
46. Halcyon semicaeriilea (Forsk.).
(J ? ad. Gambaga, 4. 11 and 10. 4, 1898. " Iris brown."
cfjuv. Mushi, 1. 7. 1898.
46. Halcyon torquata forbesi Sharpe.
t? ? of this interesting subspecies of //. torquata were shot at Gambaga in
December 1898. Their iris was brown. The brighter and more extended bine
colour on the chest and the greyish blue wash on the flanks and under tail-coverts
separate this form from H. torquata torqtiata. Our female is a little smaller than
our male. Wing of S 124, of ? 121 mm. In the Catalogue of Birds the distribu-
tion of H. t. forbesi is given as " West Africa from Sierra Leone to the C'ameroons,"
that of H. torquata torquata as "Senegambia" alone; while farther south, from
Gaboon to Angola, we meet with H. torquata malimhica.
MEROPIDAE.
47. Merops nubicus Gm.
i ad. Gambaga, 12. 1. 1898. " Iris red."
48. Merops buUocki Vicill,
S ? Gambaga, February and August Is'.ts. " Iris brown."
49. Merops albicoUis Vieill.
? Gold Coast, near Koranza, 17. 4. 1899. " Iris red"
50. Merops pusillus P. L. S. Miiil.
$ ? Gambaga, July and August 1898. " Iris red."
( 410)
51. Merops gularis Shaw.
(J ad. Prahsu, Gold ('oast, 2^. 4. Is'J'J. " Iris red."
•52. Dicrocercus furcatus (Staul.).
6 Gambaga, 2. 12. 1898 ; ? 9. 1. 1899. "Iris red."
BUCEROTIDAE.
53. Lophoceroa nasutus (L.).
Gambaga, Februar}' 1898.
54. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus (Toimu.).
Gambaga, 1898.
UPUPIDAE.
56. Upupa epops senegalensis Swains.
? in monlt, Gambaga, 20. 2. 1899. "Iris browu."
This skin is not at all brighter rnst}' rnfous than European examples. The
crest-feathers show but ver_v indistinct whitish bars before the black tips, but
some of the feathers are wanting. It is not yet, apparently, quite certain whether
the Hoopoe is a resident bird in West Africa, or merely a winter visitor, and the
question about its l)eing subspecifically dififerent or not from Upuija epops epops
is by no means settled. C'f Cat. B. Brit. Mas. v. XVI. p. T, and .Joarn. f. Oni.
1897, p. 2a.
511. Irrisor viridis senegalensis Vieill.
? ? Gambaga, K!. 1. and 2o. 8. 1898.
1 believe there is no doubt that two sub-species of large Jrrisor with dark
heads inhabit Africa. One of them has the back, head, and neck golden green,
»nd the tail pnrple in fresh plumage ; the other has the back, head, and neck
dark green or steel-blue, and the tail, in fresh plumage, steel-blue, with very
little or no purple. Tlie former inhabits (Southern Africa, north to Mombasa, the
other North-east and West Africa. It is perhaps wiser to regard them as only
subspecifically distinct, for the present. There can be no doubt that the name cirklis
can only be applied to the southern bird, while that of eri/tkrorhi/nclius, which
is used in the Catalogue of Birds, is perhaps doubtful, and senegalen.-<is Vieill.
might better be nsed for it. Prof Keichenow (^.Jonrn. f. Orn. 1897, p. 24) mentions
only the difference in the cokiur of tlie tail, but he seems to confound his bird
from the White Nile, wliich must be the western and north-eastern form, with
the southern race. The coppery and olive sheen often seen in the tails of
Irrisor is apparently only seen on old feathers.
CAPRIMULGIDAE.
57. Scotornis climacurus (Vieill.).
6 6 Gambaga, 18. 2. and 25. 7. 1898.
( 411 )
68. Tachornis parva (Licht.).
<S Gambaga, 10. 11. 1898. Quills in moult. Thi.s specimen belongs to the
pale form.
MDSOPHAGIDAE.
59. Schizorhis africana (Lath.).
5 Gambaga, 25. 2. 1898. " Iris brown."
60. Musophaga violacea Isert.
? ad. Gambaga, 18. 2. 1898. " Iris brown. Shield on forehead yellow, bill
in front of nostrils orange-red."
CUCULIDAE.
fil. Cuculus gularis Steph.
6 ? Gambaga, Augnst and October l.s98. "Eyelid and iris yellow." The
c? has the wing 229, the female 210 mm. long.
62. Coccystes cafer (Licht.).
? ad. Moshi, 30. 6. 1898 ; c? Gambaga, 29. 8. 1»98. "Iris brown."
63. Coccystes glandarius (L.).
i Gambaga, 20. 12. 1898.
64. Chrysococcyx klaasi (Steph.).
Gambaga, Jnly and August 1898.
65. Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.).
? Gambaga, 18. 7. 1898. " Iris light yellow."
66. Centropus senegalensis (L.).
cJ Gambaga, 31. 8. 1898. " Iris red."
PICIUAE.
67. Dendromus punctatus (Valenc).
<? Gambaga, 16. 8. 1898. "Iris pink."
68. Jyngipicus obsoletus (Wagl.).
cf 6 Gambaga, February and March 1M»8. "Iris brown."
CAPITONIDAE.
60. Pogonorhynchus dubhis (Gm.).
5 ? Gambaga, August and February.
( 412 )
7*1. Melanobucco vieilloti (Leacli).
Gambaga, 22. 2. 1899 ; 4. 8. 1898. Cape Coast, 1. 5. 1899.
Tl. Barbatula duchaillui (ass.
6 I'rahsu, (J..U1 Coast, 28. 4. I89'.i.
72. Gymnobucco calvus (Lafr.).
S Prabsn, 28. 4. 1800. " Iris brown."
INDICATORIDAE.
73. Indicator indicator (Gm).
Gambaga, August, November and December 1898. '' Iris brown."
CORVIDAE.
74. Cryptorhina afra (Gm.).
S Gambaga, October 1898.
This bird is donbtless a male, but the black bill has some white spots near
the base — evidently indicating that tlie young bird lias a pule bill like the female.
75. Pholidauges leucogaster (Gm.).
Gambaga, rather common in August 1898.
76. Lamprocolius purpureus (P. L. S. Mull).
tJ S Gambaga, 5. 2. 1828 ; 3. 3. 1898. " Iris bright yellow."
77. Lamprotornis caudatus (P. L. S. Mull).
cf Gamljaga, 25. 9. lNj<-<. " Iris yeliow."'
This bird is on the breast, neck, back, and wings purplish blue, and is therefore
L. eytoni (Fras.), if that is a distinct species. An adult female from Moshi,
1. 7. 1X98, iris light yellow, bas the back, breast, and wings oil -green, without
the slightest mixture of pniTile-blne. This would be the true L. caudatus. The
differences might be sexual (?).
78. Spreo pulcher (P. L. S. Mull).
? (moulting) Moshi, 30. 6. 1898. " Iris brown."
UKIULIDAIO.
79. Oriolus anratus Vieill.
i S 6 Gambaga, December and January, 6 S, August and December 1898.
(413 )
DICEURIDAE.
80. Dicrunis afer (Licht.).
? Gambaga, 16. 8. 1898. "Iris red," {Btichan^a assimlis, Crit. R. III.).
PLUCEIDAE.
81. Vidua serena (L.).
(J Gambaga, 17. 9. 1898.
Of the three names given by Linnaeus to this hapless bird in the Si/st. Nat.
ed. XII. (in ed. X. it is not mentioned), that of Emheriza serena, based on the
Petite Veuce of Brisson, which is doubtless our V)ird, stands first, and should
therefore be accepted.
82. Steganura paradisea (L.).
S S Gambaga, August and January.
83. Pyromelana franciscana (Isert.).
S Moshi, 1.7. 1898.
84. Pyromelana flammiceps (Swains.).
c? Gambaga, 19. 8. 1898.
8o. Pytelia phoeuicoptera Swains.
Two skins, <^ ? Gambaga, 30. 7. and 8. 8. 1898. " Iris orange red."
These specimens have the throat and ashy bars on the underside rather pale,
and may be worthy of subspecific rank, if a larger series can be compared.
The bird mentioned by Dr. Sharpe in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. XIII. p. 301, from
Lado, agrees in every respect with one iu the Tring Museum, collected by Emin
Pasha at Lado, 14, 6. 1881. Its label has the following notes in the Pasha's
handwriting: "Long. tot. 128 mm., rostr. a fronte 11, al. 60, cand. 37, tars. 13.
Iride cocciuea ; rostro nigro ; pedibus rubellis." These birds differ from JSenegambian
specimens of F. phoenicoptera in having the under wing-coverts barred with ashy
grey, in having somewhat narrower white bars to the feathers of the breast and
under tail-coverts, and in having the throat as dark asiiy grey as the crown. The
Lado form must be separated, and may be called
Pytelia phoenicoptera emini subsp. nov.
Type : S Lado, 14. 6. 18Sl, in Mus. Tring.
86. Plocepasser superciliosus (Creizschm.).
cJ ? Gambaga, common.
87. Lag'onosticta nigricollis Heugl.
cJ c? (lambaga, 7. 1. and b. 6. l*9j. " Iris red-brown."
( 414 )
88. Lagonosticta caenilescens (Vieill.).
9 Gambaga, 30. 7. 1898. " Iris lirowu."
89. Sporaeginthus melpoda (Vieill.").
c? ? from Gambiiga seem to be much paler on the crown and back than
specimens from Liberia ami the Congo.
9u. Estrilda bengalus (L.).
Gambaga.
91. Anaplectes melanotis (Lafr.).
(? Gambaga, 15. 12. 1898. " Iris red, beak coral."
92. Hyphantornis cucuUatus (P. L. S. Mull.).
Gambaga, common.
FRIXGILLIDAE.
'.i:'.. Serinus butyraceus (L.).
cJ Gambaga, 4. 8. luMb.
94. Petronia dentata (Suud.).
(J ? ? Gambaga, January, August, and November 1898.
These birds seem to be somewhat paler below, than birds from North-east
Africa, bnt the material at my disposal does not enable me to decide if this may
be of any value. The species is principally a north-eastern one, and rarely found
in West Africa.
9.5. Emberiza cabanisi lieichen.
J (J ? Gambaga, January, July, and August. " Iris hazel."
96. Emberiza forbesi (Hartl.).
? Gambaga, 2ii. 7. 1m9s. "Iris brown."
The plumage of this bird is very much worn, but it seems to agree with
E. J'orhesi, which is, as far as I am aware, not known to extend to the West
African region.
97. Fringillaria septemstriata (Rlipj).).
(? Gambaga, 27. ID. Imin. -Iris brown"
This is also a north-eastern form, not formerly known to reach across to the
Senegambian area.
ALADDIDAE.
9s. Mirafra erythropygia (Strickl.).
? Gambaga :)0. 11. 1«)8. "Iris brown."
This very rare lark has been described from Kordofnn, and Dr. Biittner and the
late Ernst Baumann have collected it in Togo. Specimens from Togo, and our
female from Gambaga do not seem to diflVr from Kordofan examjjles. Cf.
Reichenau in Journ. /'. Orti. 1X91, p. :3'.iii, and 1>97, j). 43, Hothschilil in BnU.
B. O. C. V. VIII. p. 67 (June 1899).
(415)
99. Heliocorys modesta g'ifFardi Hart.
t? ? Gambaga 18. 7. and 20. 12. 1898. " Iris brown."
This pair of little larks differs from typical Mirafra bucolica Hartl., which are
said by Sharpe {Cat. B. Brit. M>is. XIII. p. 623) to be the same a.^ Heliocorys
modesta (Heugl.), from Fadjuli and Kabajendi (Einin Pasha coll.) in being generally
paler, with the breast lighter, the foreneck and chest heavily spotted with blackish
brown, and in being slightly smaller. Wing <? 81, ? 79, tail S 52, ? 48, tarsus
about 18 mm. (Cf. Bull. B. 0. C. v. IX. no. 1, October 1899.)
MOTACILLIDAE.
100. Motacilla vidua Sundev.
5 Gambaga, 27. 10. 1899.
It is probable that M. vidua can be separated into several subspecies. Cf.
Journ.j: Orn. 1886 p. 582.
NECTARINIIDAE.
101. Nectarinia pulchella (L.).
6 juv., Gambaga, 15. 12. 1898. " Iris brown."
102. Hedidypna platura (Vieill.).
(?(? Gambaga, 15. 12. 1898. "Iris brown."
103. Cinnyris senegalensis (L.).
<? S Gambaga, .July and August 1898.
These two specimens have the glittering narrow bars across the feathers of the
chest blue, and not so greenish as Seuegambian skins. They may form a separate
race (?).
104. Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw).
Cape Coast to Moshi. Common.
105. Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw).
(? Cape Coast, 1.5. 1899.
PARIDAE.
106. Parus leucopterus Swains.
? ? Gambaga, January and July. " Iris light yellow."
LANIIDAE.
107. Lanius senator badius Hartl.
S ad. and ? (or S juv.) shot at Gambaga 10. 12. 1898, belong to the form
known as Lanius badius (cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mas. VIII. p. 285).
The male has no white bases to the first primaries, so that the white patch
behind the primary coverts, which is so conspicuous in our European L. senator, is
29
(416)
not visible, although the seventh to tenth primaries have white bases to the outer
web. The adult S of this form has the scapulars, chest, sides of neck and sides of
the body washed with pale orange-bnff, and the tijis to the secondaries are bulf.
The wing measures 113 mm. There is also in the collection au adult 9 and a
young ? , shot at Gambaga on November 5th and 3uth. Both these birds have a
conspicuous white base to the first primaries, and 1 therefore believe that they
belong to the typical Enrojiean Lonius senator senator, which evidently migrates to
West Africa and stays there (luring tlie winter months. They are, however, rather
buff on the underside. It is evident that this form, which is supposed by ornitho-
logists to be a resident tropical form, can only be regarded as a subspecies of
Lanius senator. This species is very interesting on account of its various varieties
or subspecies, of which the following can be distinguished.
(a) Lanius senator senator L.
Large white base to all primaries, central rectrices brownish Mack to the base,
underside white, with very little rusty or cream-coloured wash. Breeds in Central
and Southern Europe, migrates to tropical Africa.
With regard to its specific name this bird is one of the most unfortunate ones
in Euro[)e, but there is not a shadow of doubt that, according to modern rules of
nomenclature, its name is Lanius senator, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. X., v. 1. p. 94,
based on Albin's red-headed butcher-bird.
{b) Lanius senator pectoralis v. Mull.
This is probably the name that is to be used for the North African form,
generally known as Lanius rtitilans, or better Lanius senator nUilans (Hartlaub,
Joiirn. f. Orn. 1854, p. 100). Koenig {Journ. f. Orn. 1880, PI. 111.), figured and
described this form as a paler race of Lanius senator, and I recognised it as such iu
the Katalog Vogels. Frankfurt p. 90, note 156, but Erlanger (in Journ. f. Orn. 1899,
PI. n. and explanation) says that the pale plumage is merely due to abrasion and
old state of plumage, and this view is doubtless right, and that the North African
form is, in fresh plumage, at least as bright as typical L. senator, but distinguishable
by a rusty buff underside and upper tail-coverts. I have not sufficient material to
discuss this form, bitt I wish to call attention to the birds from Spain, and to those
shot in winter, before their return to Europe, in West Africa, which are often about
as rusty in colour as Erlanger's figure. German examples too are not all as white
below as Erlanger's figure, but often rusty buff on the sides of the body. The name
rutilans (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. v. IV. p. (iOl) is not characterised, and merely
based on Daulienton"s bad figure of Lanius senator from the Senegal, of which
Buffon himself says that it is the same as the European form ! As our European
birds migrate to West Africa, and the figure of the Senegambian bird is not more
buff below than Daubenton's figure of a European example, the name rutilans
cannot be accepted for the bird figured by Koenig and Erlanger, nor can it be used
for the so-called Lanius hadius, as it hah the bases of the first primaries white.
The subsequent names referring to the Red-headed Shrike up to 1855 are all
clearly synonyms of L. senator, several of them also being based on the " Pie-grieche
rousse du S^m'gaV of Bnff'on and Danbenton. In 1855 {.Journ. f. Orn. p. 450)
Baron von Miiller, however, describes an "Enneoctonus pectoralis,^' of which he says
( 417 )
that it is " Simillimns En. rufo, sed pectore cinnamomeo, speculo alari minore.
Hab. Sennaar." As the alar speculnm varies in extent, and the words " pectore
cinnamomeo,'" used by von Miiller, whose descriptions are generally not too pain-
fully exact, seems to refer to the underside as figured by von Erlanger, the name
pectoralis seems to be acceptable. The distribution of this form (the rutilans
of Koenig and Erlanger) is very imperl'ectly known. Besides breeding in North
Africa it probably occurs in West Africa, where all the three forms L. senator
senator, L. s. pectoralis, and L. s. badius may occur.
(c) Lanius senator badius Hartl.
Lanins badius, Hartlaub in Journ. f. Orn. 1854 p. 100; vShelley in Tbis 1875
p. 381 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. VIII. p. 285.
Some West African birds are said to be distinguished from typical L. senator
by the want of the alar speculum, a more robust bill and a more intensely rufous
crown. There is not much in the more robust bill, but the crown seems to be
slightly darker, and the alar speculum is indeed al)sent in the two Gambaga birds
mentioned above, as well as in a number of West African skins in tlie British and
other museums. Recent authors seem to believe that this is a resident West
African form, but dates are required to find out whether this is the case or not.
The birds that I examined were all — as far as they had dates — shot in winter, and
it is very doubtful if these birds may not be winter guests in West Africa, like the
common L. senator. Besides the West African birds I have before me, in the Tring
Museum, an adult male shot at Porto Vecchio in Corsica, on 24 April, 1883, by
the late John Whitehead, which, like the West African birds, has no white
speculum to the first primaries I The crown of this bird is like that of German
specimens. I doubt that L. senator bad/as is a resident in West Africa, although,
with the exception of the one from Corsica, I have seen no specimen from any-
where but West Africa, not even in the large series of the Brehm collection. The
actual breeding home of badius, which, if anything more than an aberration, can
only be a subspecies, is not yet known, and fnrther investigations should be made.
It is also possible that L. s. badius is a regular subspecies in West Africa, while
the one from Corsica is a similar aberration, though it may be from " typical "
sewa^or-parents.
(r/) Lanius senator paradoxus A. E. Brehm.
Lanius paradoxus, A. E. Brehm, in Journ. f. Orn. 1854 p. 75 ; C. L. Brehm,
Vogelfnng, p. 84 ; L. coynatus, ibidem ; L. jardinii v. Miiller in Journ. f. Orn.
1855 ]). 45U.
This form is described by Brehm and Miiller as having the central rectrices
pure white at base. I find this to be the case in all the specimens from North-east
Africa before me, viz., the types of L. paradoxus Brehm : i ad. 4. 4. 1850,
Wadi Haifa, J ad. 12. 1. 1851, Blue Nile, ? ad. 4. 4. 1850, Wadi Haifa, in one
S ad. Lado, 1. 2. 1^3 (Emin Pasha coll.). and one <? jun. Lad6, 30. 1. 1883
(Emiu Pasha coll.). In the large series of A. senator from other countries before
me 1 do not find this peculiarity, i.e. the white base to the central rectrices ; only
in one in the Brehm collection, unfortunately with only a bit of the lab^ left, I
find the outer web of the two central rectrices white for about 1 cm. In the
L. s. paradoxus the base of both webs of central rectrices is white for more than
(418)
2 cm., and all the npper tail-coverts, the longest of which are grey in all the other
forms, are pure white, the alar speculum to the primaries is very large, the tips to
the secondaries pure white (in fresh plumage). This form seems to be a more
constant one than hac/ius, and is probably resident in certain parts of North-eastern
Africa, but observations about its distribution and liabits are wanted I
Messrs. Hemjjrich and Ehrenberg mention also a " var. dorso toto atro " from
Southern Arabia. This may possibly be another subspecies !
'■{
Key to the supposed subspecies of Lanius senator.
White alar speculum to base of outer primaries : 2.
No white speculum to base of outer primaries : L. s. badiiia.
,, j Base of central rectrices pure white : L. s. paradoxus.
\ Base of central rectrices black : 3.
'•{
Underside without or with very little rusty-buif : L. s. senator.
Underside rust^-buft' : L. s. pectoralis.
108. Telephonus senegalus (L.).
S ? Gambaga, 27. 8. and 18. ». IS'JS. " Iris grey."
109. Laniarius barbarus (L.).
i i Gambaga, February and November 1898. " Iris brown."
110. Malaconotus poliocephalus (Licht.).
S S Gambaga, January and December 1898. " Iris yellow."
111. Corvinella corvina (Shaw).
iS Gambaga, February 1898.
112. Dryoscopus gambensis (Licht.).
3 ? Gambaga, March, July, June and January 1898.
113. Nilaus afer (Lath.).
ii Gambaga, August 1898.
114. Melaenornis edolioides (Swains.).
Adnlt, Gambaga, January and July, young in July 1898.
115. Prionops plumatus (Shaw).
(J? Gambaga, 20. 2. and 10. 12. 1898. "Iris and skin round eye yellow,
feet pink."
0419 )
MUSCICAPIDAE.
116. Bradyornis modestus Shelley.
<f ? ? Gambaga, Jnue and July 189S. " Iris brown."
This form is probably a subspecies of B. jmllidas, from which it seems to differ
in having longer wings, a longer bill, and a more brownish throat and chest.
IIT. Muscicapa coUaris Bechst.
? ? Gambaga, November and January.
118. Batis senegalensis (L.).
5 Gambaga, 4. 6. 1898. " Iris yellow."
At first sight this bird looks like B. orientalis, as it has a slaty grey crown, but
its measurements are like those of western B. senegalensis, and the crown shows
already signs of the coming black colour. There is, therefore, no doubt that the
bird is B. senegalensis.
119. Platystira cyanea (P.L.S. Miill.).
6 ? January, June and July 1898. " Iris grey, eyelid coral-red."
120. Terpsiphone viridis (P.L.S. Miill.).
<?(? ? Gambaga, July and August 1898. " Iris brown, eyelids blue."
121. Elminia longicauda (Swains.),
d ? Gambaga, July and August.
122. Parisoma plumbeum (Hartl.).
? ? Gambaga, August 1»9», January ls99. "Iris brown."
CAMPEPHAGIDAE.i
123. Graucalus pectoralis Jard. & Selby.
? Gambaga, 3. 2. 1898. '■ Iris hazel."
124. Campephag'a phoenicea (Lath.).
i Gambaga, 29. 8. 1898. " Iris brown."
TURDIDAE.
125. Tardus chiguancoides Seeb.
cj ? Gambaga, December 1898, January 1899.
This is the thrush which in Journ. f. Orn. 1896 p. 57" I called T. crypto-
pyrrhus. The name chigaancoides, although very ugly, has the priority (cf. Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. V. p. 231, Journ. /. Orn. 1882 p. 32U). The distribution of these
forms is not yet clear. It seems to be a mistake to identify West African
and North-eastern birds. North-eastern birds are the true T. pelios Bp., or
icterorhynckus Heugl.
(420)
126. Honticola sazatilis (L.).
<J Gambaga, 20. 2. 1899.
127. Cossypha verticalis Hartl.
<?<? Gambaga, August 1898, January 1899. " Iris light brown."
128. Cossypha albicapilla giflfardi Hart.
C. g., Hartert in Bull. B. (I. Clii/j, vol. X. Xo. LXV. p. 5, October 1899.
<S ? Gambaga, 29. 8. 1898 and 4. 1. 1899. "Iris crimson."
Similar to C. albicapilla from Senegambia, but differing in having much
narrower white tips to the feathers of the crown and occiput, so that these parts do
not appear white, but black with narrow white crescentic bars. Wings and tail
longer than in C. alhicapilla albicdiiilhi, which seems to be restricted to Senegambia.
Wing 135-37, tail 145-48 mm. Sexes alike.
A specimen from the Lower Niger in the British Museum belongs also to
giffardi, and so does probably my specimen from the Benue mentioned in Joarn. f.
Orn. 1880 p. 578.
129. Bessonornis (? Cossypha) gambagae Hart.
E.g., Hartert in Ball. B. O. Club, vol. X. No. LXV. p. 5, October 1899.
Very similar to Bessonornis modestus Shelley, from Nyasaland, but differing in
its rnsty rufous flanks and under tail-coverts. The lateral rectriees have only an
elongate blackish mark on the outer webs and a small blackish spot on the inner
web of the dutermost rectrix, while in B. modestus they have a complete bar across
the tips. The remiges and larger wing-coverts have pale rushy-brown edges, and
the upper surface is paler and more ashy than in B. modestus. Wing and tail
shorter. Wiug 78 mm., tail (i3 mm.
This interesting little bird has such a great similarity to a female Redstart
{Ruticilla phoenieurus), that I, when seeing it for the first time, thought it was
nothing else. A close comparison, however, showed that it was a bird closely allied
to Shelley's Bessonornis modestus, but differing as described above. Dr. Sharpe's
experienced eye at once saw its close relationship to Captain Shelle3''s species. I
would, however, be in a difficulty, if 1 had to say by what structural characters this
bird differed from a Ruticilla. It has such a different look from a Cossypha, and
its tail is so square, that I am inclined, for the present, to follow Shelley, who places
these forms in a genus called Bessonornis.
The type of B. gambayae is a, female shot at Gambaga on Angast 27th, 1898.
Its iris was brown.
13u. Saxicola oenanthe L.
? Gambaga, 12. 12. 1898.
131. Pentholaea albifrons (Rupp.).
tf cT Gambaga, June and July 1898.
( 421 )
132. Pratincola rubetra (L.).
? ? Gambaga, October aud November 1898.
133. Hypolais opaca Cab.
(J Gambaga, 4. 1. 1899.
TIMELIIDAE.
134. Cisticola strangei (Fras.).
(JcJ ? Gambaga, July and August 1898. " Iris brown."
135. Cisticola rufa (Fras.)
c? Gambaga, 20. 7. 1898. " Iris hazel." Wing 53, tail 33 mm. ? ? August
1898. " Iris light brown." Wing 49 aud 50, tail 33 and 35 mm. ¥ 1. 1. 1899.
" Iris grey." Wing 50, tail 53 mm. ! The tail is usually much longer in winter
plumage. Cf. Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vol. VII. p. 235.
A S from Fadjnlli, collected on May loth by Emin Pasha, named " Drymoica
brachyptera " by Dr. Hartlaub, differs in being much less rufous and more dark
brown above, and in having a smaller first primary. It is evidently different from
C. rufa (Fras.).
A skin from Ltopoldville on the Congo, collected by Bohndorff in November
resembles typical C. rufa from the Niger Region, but has a very much larger bill.
It belongs probably to a different subspecies.
136. Cisticola erythrops (Hartl.).
cJ Gambaga, 4. 1. 1899. " Iris light brown."
137. Melocichla mentalis (Fras.).
i Gambaga, 12. 8. 1898. " Iris light yellow."
138. Prinia mystacea Biipp.
? Gambaga, 16. 6. 1898. " Iris hazel, eyelid yellow."
139. Camaroptera brevicaudata Rtipp.
iS 6 Gambaga, March aud June 1898. " Iris brown."
These two skins seem to be typical brecicaudata, but I doubt that it is possible
to separate C. brevicaudata and tincta.
140. Eremomela pusilla Hartl.
6 ? Gambaga, August 1898. " Iris hazel."
141. Eremomela caniceps (Cass.).
i Gambaga, 6. 1. 1899. " Iris dark yellow."
( 422 )
142. Crateropus platycercus Swains.
<f (J ? Gambaga, 2(5. sJ, 20. 7, and 29. 8. 1898. " Iris orange."
The female is a little smaller than the male.
PYCNONOTIDAE.
143. Andropadus virens Cass.
i Prahsn, 28. 4. 1899. " Iris grey."
144. ChlorocicMa gracilirostris (Strickl.).
S ? Prahsn, 28. 4. 1899. " Iris hazel."
145. Pycnonotus barbatus (Desf.),
? Gambaga, 12. 8. 1898. " Iris red-brown."
HIRUNDINIDAE.
146. Hirundo seuegalensis L.
¥ Moshi, 4. 7. 1898. " Iris brown."
147. Hirundo lucida J. Verr.
S Gambaga, 14. 9. 1898. " Iris brown."
148. Hirundo domicella Finsch. & Hartl.
$ Gambaga, 29. 7. 1898. " Iris brown."
There is no striation visible in this specimen, which is, according to the rnsty
brown edges to the upper wing-coverts and secondaries, a young individual,
149. Psalidoprocne obscura Hartl.
? Gambaga, 4. 8. 1898. " Iris hazel."
150. Petrochelidon rufigula Bocage.
(J Gambaga, 4. 6. 1898. " Iris dark brown."
This specimen, although a young bird, seems to agree in all essential characters
with Petrochilidon rufigula, described and only known, as far as I am aware, from
Benguela. The occurrence at (ianibaga is most remarkable. Cf Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. vol. X. p. 197 ; Sharpe & Wyatt, Mou. Hirundin, p. 6U3, p. 114,
(423 )
ON SOME BIRDS FROM CAPE YORK, NORTH QUEENSLAND.
By ERNST HARTERT.
THE foUiiwing notes are made from specimens which formed part of a large
and fine collection bronght together at (Jape York by Mr. Albert S. Meek's
collectors during the months June and July, 1898. The excellent preservation and
notes which were made in accordance with our instructions and on labels provided
by us for the purpose, induced me to study some of the species, and these notes are
the result of my investigations.
In addition to an unexjiected new species of Poephila, the collection contained
a number of forms which diifer subspecifically from those of other parts of Australia.
The fauna of the Cape York Peninsula is of special interest not only in comparison
with Australia, but also because so many Papuan forms extend there. There seems
to be a tendency in many of the birds from Cape York to become brighter and
smaller than those inhabiting the more southern parts of Australia. No doubt
several more subspecies will be separated iu future, when more material is available
for comparison from different parts of Australia.
1. Pachycephala peninsulae Hart.
In Bull. B. 0. Clu6,v. VIII. p. 33 this form is described as follows: "<S Top
of head ashy brown ; remainder of upper surface, including tail, olive-green.
Remiges blackish ; inner webs with whitish borders ; outer webs edged with greenish
olive. Lores ashy ; an indistinct pale buflf'y eyebrow. Sides of head ashy brown.
Throat white (with indistinct grey striations). Breast light yellowish grey, with
darker shaft-lines ; abdomen pale sulpliur-yellow, with dark shaft-stripes. Under
wing-coverts white, with a faint 3'ellow tinge, those towards the bend of the wing
brownish, with a yellow tinge. Iris brown, feet light bluish slate. Bill brown.
Wing 78-79, tail 63, culmen 16-^, tarsus 20 mm."
Younger individuals have the crown uniform with the back and the quills rufous
on the outer webs.
This interesting form is closely allied to P. yriseiceps from Dutch New Guinea,
which is considered to be the same as the Am bird, and I believe riglitly. It differs
from P. griseiceps in being slightly smaller, in having distinct striations, in the
form of shaft-lines, to the underside, especially to the breast, and in being more
greenish, much less brownish and olive on the upperside. The crown is also purer
grey, not so brownish.
Pachycephala alherti (Nov. Zool. v. V. p. Wl',),) has also the distinct striations
on the underside, like F. peninsulae, but it has a longer beak, and is as olive-brown
above as P. griseiceps.
A bird from Gagi, near Waigiu, is another form, a large subspecies of
P. griseiceps, without a name, but resembling /-". griseiceps jobiensis (Nov. Zool.
V. V. p. 523).
( 424 )
<!. Artamus leucorhynchus parvirostris sulisp. nov.
Notwithstandiug the various stati'iueuts, by ornithological authorities, that the
Australian specimens of Artamus leucm-hynckus conld not be distinguished from
those of other countries, I noticed at once that they had strikingly small bills, and
when comparing them with our large series from many localities I found that the
Australian s])ecimens were exceedingly much alike, and that the exposed part of
their culmen was generally 15 to 10 mm. and never exceeded 17 mm., while it was
18 to 22 mm. in specimens from other localities. The difference, though numerically
slight, is striking in the specimens. Those from Celebes and the Sunda Islands
have the largest beaks, those from Timor, New Guinea, and from the Philippines,
have them generally somewhat smaller, but the differences are very small and not
constant enough for even snbspecitic separation, while those from the Andamana
have their beaks of the same small size as those from Queensland ! It would
therefore, according to the diagnosis of my new subspecies, be necessary to call them
also A. I. parvirostris. I believe it is very interesting, even for those who do not
accept this subspecies, to know that A. leucorhynchus is not so constant as
ornithologists made us believe, and that (as in some other cases) a form deviates
from its average form in the centre (?) of its distribution in a similar way in both
directions towards the outer limits of its area. Other such examples are Cacatua
triton, Nyctidromas albicollis, Macropteryx mystacea.
I cannot agree with Sharpe and Salvadori in rejecting the oldest Linnaean name
leucorhynchus. Brissou's figure is correct, his description leaves no doubt, and only
this form inhabits the Philippines, so that there is no reason for rejecting this name;
in fact, there are many less certain names in use in ornithology than .4, leucorhynchus.
The npperside may, in contradiction to the white nnderside, have been termed black
without going far wrong.
'i. Piezorhynchus leucotis (Gould).
A nice series from. Cape York, whence the type'came. The male is well figured in
the " Supplement to the Birds of Australia." The female differs very much from the
adult male. It has no black on the throat, has a buff shade across the lower throat,
is dark brown above, has only white edges to the scapulars and the chest and sides
of body brownish. The young male resembles the adult female. 6 ad. : " Iris
brown, feet slate-colour, bill bluish slate-colour with a black tip."
4. Arses kaupi Gould.
The young malf (or female ?) has a rusty brown band across the chest, no black
chin, the collar on tlie hind-neck much narrower, upperside brownish. Another
specimen, also marked " S" and evidently l)ecoming black on the back, is without
a rusty band across the breast. The adult male has the bill " chalky blue, the eye
surrounded by dark blue eyelids, the iris brown, feet bluish slate-colour."
n. Poecilodryas albifacies Sharpe.
<?(??, Cape York, 21. 7., 5. s., 7. 8. 1S98. " Iris brown, feet light horn-colonr,
bill black."
I cannot perceive any difterences between New Guinea siiecimens and those
from Cape York. The Ijird is described from New Guinea.
( 425 )
6. Myiagra plumbea concinna Gould.
There does not seem to be any difference between Myiugra plnmhe.u, from the
Loaisiade Islands and New Guinea, and J/, concinna, from Queensland, except
that the latter has a deeper black loral line ! The two forms can only be regarded
as two verj' close subspecies.
7. Rhipidura setosa isura Gould.
One fine male of this very distinct subspecies. Cf. Nov. Zool. v. V. pp. 525-6,
where I divided Rh. setosa into five subspecies.
8. Rhipidura mfifrons (Lath.).
A male, shot 25. 7. 1898, has the wing only 09-5 mm. long.
9. Malurus dorsalis (Lewin).
Specimens from Cape York seem to be smaller than those from North-western
Australia. Wing of i 40 — 42 mm.
10. (?) Sericornis magnirostris (Gould).
Three skins from Cape York have very distinct whitish tips to the series
of greater wing-coverts, and are rather brownish on the chest and flanks. Their
iris is " blood-red, feet light horn-colour, bill dark brown."
11- (?) Gerygone conspicillata Gray.
6 Cape York, 23. 6. 1898. "Iris bright hazel, feet slate-coloar, bill black."
According to the descriptions of Sharpe in Cat. B. v. IV. this specimen is
G. conspicillnfa and not G. magnirostris. It agrees with specimens from
Fergnssou Island, which I consider to be G. conspicillata.
12. Gerygone personata Gould.
" Iris light red, feet bluish slate-colimr, bill black and dark."
13. Zosterops westernensis vegeta subsp. nov.
Tlie Zosterops from Cape York differs from specimens from New South
Wales and Victoria (the type is from Western Port in Victoria) in being smaller
and the colours somewhat clearer. The flanks are less brown, the under tail-
coverts bright snlphur-yellow instead of white, with a faint tinge of yellow, as
in Z. ivesternensis westernensis. " Iris light brown, feet dark slate-colour, bill
black, bluish slate-colour towards the base of the lower jaw." Tj'pes shot in July,
Cape York. The /f/«"fe is like the mule ; one oii\x>i females has a sulphur-yellow
wash on the middle of the abdomen, S wing 5(1 — 57, ? wing 56 — 57 mm.
Zosterops westernensis tephropleura, from Lord Howe's Island, is more like
the Cape York bird than like typical Z. westernemis, but larger, the wing more
than 60 mm.
(426)
Zosterops wester nensis ^fiaciceps, from the Fiji Islands, seems to differ con-
stantlr from the Australian forms of Z. tvi^sternensis by having light-colonred
feet and bills, thongli the rolonr of the plumage is very mnch like that of
Z. westerwnsis westernensis. (Cf Sharpe in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. IX. pp.
156-8.)
14. Myzomela pectoralis J. Gould.
I am not aware that the striking resemblance of the upperside of the female
to the upi>erside of Sittella striata from the same country has ever been noticed.
It is a perfect " mimicry " with regard to the black cap, the striped back, the white
rnmp and upper tail-coverts, and the black tail with white tips, only the colour
of the bill is different. The underside is totally different in the two birds. " Bill
and feet black, iris brown."
15. Ptilotis flava J. Gould (?).
One skin, marked S, differs from the specimens of P.Jlava in the British
Museum in haviug shorter wings and an indication of a defined dusky cap on the
crown. " Iris dark brown, feet light greenish slate, bill black." Wing 87 mm.
1 6. Ptilotis notata J. Gould ;
and
IT. Ptilotis gracilis .1. Gould.
These two species, which have generally been confounded, and which in the
skin hardly differ, except in size, were both found commonly at Cape York.
Mr. Le Souef {Ibis 1898, p. 56, pi. I.) has shown that yracilis differs from notata
in being much smaller, and also in its life-history. In Nov. Zool. 1898 p. 527
I have shown that P. notata and P. analoga are two distinct species. We have
thus three closely allied species, and it would seem that P. notata and P. gracilis,
as well as P. notata and P. analoija, are found together, the former two in New
Guinea, the latter two in (Queensland, while we have not yet a proof that P. analoga
and P. gracilis occur together. I hope to be able to publish some more details
about these forms before long.
18. Poephila nigrotecta Hart.
In Bull. B. 0. Club, June 1.S99, p. 59, this surprising little novelty is
described as follows : —
" Similar to P. cincta, from which it differs in being considerably smaller,
and in having the upper tail-coverts black like the rnmp." In P. cincta the upper
tail-coverts are perfectly white, not black with wliite tips, as described in Butler's
" Foreign Finches," where, however, an excellent plate is given. Total length
about 1(10 mm., wing 59 — 60 (about 63 in P. cincta), tail 41, culmen 9-5 mm.
There are two skins in the collection, a c? and a ? , both shot at Cape York
on 18. 6. 1898. " Iris reddish brown, feet red, bill black."
(427 )
19. Poephila leucotis .T. Oonld.
Two fine wales of this rare species shot on 20. 6. 1808. " Iris reddish brown,
feet bright red, bill light yellow."
20. Aeg^intha temporalis (Lath.).
Three males have the wing abont 2 mm. sliorter than other s]ieciraeus and the
back rather more golden. Comparison of a larj^er material will probably justify
the separation of the Cape York bird as a subspecies.
21. Bathilda ruficauda clarescens snbsj). uov.
An adult male, Cape York 14. 6. 1898, is smaller than all examples in our
collection, the red extends nearly over the whole crown, encircles the eye, and
extends further down on the throat, and the abdomen is rather bright yellow.
" Iris light red, feet dirty yellow, bill dark red."
Wing 50, tail 45 mm.
22. Alcyone azurea pulchra (J. Gould).
The collection contains a very fine series of this Kingfisher. I agree with Dr.
Sharpe, who, in Cat. B. Brit. Miis. v. 17 p. 169, calls it a subspecies of A. azurea,
but the characters and the distribution of the two forms, as given in the Cat. B.,
are not very clear. The deeper and brighter cinnamon or bay colour of the under
surface is not a character to distinguish this form with any certainty, for a niunber
of those before me (either younger birds or individuals in older, more faded
plumage) are paler than any A. azurea azurea I ever saw. The richer and more
purplish blue colour of the upperside is generally apparent enough, but sometimes
difficult to see. Another character, however, is not mentioned by Sharpe, viz., the
smaller size, especially the shorter bill of jmlchra. The bill in .4. a. azurea, is
about 46 — 49 mm. (exposed part of culmen measured), the wing 75 — 79. In
A. a. palekra. these measurements are : exposed culmen : 42—44, wing 72 — 74 mm.
The flanks are more suffused with lilac in A. a. jjulckra, and the blue purplish
extends sometimes along the flanks, but by no means always.
If A. a. pulchra is the northern representative of A. azurea azurea, then
Sharpe's specimens x,y, z, «,', and i',in the list of specimens oi azurea, must belong'
to pulchra, and I think they do so undoubtedly. " The iris is dark brown, feet bright
red, bill black, whitish at the utmost tip."
23. Alcyone pusilla J. Gould,
c? : " Iris dark brown, feet dark smoky brown, bill black."
24. Syma flavirostris J. Gould.
Vonx females and one male. This species (or subspecies) difiers from S. torotoro
in being paler and more greenish on the back and wings, and having invariably
a black mark along the anterior half of the culmen. The underside is rather pale,
throat and middle of abdomen sometimes ipite white. I have already on a former
( 428 )
occasion pointed ont that the characters of the two species are reversed in the
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. XVI. pp. 196-S, both in the " Key " and in the description.
" Iris dark brown, feet and bill orange."
'-io. Dacelo leachei Vig. & Horsf.
" Iris silvery white, feet horu-colour, maxilla blackish, mandible whitish horn-
colour."
Two males from Cape York seem to belong undoubtedly to B. leachei leachei,
and not to cei-vina.
26. Ptistes erythropterus coccineopterus J. Gould.
The very short wing shows the single specimen to iM'long to the subspecies
cocci neoptenis Gould. " Iris brown, feet black, bill red with pale cadmium tip."
27. Trichoglossus novaehollandiae (Gm.).
Several skins from ('ai)e York are rather small and brightly coloured, and may
belong to a northern subspecies.
28. Gkophaps scripta (Temm.).
One male, iris brown, bill blackish, feet dark purple. This bird agrees in
coloration with scripta, but the wing is only 14il mm.
ON MYZOMELA EVBBOCUCTJLLATA Tristr.
By ERNST HARTERT.
rr^HIS bird is described in Ihis 1889, p. 228, as having been found on St. Aignan.
J- The head all round (except the lores, which are black) and a broad line along
all the upjier parts to the upper tail-coverts scarlet, remainder of the plumage black,
inner edges of the remiges greyish white. Bill black, feet dark brown. Wing "4
(2-86, as given by Tristram, is too short, it should be 21)5), tail .3:5 mm. I am
indebted to the authorities of the Liverpool Museum for the loan of the type of this
most interesting sj)ecies. No such bird, however, was found by Meek on St. Aignan,
or on any of the other islands of the Louisiade Archii)elaga I cannot help suspecting
that M. rubrocucullata Tristr. really came from one of the Solomons and not from
St. Aignan, where it would seem to be more ont of its way than in the Solomons.
It is hardly to be expected that a collector like Meek should have missed such
a very conspicuous bird. There is no original collector's label on the type of
M. rubrocucullata Tristr.
In the " List of the Birds from St. Aignan," anted, p. 20(3, the mention of
this species is omitted.
( 429 )
ON SOME NEW LEPIDOPTERA EROM THE EAST.
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., and K. .JORDAN, Ph.D.
PAPILIONIDAE.
1- Troides meridionalis.
(J Triiides paradheua meridionalis Rothschild, Nov. ZoOL, FV. p. 180. n. 3 (1897).
WHEN describing this insect in April 1S97 I had only one ?. The distin-
guishing characters presented by that individual did not seem to me to
justify a specific separation of meruHonalis from paraclixeus. Towards the end of
1897 I received a second ? , caught at the south-eastern extremity of New Gninea,
near, or not far from, Samarai. Mr. A. S. Meek, who has for years been sending
us very fine collections from the Papuan region, succeeded in capturing a third ?,
and had also the great luck of discovering the S . The three ? ? are all alike,
except in small details. The c?, however, is very different from what I expected it
to be. As in geographical races of Papilioninae the ? ? are generally much more
different than the <?<?, the latter being often indistinguishable (compare, for
instance, Troides ti.thonus u-aii/eiiensis and fif/ioni/s), I presumed that the <? of
meridionalis would be essentially the same as that of /jaradiseus. I was, therefore,
very much astonished, when receiving Mr. Meek's fine capture, to find that the cj of
meridionalis presented such striking differences from /mradiseiis in the shape, colour,
and venation of the wings that 1 could not hesitate to regard tncridioiialis as
specifically distinct.
The forewing is narrower than in paradiseiis, its distal margin nearly straight,
the anterior green streak is narrower, the posterior one wider, entering the cell and
distally running up to the anterior one ; on the tmderside the forewing has a broad
black band, beginning at the costal margin before the middle of the cell, running
to upjjcr angle of cell, and thence to the disc, being distally limited by veins R'
and R', the yellowish green scaling between these veins reduced to two small
submarginal spots ; the yellowish streaks between the subcostals also reduced, the
apex of the wing being black, with an ill-defined green streak of dispersed scales
between SC^ and SC and a few more green scales behind SC*.
The outlines and neuration of the hindwings of T. paradiseus (A) and
meridionalis (B) are represented by the
accompanying diagrams. The wing of
meridionalis is more reduced in size than
that of paradiseus, narrower, the distal
margin is gently concave ; the tail is
shorter, not gradually narrowing to the
tij), but dilated before the apex ; the out-
line of the dilated portion when flattened
out is as in figure, but apjiears in the
specimen, on superficial examination, to
be rhombiform, the tail being twisted ;
the anal angle is not produced ; the fringe
of hairs upon the abdominal fold is much
longer, and not so dense. In neuration
(430)
very striking differences will be noticed \>y comparing the diagrams. The cell is
much narrower in meridionalis, W and M' come from the cell, while in pnrndiseus
they are stalked together. The pattern of the wing is also very peculiar. The
black distal border of pararliseiis is in meridionalis indicated only at the extreme
edge of the wing : veins all yellowish green, a narrow onter border to wing and a
broader streak from near base to tail in front of snbmedian fold also yellowish green,
abdominal area up to snbmedian fold black, with a yellowish green streak at basal
edge, and another, more distal, streak of dispersed scales gradually disappearing
distally ; the golden yellow area divided by the green veins, cell all golden yellow.
The underside of the bindwing as above, but abdominal margin from edge to fringe
of long hairs greyish white, a narrow streak of the same colour behind submedian
fold, tail with yellowish green scales.
Femora (as in ?) not striated with yellow, tibiae broader than in paradisem.
Length of forewing : tj 60 mm.
„ „ ? 72, 73 and 80 mm.
Mr. Meek caught the S at Milne Bay, Brit. New Guinea, on February 4th,
1899, and the ? on February 13th.
The species will be figured by Mr. Grose Smith in Rhopalocera Exotica.
NYMPHALIDAE.
Helcyra Felder, SiU.-Ber. Ak. WUs. Wien LX. p. 450 (1860) ; id., Neues Lepid. pp. 37. 44. t. 1
(1861).
In the description of this genus Felder emphasizes as a peculiarity of Helcyra
that the snbcostal nervnre of the forewing has only 4 branches instead of 5.
The Indian and Chinese species of Helcj/ra, discovered after 1861, are known to
possess 5 subcostal branches. Moore, who in Lepidoptera Indica defines the genera
mostly according to the characters e.xhibited by the Indian species only, says that
there arc .5 sul)COstals in Heh-i/ra, while Schatz, in Fam. vnd (intt. der Tag/.,
accepting Felder's statement as correct, attributes 4 and 5 subcostal branches to the
genus.
We possess two specimens of Helojra from New Guinea which we thought to
represent apparently a geographical race of //. cliionippe, the species upon which
Felder based the genus Jlelci/ra, but on e.xamining them more closely we fonnd
that these two individuals had 5 subcostal branches, uot 4 as Felder says of
chionippe. To clear up the discrepancy we have compared the neuration of the type
of chionippe with Felder's figure. Felder is wrong in describing and figuring the
forewing as having 4 subcostals, but there is some excuse for this error. The
second branch, namely, which arises shortly after the upper angle of the cell, fuses
with the third branch shortly after the origin of the latter, and thence the two
veins run as one to the apex of the wing, terminating where in the individuals of
H. hemina vein SC!' terminates. Thus the free portion of SO' appears only as a
short bar, overlooked by Felder, which connects the stem of SC"' with SC* : what
in Felder's figure is designated as SC^ and incorrectly drawn as terminating far
before the apex of the wing is in fact SC- + 8C'\
That peculiarity in the neuration of the type of H. chionippe is the same on
both forewiugs. The type specimen has remained unii|Ue ; we can, therefore, not
know whether the fusion of 8i;- ant! S( '' is of normal occurrence in the Moluccan
form of H. chionippe., but are of opinion that this is uot the case.
( 431 )
2. Helcyra chionippe marginata Rothsch., sabsp. nov.
Helcyra chionippe, Smith (iion Felder, 1860), Nov. ZooL. I. p. 356. n, 122 (1894) (HumboMt Bay);
Hagen, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. L. p. 89. n. 135 (1897) (Simbang, Germ. N. Guinea).
Smaller than chionippe from Amboina. Upperside: black apical area of
forewing relatively wider, 16 — 18 mm. broad behind costal margin, with a minnte
dot before R- and the trace of another before R', or with three dots as in the
type of chionippe, but the dots smaller ; hindwing with a black outer-marginal
band, measuring about 5 mm. between veins, the black post-discal dots M' — SM'
included into the band, admarginal whitish lunnles very thin, vestigial, shaded
with black.
On the underside the brown border of the hindwing is a little narrower than
the black border of the upperside.
Length of forewing : 31 — 32 mm.
Hab. Humboldt Bay, Dutch N. Guinea, September, October 1S92 (W. Doherty),
1 S {ti/pe~) ; Simbang, German N. Guinea, January 20th, 1895 (Dr. Hagen), 1 cj.
The Simbang example has' three white spots in the black area of the forewing ;
that area is also a little wider than in the t>j})e from Humboldt Bay ; the brown
line at the edge of the apical area of the underside is rather heavier, as is also
the brown discal line of the hindwing which borders the yellow band proximally.
3. Mynes websteri histrionalis Rothsch., subsp. nov.
Mr. A. S. Meek found at Milne Bay, Brit. N. Guinea, two pairs of this pretty
species, which on examination prove to be slightly different from the examples
of tvebsteri from Simbang, German N. Guinea.
On the upperside of the hindwing the black marginal line and admarginal
spots are reduced, especially between G and R', the bluish white admarginal
line continued to C, the black admarginal spots separated from each other ; the
black sobmarginal dots R- — M- or R'— M- marked, placed at the proximal edge of
the pale glaucous bine border of the bluish white basi-discal area. On the underside
the golden sjj(it at the anal angle of the forewing larger than in M. w. websteri ;
the brownish black band crossing wing at apex of cell narrower upon cross-veins
than in websteri, but suddenly dilated at costal margin, the band crossing middle
of cell, stopping at C in t>/pe, but in the second specimen with a minnte, separate
spot before C.
The ? is similar to the S, larger, the outer margin of the forewing more
convex, the black and the white postdiscal bands of the forewing below more
carved between R' and M- ; the pale glaucous blue scaling of the hindwing above
is more restricted than in the c?, there are no black sulimarginal dots, the
admarginal ones as in cj.
Length of forewing : c?, 30 mm. ; ? , 33—35 mm.
Bab. MUne Bay, Brit. N. Guinea, January and February 1899 (A. S. Meek),
2 (?<J,2 ¥?.
SATURNIIDAE.
4. Antheraea compta Rothsch., sp. nov.
cj. Allied to A. assamensis. Body and wings above orange ochraceons, wings
shaded with pink. Forewing : basal two-thirds of costal margin fuscous, with
30
( 432 )
some whitish scaliug, antemediau baiul rose-piiik, eilged with white proximally,
placed as in iissamansis, ocelhis ochrc-yellow, encircled I)}' an extremely thin
pinkish hrown line, the proximal part of which is feebly bordered with white
distally : a very small linear hyaline centre ; a jiostdiscal black line eontiguons
with a white one of abont half the width, almost parallel to outer margin ;
anteriorly stopping at SC% 9 mm. from edge of wing at M-, 6i mm. at R' ; a
coiispienous bnt small black costal spot abont 0 mm. from apex ; a snbmarginal
pink patch below apex, between SC^ and SC, ontwardly bordered by a broad
brick-red line : onter edge clayish Imtf, fringe more cla3--colonr. Hindwiiig :
ocellus as in assametisis, larger, its proximal portion black, outer portion ochre-
yellow, a white line in cell, about 3 mm. distant from black wing of ocellus,
continued to abdominal margin, heavily bordered with rose-red distally, this red
colour touching the ocellus ; a very faint orange band between ocellus and abdouiiniil
margin, being the continuation of a similar baud on the forewing, wliich touches
the ocellus of the forewing at the onter side : a black and white submarginal
line as on forewing, faintly bordered with pink proximally, terminating before
R', not curved towards base, almost quite straight, situated abont midway between
ocellus and outer margin, crossing M' 9 mm., SM- 0 mm. from edge of wing,
the latter coloured as on forewing ; the marginal area outside the black and
white line orange on both wings, crossed by the yellow veins.
Underside similar to assamcitsis, brighter in tint.
Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam, 8 c?cJ, no ?.
AGARISTIDAE.
5. Phalaenoides aequalis salomonis Rothsch., subsp. nov.
? . Much larger than the pother forms of aequalis (dokertyi, coeruleotincta,
aequalis).
Wiiigs, above. Forewing : white spot in cell minute, band rather wider
than in dolierti/i, not concave proximally, indented upon M' distally, but R' and
M' not wholly black ; discal and submarginal blue spots distinct. Hiudwing :
the two white patches fused together, the central patch being enlarged basad.
Underside. Forewing : cell-spot smaller, and band wider, than in dohertyi.
Hindwing : central jjatch dilated basad, including a small black spot at
proximal side of uj)per cross-vein ; blue discal spots C — M- large, except spots
R' — R'. White fringe of abdominal segments short above and below.
Length of forewing : ¥ , 26 mm.
Hab. Tugela, Solomon Islands (Woodford), 1 9.
6. Phalaenoides fractus Rothsch., sp. nov.
(J. Similar to aequalis, bnt differs as follows : — First and second segment
of jialpi white beneath, not yellow, third shorter than in aequalis ; underside
of abdomen not banded black, in S long hairs at apex of 8th segment, and
extreme base and tij) of claspers black not orange, claspers clayish ochreous,
the harpe less curved than in aequalis.
Forewing : band more curved than in aequalis dohertyi ; all the veins traversing
it black, last partition the longest, blue discal spots mnch more distal than in
aequalis, the series consisting of only 'i to 5 dots, which stand midway between
(433)
tbe white baud and tlie bine submarginal dots, and are situated upon the veins
like the submarginal ones, not between. On hindwing the central white spot stands
separate from the cross-veins, the second white spot is more transverse, being
narrower than in aequalis, the two spots farther apart, a heavy blue streak at
base upon M. On the underside, the hindwing is devoid of blue discal spots ;
the brush of hairs upon M of the forewing partly yellow.
Length of forewing : J, 18 mm. ; ?, 19 mm.
Hab. Kapaur, Dutch N. Guinea, December 1896 to January 1897 (W. Doherty),
1 (? {type) : Milne Bay, Brit. N. Guinea, December 1898 (A. S. Meek), 2 cJcf ;
Queensland, 1 cJ, 2 ? ?.
AGANAIDAE.
7. Asota albiluna Rotlisch., sp. uov.
<?. Similar to A. versicolor Don., but forewing, above, with one small white
costal spot at base, separated by a heavy black spot from a white band of H mm.
width, which expands between costal margin and SM- ; instead of the discal band
of versicolor there is a white half-moon upon the cross-veins, about 4J mm. long,
2 mm. broad ; on underside the half-moon is much smaller ; abdomen below with
a series of black dots on each side which are not fused to bands ; harpe of clasper
less spoon-shaped than in versicolor.
Length of forewing : <? , 28 mm.
Hab. Milne Bay, Datch N. Guinea, October 1898 (A. S. Meek), 1 cJ.
ZYGAENIDAE.
8. Aphantocephala centralis Rothsch., sp. nov.
<? ?. Body dark greenish blue above and below, glossy, somewhat purplish,
especially the underside of the abdomen.
Wings above like body, each with a white patch in centre ; patch of forewing
in or before middle, longer than broad, not reaching either costal or internal margin ;
patch of hindwing also not reaching the edges of the wing, often ill-defined, some-
times indistinct.
Underside less blue than upperside, patches as above, but a little larger and
generally clearer defined.
Subcostals of forewing individually variable in position, SC° absent ; R^ and
R' from a point or shortly stalked, R' sometimes stalked with SC'"* ; R^ of
hindwing absent, upper cross-vein at right angles to C.
Length of forewing : 9 — 13i mm.
Hab. New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, d'Entrecasteaux Islands, and Wood-
lark Island ; several subspecies, as follows : —
8a. A. centralis centralis Rothsch.
cf. Patch of hindwing aboze distinct, on underside extending to C ; patch of
forewing 2 to 3 mm. broad, proximal of base of M-.
Length of forewing : <? ?, 11—12 mm.
Hab. Milne Bay (type), November 1898 and January 1899 (A. S. Meek),
C i^'^i, 2 ? ? ; Fergusson Island and d'Entrecasteaux Islands, November and
December 1894 (A. S. Meek), 5 tJc^ ; Woodlark Island (A. S. Meek), 1 ?.
(434)
The AVoodlark Island individual is much larger than all our other specimens
(forewing mesisuriiig ]'ih mm.), and represents most likely a separate subspecies;
the base of the forewiug is green ; on the left forewing SO- is fused with SC^^
but branches off ugain close to tip of SC^ on the right forewing SO- comes from
the upper angle of the cell and SC is absent.
Sb. A. centralis diluta Rothsch., subsp. nov.
c?. Patches of both wings larger than in the preceding subspecies ; that of
forewing measuring over 3 mm. in breadth, reaching the base of M' and expanding
from C to beyond SM-.
Length of forewing : <?, 9i mm.
R' of forewing stalked with SC'^ R'^ and R^ on a short stalk.
Hab. Kapanr^ Dutch N. Guinea, December 1896 (W. Doherty), 1 c?.
8c. A. centralis suffasa Rothscli., subsp. nov.
c? ? . Patch of hindwing aboce suffused with black, sometimes absent, small
on umhrside, anteriorly not reaching beyond cell-vein.
Length of forewing : i, 9— llj mm. ; $, 10—12 mm.
Vein SC^ of forewing often absent.
Hab. Louisiade Archipelago : Rossel Island {type), March 1898 (A. S. Meek),
6 (JcT, 3 ? ? ; St. Aignau, September and October 1897 (A. S. Meek), 4 <? c?,
4 ? ?.
9. Aphantocephala moluccarum Fekl, Sitz.-Ber. Ahacl. Wiss. Wien
XLIII. p. 30. n. 65 (1861).
S ? . Boclij abocf, breast and legs bistre brown ; upperside of antennae and
abdomen, violet purple, glossy ; underside of abdomen yellow, except the apex,
which is glossy purple. Wings uniformly bistre brown on both sides, iridescent
in side-light, semidiaphanous.
SC of forewing absent, SC and SC^ stalked together ; R' of hindwing absent,
upper cross-vein at right angles to C, or its upper end pointing distad.
Length of forewiug : S, Si — 9 J mm. ; ? , 10 mm.
Hab. Described by Felder from Amboina ; W. Doherty, in February 1892,
found 2 66 and 1 ? of this species on the same island.
I'l. Caprima spectabilis Rothsch., sp. nov.
6- Face, anterior part of collar, tegulac in front of wings, extreme edges of
tergites of abdomen, legs and underside of abdomen pale yellow, rest of body
brownish black, somewhat purplish, thorax above and below with some metallic
glaucous blue scales.
Wings, upperside, black. Forewing with a yellow band from costal margin,
which it docs not (piite reach, across end of cell to M*: the band is straight, widest
in front, about 2 mm., its inner edge crosses M at or before base of M". Hindwing:
a large yellow jiatch extends from the base to the disc, the patch is limited
posteriorly by SM", about 1 mm. distant from outer edge at M*, rounded outwardly,
obliquely cut off between R' and Rl
( 435 )
Underside black, both wings with a metallic bine subapical hand. Foro-
wing : yellow band mncli broader than above, longer, almost reaching jwsterior angle
of wing ; costal margin yellow from base to band, a yellow basal streak in cell.
Hindwing : yellow area dilated basal ly to abdominal margin.
?. Like c?, larger, band of forewing broader, reaching posterior angle, only the
extreme edge of the wing remaining black : yellow area of hindwing extended
basally to abdominal margin. On umlergirle the yellow band and area are also
wider than in S, the blue snbapical band developed to a complete submarginal
band ; costal edge of forewing bine at base, retinacninm yellow. Head, thorax,
and legs (above and below) more metallic bine than in S , face brown, with some
blue scales.
Length of forewing : S , 13 mm. ; ?, 17 — 2(1 mm.
Vein SO^ of forewing mostly present, stalked with SC^ and SC°, much more
distal than SC^
Hab. Milne Bay, British New Guinea, a number of specimens of both sexes,
collected by A. S. Meek in October, November and December 1898.
11. Caprima obliqua Rothsch., sp. nov.
(?. Bodi/ ahore metallic pansy jjurple ; abdomen less bright than thorax, more
coppery; head, except a patch upon occiput, underside of body, legs, yellow,
upperside of tarsi and the basal half or two-thirds of abdomen fuscous, with purple
gloss, shaft of antennae violet purple.
Wings, upperside, black, shot with purple, especially in side-light. Forewing :
two oblique, parallel, yellow bands, not reaching costal margin, the first 3 mm.
from base in front, stopping at SM''', the second somewhat broader, H mm. wide,
rounded off at ends, crossing cell beyond base of M', stopping at M'-. Hindwing :
a large yellow patch, rhomboidal, reaching base behind cell, borders of wing all
black, except extreme base of abdominal margin, the black outer border of even
width (f mm.) from M' to SM', suddenly widened before R^, the whole costal and
apical area, inclusive of upper part of apex of cell, black.
Underside purplish black, yellow markings larger than above.
?. Like (?, 3-ellow markings a little larger.
Ri of forewing shortly stalked with SC =, SC absent.
Length of forewing : c?, 12 mm. : ? , 12| — 14 mm.
Ilab. Milne Bay, British New Guinea, November and December 1808 (A. S.
Meek), several specimens of both sexes.
Easily distinguished from C. mutilata Walker, List. Lep. Het. Brit. Mm. xxxi.
p. 121 (1864) & 8winh., Cat. Lep. [let. Oxford L p. 61. n. 266. t. 2. f. 15 (1802),
by the colour of the head and legs and the narrow, oblique, antemedian band of the
forewing.
12. Caprima aurantiaca Rothsch., sp. nov.
i . Body above and below black, glossy blue, head (except a patch on occiput
behind antennae) and legs buflf, tarsi and end of tibiae fascous on upperside with
blue gloss.
Wings above black, purple in side-light. Forewing : a large orange yellow
patch H mm. from base, between costal and internal margins, not reaching edges
of wing, subrotundate, about 2 mm. broad, a second patch between SC' and M'',
( 436 )
reddish orange, convex outwardly, straight or concave proximall.v, obliqne, tapering
behind, sometimes stopping short at M', just entering apex of cell, measuring about
2 mm. along R'. Hindwing : greater part of wing occupied by a large orange
yellow patch which extends from costal margin to SM-, reaches nearly the base and
is rounded distally ; black outer border nearly 3 mm. broad in front, h mm. wide
between M- and SM-.
Undersidp as above, but with scarcely any purple reflections : orange patches
larger than above, that of hindwing nearly reaching abdominal margin.
?. Larger than J, the patches of the forewing large; subapical band extended
in front to near costal margin and posteriorly beyond M". Face fuscous with bine
gloss, Inteous only at mouth ; occiput darker than iu S, legs also more fuscous than
in 3 , the inner- and underside being luteous, the rest fnscons.
R' of forewing from upper angle of cell, R- and R^ from a point or stalked
together, SC^ absent.
Length of forewing : S, 10 mm. ; ? , 12 mm.
Uab. Sndest Island, Louisiade Archipelago, April 18'.I8 (A. S. Meek), 'i SS,
??.
13. Caprima albifrons Rothsch., sp. nov.
? . Body above black, somewhat glossy with metallic purple ; face white,
tegulae with a white or huffish dot in front of wings, inner- and underside of legs
clayish.
Wings above black, slightly purplish in side-light. Forewing : a large yellow
patch 1^ mm. from base, between costal and internal margins, its outer edge
forming almost a right angle, the point of which lies upon M at or near base of
M", width of patch 4A mm. along M, 2A mm. behind costal margin (extreme edge
of wing black), and 4 mm. at internal margin ; a second, orange rufous, patch in
apical area, strongly convex outwardly, straight or slightly rounded proximally,
between SG° and M", 3 mm. broad at R', its distal and costal edges parallel to
distal and costal margins of wing, the patch a little nearer the costal than the distal
margin. Hindwing : a large yellow patch, as prolongation of the yellow patch
of the forewing, occupies the basal half of the wing, but does not quite reach the
base, abdominal margin also remaining black ; it is triangular, the distal point of the
triangle near the tip of SM^, outer edge of patch slightly concave ; black outer
area 4 mm. wide in front.
Underside black ; the yellow patches larger than above, that of forewing joined
along cell-vein to subapical patch, which is orange.
? . Unknown.
R', R', R' of forewing from cell.
Length of forewing : $, 10 — 11 mm.
Hab. New Hanover, Bismarck Archipelago, February and March 1897 (Capt.
H. C. Webster), 4 Si.
14. Caprima fragilis Rothsch., sp. nov.
i . Body and legs yellow, meso- and meta-thorax above, and antennae black
with purplish metallic gloss, abdomen above (except four first tergites), black with
blue gloss.
( 437 )
Wings above black, reddish pnrple in side-light. Forewing : outer margin
longer than in the preceding species, the wing more elongate, a yellow, irregnlar,
oblique band from SG^ to middle of internal margin, Sh mm. broad behind, shallowly
excavated in cell, rather deeply biconcave outwardly, between costal end of band
and R^, and again between R^ and SM-. Hindwing : triangular, outer margin
strongly oblique, yellow band continued to abdominal margin ; band outwardly
again biconcave, base purplish black.
Unde)-side, as above, band very little wider.
?. Like 3.
Veins SC^ and SO^ (or SC and SG^ ?) of forewing absent from S , SC' present
in ? ; R', R-, R' from cell : R' of hindwing absent from both sexes, R' and M'
rather widely separate.
Length of forewing : J, Hi mm., ¥, lU mm.
Hab. Ron I., Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea, July 1897 (W. Doherty),
<? <J,1 ?.
15. Caprima dohertyi Rothsch., sp. nov.
? . Bodij above purplish black ; face, collar, underside of the abdomen,
especially at the apex, femora and tibiae, especially the posterior ones, creamy, with
an opalescent gloss.
Wings abate puri^lish black. Forewing : a large yellow patch from S(' to
internal margin, 6i mm. broad before SM", its outer edge straight in middle, slightly
oblique ; a second, ferruginous red, patch, or rather band, from costal margin, which
it does not touch, to SM', tapering behind, somewhat widened basad in upper angle
of cell, hence broadest between R' and R^ inner edge of this band straight from R^
to SM", at right angles to the veins, outer edge strongly rounded in costal region,
then nearly straight, veins within band black, except base of R'. Hindwing :
yellow area of forewing continued to abdominal margin, the extreme edge of the
margin and the base remaining black, the yellow patch rounded behind, somewhat
angled upon SM', distally straight, faintly concave before R', black outer area
gradually decreasing in width abdominad, 4 mm. broad in front.
Underside similar to upperside, the patches slightly paler ; hindwing with
a greenish plumbeous patch of 3 mm. length between costal margin aud SC^ in
apical angle.
Length of forewing : ? , 16 mm.
Hab. Kapaur, Dutch New Guinea, January 1897 (W. Doherty), 1 ?.
16. Doclea dohertyi Rothsch., sp. nov.
i. Bod)) above black, very slightly glossy, neck, anterior edge of mcsothorax
and some scales upon centre of same, and the underside yellow, bases of abdominal
segments purplish black ; antennae purple, but proximal and distal sides of
branches buff.
Wings above black, not glossy, marked with orange ochraceons. Forewing :
basal half orange yellow, this area extending to near base of M", but costal and
internal edges and vein M black, the black colour of internal margin reaching SM'
at base for a distance of 4 or 5 mm., the yellow area consisting of two large ]iar-
titions, one in cell, the other beyond, the latter rounded oil distally. Hindwing :
( 438 )
costal margin, except at apex, enter half of cell, two small j)atclie.s between R' and
M', orange ochraceous, these patches all fused together ; an indistinct patch between
M' and M-, another, rather large one, behind M-, stand separate.
i'lulersir/e black, not glossy. Forewing : orange ochraceons from base to
beyond M^ costal edge black, M not black, vestiges of two yellow patches between
11^ and M". Hindwing : greater part orange ochraceous, the black colour reduced
to the abdominal and outer margins, yellow area limited posteriorly by SM^ but
there are some yellow scales near anal angle, and SJF is also yellow, black ontcr
marginal band dilated between C and I{-, here about 5 mm. broad, only H mm.
wide between R' and M=, slightly dentate behind M' and M". SC and SC^ of fore-
wing close together, SO' absent, SC and SC stalked together, R^ and R^ on a short
stalk, or from a point ; R' of hindwing present, originating rather close to SCI
Length of forewing : t? , 22 mm.
Hab. S. Celebes, August and September 1891 (W. Doherty), 2 SS.
IT. Doclea fumigata Rothsch., sp. nov.
<J Body aboce black, thorax and antennae with purple gloss ; collar, neck, and
sides of abdomen yellow, underside of abdomen and legs fuscous, the latter purplish
in side-light (breast apparently yellow laterally, but too much denuded of scaling to
allow a determination of the colour).
Wings aboce brownish black, semidiaphanous, especially the hindwing,
iridescent ; forewing reddish purple in side-light with vestiges of three white
spots, one in upper angle of cell, and two on disc between R' and Ml
Underside somewhat paler than upperside, both wings with ochraceons scales
in cell, which, however, do not form distinct patches ; dirty white spots of forewing
as above, but somewhat larger.
Nenration as in the species of Doclea from the Sulla Islands, figured in
Swinhoe, Cat. Lep. Het. Oxford I. p. 60. t. 2. f. 10 (1892) under the name of
" B. syntomoides Walker," but SC^ of forewing closer to stalk of SC than to SC.
Length of forewing : c?, 12i mm.
Hab. S. Celebes, August and September 1891 (W. Doherty), 1 S.
18. Pintia celebensis Rothsch., sp. nov.
S. Head, thorax, and shaft of antennae bluish green, metallic, abdomen
purplish black, edges of segments bluish green ; face, breast, abdomen and legs
bnfSsh cream-colour, sides of breast and upperside of tibiae partly metallic
blue-green.
Wings ahoce blackish brown, purplish in side-light. Forewing : a creamy
buff band between C and M' crossing apex of cell, oblique to costal margin, at right-
angles to distal margin, which the band, however, does not reach, consisting of two
somewhat rounded patches which touch each other at R^ the band thus resembling
the number 8. Hindwing: veins sliglitly darker than ground of wing, indications
of bnflish patches on disc liefore apex of cfll and between li' and M'.
Undersidt: blackish brown. Forewing : costal edge greenish blue with a
long creamy streak in basal half, a streak in cell and a broader behind cell also cream-
colour, ill-defined, band as above, a little wider, more yellow, with an additional.
( 439 )
small, spot behind M'. Hindwing : basal two-thirds of costal margiu cream-
colour, a broad streak in cell also creamy, changing into jjale )-ellow distally, the
whole abdominal area yellowish cream-colonr, slightly shaded with fuscons purple,
a line before SM' fuscous pnrple, four discal spots pale yellow, the uppermost
between C and R' nearly rounded, the other three standing in a row between R^ and
M°, becoming gradually more elongate, spot R- — R' more distal than spot 0 — R'.
Length of forewing : S, 22 mm.
Hab. Toli-Toli, North Celebes, November— December 1895 (H. Fruh stopfer),
1 c?.
19. Herpa meeki Rothsch., Nov. Zool. III. p. 325. n. 12, ?. (1896) (Woodlark).
<S. Smaller than ? ; body above all green, neck with a thin reddish ochraceons
ring, below creamy white, slightly yellowish in front, tibiae and tarsi brown, with
some blue scales.
Wings above purplish black. Forewing : greenish blue at base, a creamy
white band across disc, about 2i mm. broad in cell, rounded costally, tapering
towards posterior angle, stopping at SM-, 2 mm. from tip of that vein.
Hindwing : abdominal area metallic blue, but outer half or two-fifths of cellule
M' — SM' black ; a triangular patch across apex of cell creamy white, produced to
base behind costal margin.
Underside more extended blue ; forewing with a blue spot near apex, hindwing
with a bine submarginal band.
Length of forewing : 1 8 mm.
Hab. Woodlark Island, 2 cJt?, 5 ? ? collected by A. S. Meek, partly in 1895,
partly in April 189".
20. Herpa albivitta Rothsch., sp. nov.
cf . Body above metallic green or blue, abdomen mor« black ; underside, breast
metallic green-bine, abdomen yellowish buff.
Wings above. Forewing : purplish black, with a narrow creamy white band
from C to SM', tapering behind, crossing M at_M' or'_be3-ond, posterior part shaded
with purjjlish black scaling ; base with a short green streak. Hindwing black,
not purple, a triangular patch from near base to M' or R^, posteriorly limited by
SM^, anteriorly by the cell-vein, either smoky grey or white.
Underside black, lioth wings with metallic blue scaling, especially in costal
area, outer marginal area not bine, band of forewing broader and longer, patch of
hindwing wider than above, white.
Vein SC of forewing free, or anastomosed with C, or fused with it.
■ ? . Larger than S. Wings above. Forewing purplish black, streaked with
metallic green at the base ; a broad white band from costal to internal margin in
middle of wing, somewhat dilated basad j)osteriorly, about 5 mm. broad, the band not
reaching the extreme edges of the wing. Hindwing all black, or abdominal area
grey, especially towards anal angle, this grey scaling condensed between base of
M= and SM^ to a white patch, or the wing all black with an indication of the white
patch behind base of ,Ml
Underside. Forewing : band wider than above, base and disc at outside of
band metallic blue. Hindwing shaded with metallic blue, but outer margin and
a space of variable width before middle black, the grey and white scaling as above,
or more extended, mostly absent.
( 440 )
Vein SC of forewing free.
Length of forewing : <S , 15—16 mm. ; ? 20 — 21 mm.
Ilab. New Guinea.- Two local races.
20a!. Herpa albivitta fiunosa Rothsch., snbsp. nov.
d. Band of forewing curveil, its inner edge crossing M just at base of M' :
basi-median area of hindwing smoky grey above, reaching base ; body above dark
metallic green.
Nab. Dorey, Dntch N. Guinea, June 1897 (W. Doherty), Itf.
20b. Herpa albivitta albivitta Rothsch.
cJ. Band of forewing straight from (' to M' or SM', crossing M a little beyond
M' ; hindwing with a white patch above, which does not reach the base ; body
above greenish bine, abdomen with few metallic scales, pnrjilish black.
? . See above.
Hab. Milne Bay, British New Guinea, a series of both sexes, collected by A. S.
Meek in November and December 1898.
21. Herpa acrita Rothsch., sp. nov.
9 . Bofly above metallic greenish blue, breast and femora also scaled greenish
blue, abdomen beneath pale buif ; middle branches of antennal joints about
1^ mm. long.
Wings above purplish black. Forewing : metallic blue scales at base,
especially upon SC ; a white band of nearly even width, 3 mm., gently curved,
expanding between costal and internal margin, bordered with blue at both sides, its
inner edge crossing M at base of M", its outer edge at SM', 2 mm. from tip of that
vein. Hindwing : the greater part of the wing occupied by a white patch
extending from SC to abdominal margin and almost reaching the base, externally
rounded, the black outer border of the wing tapering towards anal angle, 7 mm.
broad at R', just entering apex of cell, 2 mm. wide at SM".
Underside as above, but much shot with metallic blue, except at outer margin.
SC of forewing fused with C.
Length of forewing : ? , 23 mm.
Eab. Etna Bay, Dutch New Guinea, July 1896 (Capt. H. C. Webster), 1 ?.
22. Herpa stigma Rothsch., sp. nov.
$ . Body above blue, thorax and underside of abdomen purplish ; collar and tip
of abdomen orange.
Wings above and below brownish black, somewhat diaphanous, rather obviously
reddish purple ; forewing with a white, somewhat oblique, spot between C and R',
not quite reaching costal edge, about 2 mm. from apex, diameters about li and
2 mm. Vein R' of forewing stalked with SC * ', R' and R' on a short stalk;
middle branches of antennae about 2 mm. long.
Length of forewing : <?, 20§ mm.
Hab. Toli-Toli, North Celebes, November— December, ISg.'i (H. Fruh-
storfer), 1 i.
( 441 )
23. Histia libelluloides.
(J J . Gynautocera libelluloides Herr.-Schaff., Auss. Schmctl. p. 7 (and on cover) t. 31. f. 11. 12. 13
(1850-53) (Java).
ffistia selene Walker (non Chalcosia sele.ne Kollar, 1844), List. Lep. Int. Brit. Mus. II. p. 413. n. 2
(1854) (pt. ; Java) ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. E. I. C. II. p. 312 (1859) (syn. r.r parte ; Java) ;
Kirby, Cat. Lep. Hrt. I. p. 55. n. 2 (1892 (pt. ; " E. Indies " !).
? . Ilistia vacillans Walker, I.e., p. 413. n. 3 (1854) (Java).
(J. Gijnaiitncera selene, Herr.-Schaff., I.e., p. 57. t. 77 (1855-58) (Java).
? . Gynautocera racillans, id., l.r.
$. Histia albimacula Hampson, Moths of India I. p. 280. n. 598 (1892) ( J Java, non (J Burma).
? . Histia libelluloides, Kirby, I.e., p. 55. n. 4 (1892) (Java).
In this species the sexes are different, the female having a baffish white band
across the hindwing which is absent from the tnale.
Walker wrongly identified a female of this species with KoUar's Chalcosia
selene from Kashmere, and described another female specimen as H. vacillans.
Herrich-Schaffer, who had previously figured and named the sexes of the present
insect as libelluloides S ? , afterwards accepted the two names given by Walker,
calling the S selene and the ? vacillans. In Moths of India I. Sir George
Hampson correctly treated Kollar's selene as being the same species as Gynautocera
rhodope Cramer, 1776, = flabellicornis Fabr., 177.5, bnt considered the white-
banded ? from Java to be that sex of H. albimacula, the S of which came from
Burma.
We have H. libelluloides from Sumatra, Java and Lombok. The individuals
from the three islands present the following slight differences : — •
23^-. H. libelluloides sumatrana Rothsch., subsp. nov.
<?. Abdomen more extended red, the black spots of the sternites absent or
minute, red spot at anterior margin of mesonotum very small.
Wings above as in the Java form ; but the brownish grey streaks upon the
veins of the forewing less clearly defined ; underside of both wings less black, the
cellules more shaded with metallic pale glaucous blue than in the Java subspecies,
the hindwing especially being more extended blue ; the black streaks between
the veins of the forewing nearly reach the outer margin, being longer than in
lib. libelluloides, and are less well defined.
? . Hindwing above more extended pale glaucous blue, nearly tlio whole area
from cell to abdominal margin being occupied by this colour ; the huffish white
band is broad and enters the cell in two out of our three individuals, in the third
specimen the band touches the apex of the cell, and its npper partition, C — SC^ is
obsolete. On the underside the wings are more metallic than in the Java race,
especially the abdominal region of the hindwing ; the outer area of the forewing
is less pale and the band of the hindwing is broader at and beyond M' than
lib. libelluloides.
Hob. Setinjak, W. Sumatra, May and June 189S {type, c?) and Padang
Sidempoean, W. Sumatra (Ericsson), .5 c?(?, 3 ? ?.
23*. H. libelluloides libelluloides Herr.-Schaff, I.e.
The band of the hindwing of the ? is variable in width, but does not seem to
ever enter the cell on the upperside, though it occasionally does so below; the baml
( 442 )
reaches always to 0, even in the specimens in which its width does not exceed
3 mm.
The position of the last throe subcostal branches of the forewing. which are
stalked together, namely, SC^ SC, SC", is not constant. In tlie <? SC^ stands
nearer the cell than SC^ this latter vein and SC forming a fork, but the distance
between the points of origin of SC° and SC is very variable. In most ? ? the
position of SC and SC is normal, in one e.xample SO'^ is abont 1 mm. distant from
SC, while in two others SC branches off before SC', SC* and SC^ forming the
distal fork.
Hab. Java : Mt. Gede (Prillwitz. leg. ; received from Herr Frnhstorfer) ; coll.
Felder; 10 cJcf, 8 ? ?.
23(?. H. libelluloides lombokensis Rothsch., subsp. nov.
? . Wings above. Forewing : black basal area less extended than in the
preceding races, the apex of the cell down to M- being as pale as the outer area
of the wing. Hindwing : basal area nearly all pale glaucous blue ; band broad,
entering cell, its proximal edge faintly concave or straight, crossing M at or
before W.
Underside. Both wings somewhat more extended greenish bine than in
sumatrana : apex of cell of forewing and disc paler than the outer marginal area,
this pale scaling almost forming an ill-defined discal baud.
Length of forewing: 31 — 33 mm.
Hab. Sapit, Lombok, 2000 feet, May— June 1890 (H. Frnhstorfer), 2 ? ?.
24. Gynautocera virescens reducta Rothsch., subsp. nov.
S ? . Hindtviny, ribort', deeper green than in the individuals from the Southern
Moluccas, the green colour, moreover, less extended in cell and towards base,
the greater part of the cell being black. On the underside the bluish green
scaling is also reduced, the abdominal area of the hindwing, especially, being more
black than bluish green.
The black basal rings of the sternites of the abdomen are narrower than the
red portions of the segments.
Hab. Batchian, March 1892 and August, September 1897 (W. Doherty),
5 (?c?, 1 ? ; also on Morty and Halmahera (Mus, Brit, and Oxon.).
In this form SC^ of the forewing is sometimes stalked with SC^^, and R'
and R^ are on a short stalk in all six specimens. Two S i have R", and the ?
R' of the left forewing forked.
Walker, in IJst Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. XXXI. p. 1 11 (1864), records G. virescens
from Timor. This locality is, we think, erroneons. The specimen was contained
in a collection purchased by the British Museum from Mr. Stevens ; the collection
was said to be made by Mr. Wallace in Timor. However, in this same collection
there were a good many sjiecics which are known only to occur in the Northern
Moluccas. As the supposed Timor individuals, for instance, of Charaxes latona
and Bordeta tj'iadriplaqintn, do not differ from examples obtained in the Northern
Moluccas, while it is well known that extremely few forms are identical on
( 443 )
Timor aud the Northern Moluccas, we have no doubt that the locality " Timor "
of the collection mentioned before was erroneous, the specimens having been
obtained by Wallace most likely on Batchiau or Ternate.
25. G. virescens buruensis Rothsch., subsp. nov.
(? ? . A very large form, resembling G. pavonina, described by Dohrn from
Sumatra.
Wings above. Forewing : outer margin concave ; greenish black, veins in
outer half pale greenish olive buff. Hindwing : azure blue, faintly shot with
green, base black for the greater part, this colonr forming an ill-defined streak
in cell along M ; disc with indications of black patches between veins, patch
M' — M- distinct in S, outer margin much less rounded than in virescens reducta
and V. virescens, almost straight in 6 .
Underside. Forewing : black, veins blue, except SC - ' ; outer half of
cellule SM'— SM- pale azure blue. Hindwing : cell black, middle line blue,
costal margin black, except distally ; abdominal area black in basal half, this
colonr extending more distad between than upon the veins ; rest of wing blue, but
there are three large black discal patches between R^ and M-.
Length of forewing : cJ, 41mm; ?,44mm.
Hab. Mt. Mada, Burn, 3000 ft., September 1898 (Dumas), 1 <?,!?.
26. G. virescens celebensis Rothsch., subsp. nov.
(S ? . Wings above resembling buruensis in colour, shorter, hindwing more
rounded ; hindwing black from base to apex of cell, mesial line of cell and outer
third of wing blue, four black patches between R' and M- separated from each
other by the rather thin bine veins, and limited basally by the blue cross-veins.
Underside purplish black. Forewing : basal two-thirds of costal margiu,
outer part of cell-vein and snbcostals thinly, veins R' — M- broadly, glaucous blue ;
outer half of cellule SM' — SM- also glaucous blue. Hindwing : outer marginal
area glaucous blue, somewhat creamy at veins R" to M', the blue colour extending
proximad along veins, separating two patches from the purplish black basi-discal
area, a third patch between M' and M- not completely isolated, the base of vein
M^ and partition M' — M- of M not being blue ; cross-veins blue ; mesial line of
cell very thinly blue ; the blue scaling in abdominal area restricted to outer margin,
but extending down a little along veins.
Length of forewing : t?, 33 mm ; ? , 31 — 38 mm.
Hab. S. Celebes, August, September 1891 (W. Doherty), 1 S {type), 1 ? ;
Samanga, S. Celebes, November 1895 (H. Fruhstorfer), 1 ? .
COSSIDAE.
27. Xyleutes maculatus Rothsch., sp. nov.
9 . This species is closely allied to X. boisduvali mini, but (^an be distinguished
at a glance by its much more ashy grey colour due to the wings being powdered with
black scales instead of red. Forewing: ashy grey, paler towards the apex and
( 444 )
on disc, a long streak in cell and a series of elongated patches from veins SC" to
SM- black ; this series crosses the wing just beyond the cell almost parallel to outer
margin. Between cell and SM- is a large black patch divided hx the snbmedian
fold, situated between the transverse series and base of wing, but nearer the former.
A second series of spots, mostly linear and longitudinal, are situated near the outer
margin. The .spot between R' and R^ of outer series is angulate. Hindwing :
brownish black instead of clay-brown as in X. boisdumli.
Underside : centre of both wings much more blackish tlian in X. boisduvali, on
forewing the submarginal row of spots sliows through. Body as in A', boisduvali,
but meso- and metathorax greyisli black, instead uf whitish grey, abdomen above
much blacker.
Length of forewing : 102 mm.
Breadth „ „ 38 ,,
Hab. Taylor Range, Brisbane district, Queonslaud (Mr. Dodd ley.).
This species can easily be distinguished from A. sordida mihi by the black
ring to the thorax which it has in common with A', boisduvali.
( 445 )
I N I) E X
abbreviata (Pitthea), 47.
abingdoni (Cactomis), l(ji.
— (Geospiza), 1G5. 201.
— (Pyrocephalus), 172.
ablunata (Stenorumia), fi5.
abnormis (Sauris), .S39.
Abraxas, 840, 347, 358, 359.
Abraxinae, 34G.
absorpta (Cariage), 338.
abyssinicus (Coracias), 403, 400.
Acadra, 57.
Accipiter, 82, 21G, 404, 407.
Accipitres, 407.
Acidalia, 207, 354.
AcoUesis, 200.
Acraea, C8.
acrita (Herpa), 440.
Actenochroma, 17.
actiosaria ( Ptychopoda), 337.
Aotodromas, 188.
acuminata (Heteropygia), 215, 210.
acutirostris (Geospiza), li"i2, 171, 201.
acutus (Eulepis), 250, 458.
adamata (Boarmia), 52.
— (Darisa), 52.
adamsi (Nesomimus), 144, 140. 200.
Addaea, 314, 315.
Adelphocrasta, 02.
aeacus (Troides), 07.
Aegialeus, 180.
Aegialitis, 18i!, 187, 203.
Aegintha, 427.
acgyptius (Pluvianus), 404.
aeolus (Charaxes), 245.
aequalis (Phalaenoides), 432, 4.33.
.aequatorialis (Psalidoprymna), 74.
Aestrelata, 87, 198, 205.
aethereus (Phaethon). 180, 203.
afer (Dicrurus), 413.
— (Eurystomus), 409.
— (Xilaus), 418.
affinis (Camarhyncbus), 108.
— (Geospiza), 108, 201.
— (Nesomimus), 147, 200.
— (Oedicnemus), 403, 404.
afra (Chalcopelia), 400.
— (Cryptorhina), 412.
africana (Parra), 405.
— (SchizorUis), 411.
Aganaidae, 433.
Agaristidae, 70, 432.
Agatliia, 20, 06, 327.
agrarius (Charaxes), 248.
— (Enlepis). 238, 247, 253, 25G, 259, 2G0. 201.
aignani (Zosterops), 210, 210.
Alaudidae, 414.
albanus (Chai-axes), 233.
albemarlei (Certhidea), 148-9.
— (Geospiza), 160, 171,201.
alberti (Pachycephala), 210, 423.
albibasis (Sysstema). .57.
albicapilla (Co.ssypha), 420.
albiceps (Lobivanellus), 404.
albicollis (Merops), 409.
— (Xyctidromus), 424.
albida (Induna), 204.
albidior (Problepsis), 33.
albifacies (Poecilodryas), 424.
albifi-oDs (Caprima), 430.
— (Pentholaea), 420.
albigula (Myzomela), 79, 210.
albigularis (Columlxi), 214, 2Ii;.
albilarvata (Craspedia), 31.
albilinea (Dirades), 320.
— (Phalacra), 4.
albiluna (Asota), 4.33.
albimacula (Histia), 441.
albipicta (Sysstema), 57.
albipuncta (Gonophaga), 357.
albisignata (Banisia), 4.
albistriga (Eupagia), 311.
albivitta (Herpa), 439, 440.
albogularis (Francolinus), 405.
alboguttata (Bursada). .343.
Alca. 180.
Alcedo, 81, 212, 210.
Alois, 51, 53, 305. 348.
Alcyone, 427.
Alectorornithes, 301.
alleni (Porphyrio), 405.
alopex (Cerchneis), 4i 13. 407.
alphius (Ch.araxes), 258, 200, 201.
— (Eulepis), 258, 260, 261.
alternata (Gondela), .30G.
— (Propithex), 42.
amboinense (Hdoliosoma), 207.
ampla (Megatheca), 39.
ampligutta (Perixera), 336.
31
( 44f)
amputata (Cacorista), 292.
Amraica, .'US.
anaetheta (Sterna). 191, 21:'), 21t;.
analof,'a (Ptilotis), 426
Anaploctes, 414.
Ana.s, 18:!, 21y, 216.
ancillati (.\cadra), .'i".
Andiopadus, 422.
angulata (Epiplema'), II.
— (Letchena), .'Hi'.,
angustata (Craspedosis), 40.
angustifascia (Banisia), :il."i.
Anisocolpia, .%.
Anisogamia, 'M', 328.
Anisographe. 1^37.
aniiulata ( Jlimomiza), 358.
anomalata (Casbia), 3.53.
-Vnoplosceles, 3.30.
Anous, 191-2, 204.
ansorgei (.isthenotncha). 29i'i.
— (Chlorociaspedia), 293.
— (Hylemeni), 303, .304.
— (Ochyria), 299.
— (Pharambara), 289.
— (Proterozeu.xisl. 289.
Ansorgia, 298.
Antharmostes, 21, 290.
Antheraea, 431.
antiphates (Papilio), 28.0.
Aphantocephala, 433.
Aphilopota, 304.
apicata (Eumelea), 14.
Aplochora, 42, 43.
Aplodes, 291.
Aplonis, 206, 207, 210.
apoUinaria (Problepfsis), .33.
Appias, 285.
Aptenodytes, ,381.
Apterygidae, 301.
Apteryx, 361, 306—402.
aquila (Fregata), 17."), 170. 202.
aquilus (Pelecanus), 17.">.
arctitorques (Pachycephala), 77.
Ardea, 180, 182, 203.
Ardeidae, 407.
.Vrdetta. 407.
ardo.siaiuis (Dissodecte.s), 408.
.Xren.aria, 187, 204.
arenaria (Calidris), 187, 2i)3.
— (Tringa), 187
argeiitali.s (Siculodes), 8.
ai'gentisquama (Problepsiodes), 337.
ariel (Fregata), 17.5.
arja (Cbaraxes), 244, 245.
— (Eulepis), 226, 227, 24.5, 253.
arnoldi (Eulepis), 236.
.Vrse-s, 424.
arsinoi- (Cynthia), 67, Ii8.
Artamus, 424.
aruensis (Cyclopsitta), 219, ]>1. iv., figs. 5,6.
aruensis (Geoffroyus), 81, 213.
Arycanda. 14.
Ascotinae. 51, .305, 348.
.tsinina (Striglina), 8.
Asio, 175, 202.
Asota, 433.
aspirans (Neothyris). 0.
assaniensis (Antheraea), 431, 432.
— (Eulepi.s), 223, 224.
assimilis (Buchanga), 413.
— (Cactornis), 164, 165.
— (Puffinus), 190, 197.
— (Tephrinopais), 310.
Astheninae, 34, 390.
Asthenotricha, 34, 290, 297.
Astur, 82, 213, 216.407.
athama (Jasia), 235.
athamas (Charaxes), 251, 2.54-8, 200.
— (Eulepis), 226, 244, 200.
— (Xymphalis), 250, 257.
— (Papilio), 245, 250, 257.
atomosalis (Rhodoneura), 319.
— (Symphleps), 319.
atra (Manucodia), 216.
atrata (Charraosyna), 218, pi. ii., fig. 1.
atribasalis (Bursada), 45.
— (Pharambara), 317.
atricapilla (Butorides), 407.
atrifasciata (Epiplema), 9.
— (Photoscotosia), 41.
atripunctalis (Banisia), 4.
atriscripta (Pingasa). 19.
attains (Cbaraxes), 231, 230, 2.54, 2.57.
— (Eulepis), 227, 232, 241, 257, 258, 259, 201.
attenuata (Eumelea), .320.
auduboni (Puffinus), 195.
aurantiaca (Caprima), 435.
— (Euguesia), 43.
aurantiacata (Parametrodes), 354.
aurantiacea (Hypochroma), 18.
aurata (Celerena), 325.
auratus (Oriolus), 412.
aureliae (Eriocnemis), 73.
aureliata (Eumelea), 15, .320.
aureofastigatum (Chalcostigma), 74.
aureola (Dendroica), 147, 200.
— (Sylvicola), 147.
aurieularis (Puffinus), 87, 197.
aurigenaria (Eumelea), 15.
aurocapilla (Dendroica), 148.
australis (Apteryx), 362, 3G3-5, 300. 4u2, pi. ix
xiv.
— (Casuarius), 75.
^zata, 58, 59, 354.
aznrea (Alcyone), 427.
liadius (Astur), 407.
— (Lanius), 415, 418.
bahamenais (Anas), 183.
— (Dafila), 183.
( 447 )
bahamensis (Poecilonetta), 183, 203.
tailloni (Puffiims), I'.tO, 107.
bairdii (Actodromas), IKS.
bairdi (Heteropygia), 188, 204.
BanLsia, 4, 6, 315, 31G.
Bapta, 342.
barbara (Cosmethis), 34.").
— (Epiplema), 10.
barbarus (Laniariiis\ 418.
Barbatida, 412.
barbatus (Pycnonotus), 422.
barringtononsis (Xesomimus), 145.
barnngtoni (Geospiza), 159, 1C4.
basalis (Bursadopsis), 344.
basicblora (Tephroclystia), 340.
basiflava (Cosmetliis), 345.
basisparsata (Ozola), 15.
basistriga (Bursada), 45, 40.
bataviaiius (Charaxe.s), 2j7, 259, 200.
— (Eulepis), 220, 258.
Bathilda, 427.
Batis, 419.
bauri (Geospiza), 161, 171, 201.
— (Xesomimus), 145, 147, 200.
beccarii (Casuarius), 75.
becki (Certhidea), 149, 150, 201.
beugaliis (Estrilda), 414.
bergii (Sterna). 215, 210.
Bessonornis, 404, 420.
liharata (Eulepis), 244, 247, 253, 255, 250, 259.
bicalcaratus (Francolinu.-*), 405.
bioolor (Epiplema), 10.
bifasciata (Certhidea), 151, 201.
biliueolata ('Pasi(»hila)i 39.
bimaculata (Bapta), 342.
bindloei (C'amarhynchus), 168.
— (Nesomimus), 140-7, 200.
bipunctatus (Erythrolophus), 334.
biquadrata (Xanthomima), 340.
Bistoninae, 49, 301. 348.
Bitbiodes, 354.
biviridata (Tephroclystia), 340.
Blepharoctenia, 49.
Boarmia, 52, 55, 359.
boarmiaria (Racotis), 55, 50.
Bociraza, 324. •
boisduvali (Xyleutes), 443, 444.
boliviaiia ( r.iesbia), 74.
Bordeta, 442.
borealis (Niimeiiius), 1h9.
lioueti I'Charaxe.s), pi. viii, fig. 2.
Brafca, 41.
Braccinae, 44, 302, 343.
Brachyotus, 175.
brachyptera (Drymoioa), 421.
Bradyornis, 419.
brephos (Phoenissa), 342.
brevicaudata (Camaroptera), 421.
brevipalpis (Synneurodes), 37.
brevipes (Heteractitis), 84, 215, 21 G.
brevirostris (Cactoruis), 159.
-- (Geospiza), 159, 201.
brewsteri (Sula), 179, 202.
bricenoi (Spathura), 72.
bnmnea (Calichodes), 305.
— (Epigynopteryx), 63.
Bubo, 408.
Bucerotid.ie, 410.
Buchanga, 413.
buck!eyi.(Francolinus), 405.
bucolica (Mirafra), 415.
buUeri (Apteryx), 372, 378, 380, 393.
bullocki (Merops), 409.
Bursada, 45, 40, 343, 344.
Bursadopsis, 344.
buruana (Debas), 68.
buruensis (Acraea), 68.
— (Gynautocera), 443.
— (Panacra), 69.
Buteo, 174, 202.
Butorides, IKl, 20.3, 407.
butyraceus (Serinua), 414.
Bytharia, 14.
Caberodes, 304.
Cacatua. i52, 213, 216, 424.
Cacorista, 292.
Cactornis, 152, 106, 167.
Cactospiza, 152.
caerulescens (Lagonosticta), 414.
cafer (Coccystes), 41 1.
Calicha, 348.
Calichodes, 305.
Calidris, 187, 203.
califoruirus (Pelecanus), 170, 202.
Callipotnia, 323.
caUiptera (Uliocnemis), 28.
Caloenas, 83, 214, 210.
Calornis, 76, 20r,, 216.
calvus (Gymnobucco), 412.
Camarhynchus, 152, 170.
Camaroptera, 421.
Campephaga, 419.
Camptochihis, 290, 316.
Camptogramma, 341.
cana (Celerena), 325.
cancellata (Perizoma), 299.
candidior (Craspedosis), 47.
caniceps (Eremomela), 421.
cantoroides (Aplonis), 20J, 207, 216.
capensis (Aplodes), 291
— (Pisorbina), 408.
Capitonidae, 411.
Caprima, 434-7.
Caprimulgus, 216
Carbo, 179.
Carige, 35, 338
cari.eata (Siculodes), 8.
carnifasciata (Gouanticlca), 299.
carolensis (Pyrocei)balus), 172, 173.
Carpophaga, 82, 213, 216.
carringtoni (Xtsomiinus), 14,j, 147, 200.
carteretia (Macropygia), 83.
Casbia, .=553.
castanops (Stri.t), 17."i.
Casuariu!!, 75, SCil, 381. 3;t5.
casuurius (Casuariiis). 75.
Cataclysme, 298.
Catop.silia, 285.
cauiiatus (Lampcotornis), 412.
oelebensia (Oynautocei-a), 443.
— (I'iiitia), 438.
celebraria (Craspedia), 294.
Celerena, 325, 320.
centralis (Aphantocephala). 433, 434.
— (Enlepis), 274, 27.'i.
CentropiKs, 411.
Cephanodes, til*.
ceramata (Nadagarodes), 350.
Cerchnei.^i, 403, 4ii7.
Certhidea, 148-51, 201.
cervina (Coenina), 03.
— (Dacelo), 428.
cerviniventris (Chl.amydeni), 210.
Chaetolopha, 41, 42.
Chalcopelia, 400.
Chalcoph-ips, 83, 214,210.
Clialcosia, 441.
Chalco-stigma, 73, 74.
chalybeata (Uliocoemis), 2'.l.
chalybeocephalus (Monarcha), 2110, 208
Ch.ar.adrius, 83, ISO, 180, 215, 210.
Charaxes, 220-80, 442.
Charmosyna, 218.
cheleouti (Halcyon), 4ll9.
Chema, I'.Ml.
chersonesus (Cbara.xes), 231.
— (Eulepis), 227, 231 , 232, 2.33, 241 , pi. vii.
Chibia. 210.
chiguancoides (Turdus), 419.
chionippe (Helcyra). 430, 431.
Chlamydera, 210.
Chlorargyra, 25.
Chloris, 153.
Chlorochroma, 21.
Chlorocichla, 422.
Chloroclystis, 38,39
(lilorocra-spedia, 292, 293.
Chloroctenis, 42.
Chlorodrcpana, 22.
('blornmachia, 329.
cbloropbora (Tepbroclystia). 340.
chlorostrota (I'omib.aena). 329.
cblorura (Psalidoprymna), 75.
Chogada, 52, 349.
Cboregia, 300.
christianae (Cinnyris), 206, 211, 210.
cbrysochlora ( Chalcophaps), 8,3, 214, 210.
Chrysochloroma, 24.
Chrysococcyx, 212, 216, 411.
( 448 )
Chrysocraspedia, 30, 331.
Chrysolene, 331, 332.
cincta (Pocphila), 426.
cinerascens (Bubo), 408.
— (Certhidea), 149, 151,201.
cinerea (Galachrysia), 4i)4.
— (Opistheploce), 340.
cinereiceps (Macropygia), 83, 214.
cinereus (Circai-tus), 407.
Cinnyris, 2im;, 211,210, 415.
Circaetus, 407.
Circus, 407.
Cisticola, 421.
clarescens (Bathilda), 427.
clarionensis (Zenaidura), 87, 105.
clauda (Hypocometa), ,339.
clebia ((ionodontis), 02.
climacurus (Scotornis), 410.
clitiphon (Charaxes), 275.
— Eulepis, 275.
Cobanilla, 1, 2, 313.
coccineopterus (Ptistes), 428.
Coccystes, 411.
Coccyzus, 202.
Coenina, 03.
Coerebidae, 148.
coerulea (Jlicroloxia), 27.
— (Syndroniodes), 27.
coeruleotincta (Phalaenoides), 432.
cognataria (Eubyja), 5(1.
cognatus (^Lanius), 417.
coUaris (Muscicapa), 419.
— (Pachycephalu), 77.
CoIIesis, 290.
colligata (Episteira), 30.
collineata (Taxeotis), 13.
Collocalia, 200,211,210.
fig. 1- CoUurieincla, 211!.
colonus (Halcyon), 81, 212, 210.
Columba, 214, 216,400.
Columbac, 400.
combinata (Carige), 35.
Comib.aena, 25. 329.
comiUata (Eubyjodonta), .5ii, 51.
commanotata (Pharambara), 317.
comminuta (Abraxas), 340.
Comostolodes, 22, 25.
compositata (Abraxas), 358.
compressirostris (Camarhynchus), 107.
comi)ta (.\ntheraea), 431.
concentrica (Chry.socraspeda), 30.
concha (Charaxes), 284, 285.
— (Eulepis), 283-280.
conchylias (Chlorargyra), 25.
coiicinna (Eubyjodonta), 5tl.
— (Myiagra), 425.
— (Sysstcma), 57.
coni'innula (Epipluma), 321.
concolor (Hiruiido), 152.
— (Progne), 152, 201.
( 449 )
confusata (Cyclura), .'i.
confuscata (Semiothisa), 308.
conifera (Dirades), 320.
coniroatris (Geospiza), 153. 159, 171, 'Ml.
Conirostrum, 148.
conjunctiva (ProblepsioJe.'i), 3'M>.
connexa (Tephroclystia), 297.
Conolophus, 1(12, 133.
consocia (Choregia), 300.
conspicillata (Gerygone), 425.
conspicua (Episteme), 70, 71.
contacta (Diplurodes), 53.
contempta (Strix), 175.
continua (Cobanilla), 313.
— (Pitthea), 47, 48.
contubernalis (Hirasodes), 51.
convergens (Orthocabera), 301.
^ (Tephrina), 01.
Coptogonia, 35.
Coracias, 403. 408, 409.
Coraciidae, 408.
coronata (Ifrita), 218, pi. iii., fig. 1.
corticaria (Lagyra), 357.
Corvidae, 412.
corvina (Corvinella), 418.
Corvinella, 418.
Corvus, 2116, 216.
Corymica, C3.
Corythornis, 409.
Coscinocera, "tO.
Cosmethis, 345.
Cossidae, 443.
oossoides (Hypulamprus), 5.
Cossypha, 420.
costaria (Serraca), 5G.
costiguttata (Azata), 58.
(Josymia, 295.
Cracticus, 216.
Craspedia, 31, 293, 294, 332, 333.
craspedias (Eumelea), 14.
(Jraspedosis, 4G, 47, 345, 340.
crassa (Ectropis), 305.
crassilembaria (Azata), 58.
crassirostris (Camarbyiichus), 166-7, 201.
— (Eurystomus), 80, 20ii, 212, 216.
— (Geospiza), 166-7, 171, 201.
Crateropus, 404, 422.
Craxirex, 174.
Creagrus, 190.
Creciscus, 184, 185, 203.
cretacea (Perixera), 33.
Crex, 180.
cristata (Plocucha), 335.
croceomarginata (Chrysocraspeda), 30, 331.
crypsichroma (Euxena), 23.
cryptoleucura (Cymochorea), 198.
— (Oceanodroma), 198, 205.
cryptopyrrhu.s (Turdus), 419.
Cryptorhina, 412.
Crypturiformes, 301.
Cuculidae, 411.
cucullatus (Hyphuntoruis), 411.
Cuculus, 411.
cunctata (Macropygia), 2O0, 214, 216.
cupreiis (Chrysococcyx), 411.
— (Cinnyris), 415.
curvilineata (Semiothisa), 3119.
curvivena (Idiotephra), 01.
cyanea (Platy-stira), 419.
cyanicarpua (Geoffroyus), 81, 213, 216.
cyanogaster (Coracias), 408.
cyanoides (Guiraca), 153.
cyanops (Sula), 87, 105, 178.
cyanostigma (Corythornis), 409.
Cyclopsitta, 219, pi. iv.
Cyclopsittacus, 216.
Cyclura, 3.
cygnus (Eulepis), 285.
Cymochorea, 198.
Cynthia, 67, 08.
Cynthia (Gelasma), 23.
Dacelo, 428.
Dacnidinae, 148.
Dacnis, 148.
Dafila, 183.
Darisa, 52, 349.
darwini (Geospiza), 158, 171, 2iil.
Dasyuris, 342.
debilirostris (Geospiza), lOi, 171.
Decetia, 319.
decorata (Camptochilus), 310.
Deileptenia, 52.
Deiliniinae, 42, 300, 342.
Deinotrichia. 53.
dejecta (Chibia), 216.
deliaria (Proljlepsis), 33.
Delias, 68.
delicata (Muesithetis), 29.5.
delirataria (Nemuria), 26.
deliciosaria (Craspedia), 294.
delosaria (Tcpbrosia), 304.
delpbis (Charaxes), 281, 2.^0.
— (Eulepis), 281, 280.
_ (Murwareda), 283, 284.
— (XympbaHs), 283, 284.
Demiegretta, 215, 216.
Dendroica, 147, 148, 200.
Dendrolagus, 217.
Dendromus. 411.
deut;ita ( Petronia), 403, 414.
dentatissima (Asthonotriclia), 34, 297.
dentigerata (Deinotrichia), 53.
deutilinua (Sysstema), 57.
dentiliiieata (Tephrina). 309.
dentirostris (Geospiza), 103, 2ol.
depleta (Tripboaa), 42.
derasata (Striglina), 9.
desita (Cra-'spedial, 332.
Despotina, 171.
( 450 )
devostita (Tcphroclysti 0, 40.
diaphana (Prasincoyma). 2'M.
Uicaeum, 80, U>ll,21i;.
dichromata (Decetia), 319.
dichrous (Puffinus), 194.
Dicrocecus, 410.
Dicruridae, 413.
Dicrurus, 413.
differens (Metallochlorii), 26.
difficilis (^Geospiza), lli3, 171.
dilucida (Tephroclystia), 2U7.
diluta (Apbantocephala), 434.
Dinoriiithidae, 361.
Diomedea, 192, 193, 205.
Diplurodes, 53, 54.
Dirades, 9, 320.
discata (Micronia), 319.
discinota (Hylemera), 303.
Discoglj-pha, 334.
discolor (Colluricincla), 216.
dispansa (Leucodesmia), 25.
dispar (Parametrodes), 354.
disrupta (Xanthomima), 48.
dissimulans (Craspedia), 31.
Dissodectes, 408.
ditrota (Luriaria), 355.
divapala (Chloromachia), 329.
divaricata (Trotocraspeda), 66.
divergcus (Ansorgia), 2'.i8.
— (Microloxia). 2'Jl.
diversipennis (lipipluma). II.
Dizuga, 334.
docilis (Palaeoiuis). 40H.
Doclea, 437, 438.
dohertyi (Caprima), 437.
— (Doclea), 437.
— (Phalaenoides), 432.
— (Pitta), 219, pi. iii., fig. 2.
doleris (Hylemera), 303.
Dolichony.x, 171, 2ii2.
doliiu (Ch:iraxes), 271, 274.
— (Eulepis). 271, 275.
— (Haridra), 274.
— (ilurwareda), 273, 274.
— (Nymphalis), 273, 274.
domicella (Hiruado). 422.
dominicus (Cbaradrius), 83, 215.
doreya (Macropygia), 83, 206. 214.
dorsale ( Rhamphomicron), 73.
dorsalis (Malunis), 425.
dotata (Metallocblora), 26.
Drepanulidao, 1,287,313.
Dromaeus, 361. 381, 395.
Uromiceius, 363, 3G6.
drownei (Certhidea), 150, 201.
Drymoica, 421.
Dryoscopiis, 4 IX.
dubia ((jeospiza), 160, 171, 201.
— (Hydala). 24.
dubius (Pogonorhyncbus^, 411.
dubius (Pyrocepbalus). 173, 202.
ducbaillui (Barbatula), 412.
Diipetor, 215, 216.
duplicipuncta ( Nad.igarodes), 356.
Dysporus. 178, 179
Ectropis, 54, 216, 305, 306, 350.
edolioides (Melaenornis), 418.
Edoliosoma, 76, 77, 207, 216.
effusata (Gonodela), 355.
egretta (Ardea), 181.
— (Herodias), 181, 203.
electrica (Chrysochloroma), 24.
— (Gelasma), 23, 24.
elegaus (Puffinus), 196.
^ (Dliocnemis), 28.
elepbantina (Testudo), 359.
Elminia, 419.
Emberiza, 413, 414.
Enneoctonus, 416.
Ennominae, 62, 311, 357.
Eois, 32, 334,
Eopsaltrla, 216.
Epigynopteryx, 63.
Epiplema, 9 — 11, 321.
Epiplemidae, 9, 319.
Episothalma, 329, 330.
Episteira, 36.
Episteme, 7o, 71.
cpistictis (C'hogada), 52.
epops (Upupa), 410.
erectinota (Dirades), 320.
Eremomela, 421.
Ereunetea, 302, 303.
Eribates. 171, 172.
Eriocnemis, 72, 73.
erminea (Cobanilla), 1.
erytbrogastra (Hirundo), l.'>2, 201.
Erytbrclo])bus, 334.
crytbrops (C'isticola), 421.
crytbropterus (Ptistes), 428.
erytbropygia (Mirafra), 403, 414.
erytbrorbyncbus (Irrisor), 410.
— (Lopboceros), 410.
Esacus, 214, 216.
csculenta (ColIocaUa), 211, 216.
Estrilda, 414.
etheocles (Cbaraxes), pi. viii, fig. li.
etorques (Astur), 82. 213, 216.
Eubyja, 49, 50.
Eubyjodonta, 50, 51.
Eucbloris, 22.
Eucrostes, 23.
eudamippus (Cbaraxes), 263, 265, 266.
— (Eulepis). 263, 209, 283.
— (Murwareda), 266.
— ( Nympbalis), 265.
Eugnesia, 43.
Eulepis. 220—286.
Eulypc, 342.
( -151 )
Eumdea, U, 15, 32C.
Eupagia, 311.
Eupithecia, 57.
Eurystomus, 80, 200, 21G, 40'.l.
Eutolmaetus, 407.
Euxena, 23.
evanescens (Aryeanda), 44.
Evarzia, 355.
exacta (Celorena), 325.
exangulata (C'raspedia), 3:i2.
exiguinota (Corymica), 63.
expansa (Eubyja), 4y.
exquisita (Agathia), 20.
— (Eois), 32.
exsu) (Nescpelia), 184, 203.
extenuata (Craspedosis), 40, 47.
extersaria (Ozola), 10.
extralineata (Abraxas), 340.
exul (Tigridoptera), 48.
exulans (Diomedea), 102, 1 93.
ejtoni (Lamprotornis), 412.
fallacides (Charaxes), 234.
— (Eulepis), 227, 234, 242.
fallax (Charaxes), 235, 236.
— (Eulepis), 220, 227, 235-7, 234, 242
— (Xenostega), 301, 302.
farinosa (Paradirades), 12.
— (.Sysstema), 353.
fasciata (Euguesia), 43.
— (Leucoglyphica), 25.
— (Ptocliophyle), 33,
fatigata (Geospiza), 104, 10.'>, 2U1.
ferrifera (Iridoplecta), 64.
fidonioides (Bursada), 343.
Habellicoruis (Uistia), 441.
flammea (Strix), 175.
tlammiceps (Pyromelana), 413.
liava (Ptilotis), 420.
fiavannulata (Bursada), 343.
flaviceps (Zosterops), 420.
flavicoma (Asthenotricha), 296.
flavifasciata (Chogada), 52.
fiavimedia (Craspedosis), 345.
Havipectus (Nadagarodes), 59.
tiavipuncta (Chrysolene), 331.
flavirostris (Syma), 427.
flavissima (Craspedia), 31.
Havitaenia (Bracca), 44.
forbesi (Emberiza), 414.
— (Halcyon), 409.
— (Oxyechus), 404.
formosanus (Eulepis), 268, 209.
— (Troides). 67.
fortis ((ieo.'ipiza), 153, 103, 171, 201.
— (Pachycuphala), 210.
fractus (Phalaenoides), 4:i2.
fragilis (Addaea), 314.
— (Caprima), 430.
— (Chloroolystis), 38.
franciscana (Pyromelana", 413.
Fraucoliiius, 405.
fratercula (Geospiza;, 153, 101, 201.
frauduleuta (AooUesis;, 290.
. Eregata, 175-6, 202.
Fringilla, 171.
Fringillaria, 414.
Friogillidae, 148, 414.
fruhstorferi (Charaxes), 257.
— (Eulepis), 257, 259, 200, 201.
fuciphaga (CoUocalia), 200, 211, 2Ii;.
fulgens (Oobanilla), 1.
fulgida (Ereunetea), .'iO.i.
fuliginosa (Chogada), 349.
— (Geospiza), 153, 102, 170, 171, 2iil.
— (Sterna), 191, 2u4.
fuliginosus (Larus). 189, 204.
— (Oreostruthus), 218, pi. ii., fig. 2,
fulviraaculata (Corymica), 03.
fulvimargo (Semiothisa), 309.
fulvus (Charadrius), 83, 215, 216.
fumigata (Doclea), 43K.
fumipicta (Maidana), 351.
fumosa (Herpa), 440.
funebris (Azata), ,354.
funerea (Delias), G.S.
f uricsta ( Hylemera), 304,
furcata (Xema), 190, 204.
furcatum (Xema), 190,
furcatus (Creagrus), 190.
— (Dicrocercus), 410,
— (Larus), 191),
fusca (Apteryx), 363, 383,
— (Certliidea), 150, 151, 201.
fuscibruunca (Monoboludes), 323.
fuscipuncta (Phorodesma), 291.
fuscus (Pelecauus), 170, 202.
— (Ptilopachus), 403, 405.
Gabianus, 190.
Gahuia, 309.
Galachrysia, 404.
galapageusis (Anous), 191, 192. 204.
— (Haematopus), 186, 203.
— (Poecilonetta), 183, 203.
galapagoensis (Asio), 175, 202.
— (Brachyotus), 175.
— (Buteo), 174, 202.
— (Xesopelia). 18.3, 1X4, 203.
— (Polyborus), 174.
— (Porzana). 184, 185.
galatea (Tanysiptcra), 210.
galeata (Crex), 180.
— (Gallinula), 186, 2o3.
Galliforme.«, 361.
Gallinula, 186, 20.3, 214.
gama (Xectris), 19li.
gambagae (Bessonorn's), 420.
— (Cossypha), 420.
gambensis (Dryoscopus), 418.
( 452 )
gauymedes (Cbaraxes), 232, 267.
— (Eulepis), 227, 232, 233, pi. vii., fig. 2.
Gasteiocome, 351.
Gelasma, 23, 24, 330.
gemmata (Prorocorys), 39.
geuuina (Eumelea). 14.
geoffioyi (Ochtbodromu.s), K3, 21G.
GeoftVoyus, 76, 81, 213, 216.
Geometridae, 12, 70, 2'JO, 323.
Geometrinae, 20. 327.
Geophaps, 428.
Geospiza, 152, 1.03, 170.
germinaria (Thalassodes), 292.
Gerygone, 79, 209, 210, 425.
giffardi (Cossypha), 420.
— (Heliocorys), 403, 415.
gigas (Thalassodes). 27.
glandarius (Coccystes), 411.
glauca (Milionia). 70.
Glaucidium, 408.
Glaucopis, 374.
Glaucoptery.x, 341.
glyphorhynchus (Phoeuicopterus), 182.
goldiei (Ninox), 82.
Gonanticlea, 299.
Gonodela, 306, 307, 355.
Gonodontis, 62.
Gonophaga, 357.
gossi (Sula), 178.
gouldi (Psalidoprymna). 75.
gracilirostris (Chlorocichla), 422.
gracilis (Oceanites), 198.
— (Oceanodroma), 205.
— (Psalidoprymna), 75.
— (Ptilotis), 426.
— (Thalassidroma). 198.
Grallae, 361.
granulifrous (Ptiliiiopus), 219, pi. iv., fie
Graucalus, 207, 216, 419.
grisea (Peri.\era), 336.
— (Pisoraca), 336.
griseiceps (Pacbyccjibala), 423.
griseitiucta (Zosturops), 210, 216.
griseocyaiiea (Metallura), 73.
guburnatiir (Lanius), 404.
guiuea (Columlia), 406.
Guiraca, 153.
gularis (Cuculus). 411.
— (Merops), 410.
gundlacbi (Dendroica), 14K.
guttula (Monarcha). 208, 216.
guttulatus (Monarcha), 206.
Gymnobucco, 412.
gymnocyclus (Coliimba). 406.
(iynautocora, 441. 442, 443.
haasti (Aptcryx), 362, 381, 402, pi. .Mii.
habeli (Camarhynchus), 168.
— (Geospiza), 167, 168, 171, 202.
babilia (Cragpedia), 31.
Haematopus, 186. 203, 214, 216.
Halcyon, 81, 206, 212, 216, 400.
Halocyptcna, 199.
bamasta (Eulepis), 247, 251, 253, 254.
hamifera (Pbarambara), 317.
bampsoni (Discoglypha), 334.
Haridra, 274.
harrisi (Nannopterum), 179.
— (Pbalacrocorax), 179, 202.
hebe (Cbaraxes), 229, 231,23.3.
— (Eulepis), 226, 231, 242, 263.
— (Nympbalis), 202.
Hedidypna, 415.
Helastiodes, 39.
Helcyra, 430.
Helicopage, 330.
Heliocorys, 403, 415.
Heliurnitbidae. 405.
Helodromas, 188, 204, 404.
bemina (Helcyra), 430.
Hemipogon, 334.
Hemistola, 21, 24, 330.
hepaticata (Cobanilla), 2.
heracles (Cbaraxes), 239.
— (Eulepis), 239, 241.
heraldica ( Aestrelata), 87.
hercule.s (Coscinocera), 70.
Herodias, 181, 203.
berodias (Ardea), 180, 2(J3.
heros (Coscinocera), 70.
Herpa, 439, 440.
berrani (Cbalcostigma), 73, 74.
Heteractitis, 84, 188, 204, 215, 216.
beterodo.xa (.Sphingomima), 312.
beteropogon (CbaUostigma), 73.
Heteropygia, 188, 2(I4, 215, 216.
Heterostegane, 43.
hieroglypbica (Banisia), 315.
Himantopus, 189, 204, 215, 210.
hippo (Appias), 285.
Hirasa, 51.
Ilirasudes, 51.
Hirundinidae, 422.
Hirundi>, 152,201,422.
Histia, 411,442.
histrionalis (Jfyues), 431.
Holorista, 36, 339.
budsonicus (Numenius), 189, 204.
Huhua, 4U8.
huUi (Xesomimus), 145, 147, 200.
Hydata, 24, 25.
Ilydriomeninae, 41, 298, 341.
Hylemera, 303.
hyogaster (Ptilinopus), 219, pi. iv., fig
Hyperytbra, 60.
Hyphautornis, 414.
bypbenata (Hanisia), 315.
bypocausta (Adelphocrasta), 62.
Hypocbroma, 17, 18, 326.
liypocbromaria (Ectropis), 350.
( 433 )
Hypocometa, ;i39.
hypoenocbrous (Lorius), 20il, •Jlti.
hypogrammica (Pytelia), 404.
Hypolais, 42 1.
Hypolamprus, u, 0, 8, 288.
hypoleuca (Cactornis), 165. -•
bypoleucu.s (Camarhynchus), 100.
— (Triugoides), 84, 215, 216, 404.
Hyposidra, 3o7.
icterorhynchus (Tuvdus), 41'J.
Idiotephra, 60. 01.
Ifrita, 218, pi. iii., fig. 1.
ignobilis (Remodes), 35.
illineata (Epiplema), 11.
illiturata (Epiplema), 11.
illustrata (Racutis), 55.
immissaria (Thalassodes), 28.
immundata (Scotopterix), 347.
imna (Charaxes), 223.
impennis (Alca), 180.
improba (Craspedia), 293.
inaequilinea (Miantochora), 05.
incana (Scolopax), 188.
incauus (Heteractitis), 84, 188, 204.
incerta (Geospiaa), 168, 202.
incertus (Camarbynchus), 168.
incolorata (Miantocbora), 64.
incompleta (Ozola), 10.
incomptaria (Hyposidra), 357.
— (Lagyra), 357.
inconspicua (Cyclura), 3.
— (Syminacra), 338.
indecora (Glaucopteryx), 341.
indefensa (Ozola J, 10.
indica (Testudo), 359.
ludicator, 412.
indicator (ladicator), 412.
indigna (Poecilalcis), 352.
inductaria (Eucbloris), 22.
iudularia (Stegania), 302.
Induua, 294.
inepta (Te.studo), 359.
luertes, 301.
inexactata (Acidalia), 3.")4, 355.
— (Bithiodes), 355.
infulatus (Poecilopternis), 174.
iufuscata (Chloroclystis), 38.
inornata (Pisoraca), 3ii.
inornatus (Monarcba), 7H. 208. 216.
inseparabilis (Cyclopsittacus), 210, 219.
fig. 7.
insolita (Cbryaolene), 331.
inspersatia (Scodiona), 304.
insulai-is (Petrodava), 01, .308.
interalbicans (Banisia), 4.
intercedens (Pyrocepbalu.s), 172, 173.
intermedia (Geospiza), 104, 171, 201.
— (Psilalcis), 65.
interpellans (Aphilopota), 304.
interpres (Arenaria), 187, 204.
— (Triuga), 187.
interrupta (Peridela), 3n0.
interspilata (Bui-sada), 45, 40.
invadens (Bursada), 45.
inversa (Bursada), 343.
invisibilis (Aplocbora), 43.
lodis, 25.
Iridoplecta, 04.
irregularis (Oosymia), 295.
— (Lipomelia), 295.
irretracta (Xadagara), 350.
Irrisor, 410.
irrorata (Diomedea), 192, 193. 205.
isocyma (Laopbila), .342.
— (Lomograpba), 342.
Isotbauma, 6, 288, 289.
ispida (Alcedo), 81, 212.
Ispidina, 409.
isura (Rbipidura). 425.
jalasus (Cbaraxes), 202.
jalysus (Eulepis), 227, 201, 202, pi. \-ii., fig. 7.
jardinii (Lanius), 417.
Jasia, 235.
javanus (Eulepis), 227, 241.
jobiensis (Pacbycepbala), 423.
johnstoni (Tephrinopsis), 311.
juliae (Psalidoprymna), 75.
junctilineata (Lygris), 358.
Jyngipicus, 411.
kaba (Cbaraxes), 234, 241.
— (Eulepis), 227, 241, 242, pi. vii., fig. 0.
karu (Lalage), 200, 207, 216.
kashmirica (Stenorumia), 65.
kaupi (Arses), 424.
klaa.si (Cbrysococcyx), 41 1 .
laeta (Ptochopbyle), 337.
laevigaria (Laopila), 342.
— (Lomograpba), 342.
laevipennis (Craspedia), 31.
Lagouosticta, 413. 414.
Lagyra, 357.
Lalage, 200, 207, 216.
Lamprocolius, 412.
Lamprotornis, 412.
Laniarius, 418.
Lanius, 404, 415, 418.
L.aophila, 342.
lapidata (Perixera), 32.
lapponica (Limosa), 84.
Laridae, 190.
Larus, 189, 19ii, 204.
latiflava (Bociraza), .'>24.
lativitta (Jlilionia), 70.
latona (Cbaraxes), 442.
lawryi (Apteryx), 303, 366.
leacbei (Dacelo), 428.
( 454 )
leadbeateri (Cyclopsiitii), 219.
Ieonari;i (Pisoiaca), 33.
leopardata (Hypolamprus), (i.
leprosa (Striglina), 317.
Leptomeris, 335.
Lesbia. 74.
Lestris, 192.
Letchena, 31C.
leucens (C'optogonia), 35.
Leucetaera, 31, 342.
leucocephalus (Himantopus), 215, 216.
Leucodesmia, 25.
leucogaster (Dysporus), 179.
— (Pachjcephala), 77.
— (Pholidauges). 412.
Leucoglypbica, 25, 20.
leucomerata (Chlorocbroma), 21.
Leucopbaeus, 190.
leucops (Buteo), 174.
leucopterus (Parus), 415.
Jeucopus (Haematopus), 180.
leucorhyncbus (Artamus), 424.
leucosticta (Craspedosis), 47.
leucotis (Poephila), 427.
leucotis (Piezorhynchus), 424.
libelluloides (Gynautocera), 441.
— (Histia), 441, 442.
Limicolae, 404.
Limonites, 215, 210.
Limosa, 84, 210.
lineata (Tephrinopsis), 356.
Lipomelia, 295.
littayei (Pachycephala), 77.
Lobivanellus, 404.
lombokensis (Histia), 44-'.
lombokiaaus (Cbaraxes), 230.
— (Eulepis), 227, 2.35, 230, pi. vii., fig. 3.
Lomograpba, 342.
longicauda (Elminia), 419.
longipennis (Sterna), 216.
longirostiis (Aptenodytes), 381.
longirostris (Haematopus), 214, 210.
Lophobates, 54.
Lopboceros, 410.
lophopterata (Acidalia). 297.
Lorius, 200, 210.
louisiadensis (C'racticua), 210.
-- (Gnaucalus). 210.
— (Myzomcla), 21(J, 210.
— (Rhipidura), 78, 209, 210.
lubricata (Omiza), 65.
lucida (Bytbaria), 14.
— (Hirundo), 422.
luoidus (Jlonarcba), 208, 210.
lucifimbrja (Oeuospila), 27.
lugens (Eriocnemis), 73.
lunata (Sterna), 191.
lutca (Hyperythra), 6(».
luteola (Certhidea), 149.201.
Luxiaria, 354, 355.
luzonicus (Eulepis), 225.
Lygris, 358.
maccoyi (Cyclopsitta), 219.
macdonaldi (Xesomimus), 143, 147, 2ilO.
macgillivrayi (Megapodius), 83, 214, 210.
mackloti (Pitta), 80.
niacleayana (Cyclopsitta), 219, pi. iv., figs. 1, 2.
macleayi (Halcyon), 212, 210.
macrodipterus (Macrodiptery.x), 4u4.
Maorodipterj-x, 404.
JIacropteryx, 424.
Macropygia, 8.3, 200, 214, 216.
macrurus (Caprimulgus), 210.
— (Circus), .107.
maculata (I)uilepteuia), 52.
maculatus (Xyleutes), 443.
maculosa (tionodela), 306.
madensis (Cbaraxes), pi. viii., fig. 4.
madeus (Eulepis). 249, 2.')2.
magellanicus (Spheniscus), 139.
magnirostris (Esacus), 214, 216.
— (Geospiza), 152, 154, 157, 201.
— (Gerygone), 425.
— (Myiarcbus), 172, 2u2.
— (Myiobius), 172.
— (Sericoruis), 425.
— (Tyrannula), 172.
Maidana, 351.
major (Apteryx), 381.
Malaconotus, 418.
malayicus (Eulepis), 221, 224, 225, 226.
raalimbica (Halcyon), 409.
Jlalurus, 425.
mandarinus (Cbaraxes), 280.
— (Eulepis), 279, 280, pi. vii., fig. 10.
— (Murwareda), 280.
mautelli (Apteryx), 362, 363, 300, 402, jd. .-;.
Manucodia, 210.
margaritalis (Rhodoneura), 289.
marginalis (Eulepis), 242.
marginata (Chlorocbroma), 21.
— (Helcyra), 431.
— (Tbinopteryx), 43.
marginepunctata (Holorista), 339.
marinaria (Tbalassodes), 28.
marmorata (Chloroclystis), 38.
— (Darisa). 349.
massena (Trichoglossus), 213, 210.
maxima (.\ptery.K), 381, 387.
— (Dromiccius), 303, 300.
maxinms ( Dcndrolagua), 217, pi. i.
mecbowi (Cbaraxes), pi. viii., fig. 3.
Medasina, 52.
media (Geospiza), 158.
modionotata (Tepbroclystia), 40.
mediosecta (Striglina), 9.
meeki (Pacbycephala). 77, 210.
— (Pitta), 80, 210.
— (Podargus), 210.
( 4.55 )
tneeki (Zosterops), 216.
Megalopterus, I'Jl.
Megapodius, 83, 214, 2111.
Megatheca, 39.
Melaenornis, 418.
Melanobucco, 412.
melanocoryphus (Coccyzus), 174, 202.
melanops (Graucalus), 207, 210.
melanopsis (Jlonarcha), 21G.
melaiiopterus (Monarcha), 78, 208, 210.
melanotis (Anaplectes), 414.
— (Mimus), 144, 145.
— (Xesomimus), 144, 147, 200.
— (Orpheus), 145.
melanura (Pachycephala), 77, 200.
mellea (Siculodes), 28;i.
melliflua (Craspedia;, 31.
Melocichla, 421.
melpoda (Sporaeginthus), 414.
mendiculus (Spheniscus), I'.IO, 205.
menedemus (Charaxes), 280.
— (Kulepis), 279, 280.
— (Murwareda), 280.
mentalis (Certhidea), 150. 201.
— (Melocichla), 421.
meridionalis (Troides), 429, 430.
Meropidau, 409.
Merops, 212, 210, 409, 410.
mesoleuca ( Aiitharmostes), 21, 290.
metal lica (Caloriiis), 76, 206, 207, 216.
Jletallochlora, 26.
Metallura, 73.
mexicauus (Charadrius), 189.
— (Hiinautopus), 189, 204.
— (Pyrocephalus), 172.
Miantochura, 64, 65.
Microloxia, 27, 291.
Micronia, 319.
microrliyuchum (Rhamphomicron), 73, 74.
Microtome, 362.
Milionia, 70.
mimica (C'oUesis), 290.
Mimomiza, 358.
Mimus, 142, 140.
miaimus (Pyrocephalus), 173.
miniosa (Chrysolene), 332.
minor (Fregata), 170.
— (Geoapiza), lii2, 201.
— (Pelecanus), 170.
minuta ((Jchyria), 41.
minutata (Chlor.argyra), 25.
minutilla (Tringa), 188, 204.
miuutula (Hypolamprus), 288.
— (Siculodes), 2S8.
mira (Panacra), 69.
Mirafra, 4o3, 414.
mitis (Celerena), 325.
Mnesithetis, 295.
modesta (Heliocory.s), 41.'i.
— (Hiruudo), 152.
modesta (Progne), 152.
modestus (Be.ssouorni.s), 404, 42o.
— (Bradyornis), 419.
molli,s (Apteryx), 383.
moluccana (Alcedo), 81, 212, 216.
moluccarum ( Aphantocephala), 434.
Monarcha, 78, 206, 208, 216.
mongolus (Ochthodromus), 83, 210.
moniliferaria (Triphosa), 42.
Monobolodes, 11, 12, 323.
Monticola. 420.
moorei (Charaxes), 232, 236, 237, 262.
moori (Eulepis), 226, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 263.
Motacilla, 415.
multicolor (Callipotnia), 323.
— (Hypochroma), 17.
multifeuestrata (Bani.sia), 315.
multiplicata (Photoscotosia), 41.
multipuuctata (Perixera), 336.
muuda (Chogada), 52.
— (Craspedosis), 345.
— (Procellaria), 196.
murinaria (Tephrina), 310.
Murwareda, 200, 284.
Muscicapa, 419.
musco.saria (Hypochroma), 18.
musianus (Paijilio), 07.
Musophaga, 411.
Musophagidae, 411.
mutilata (Caprima), 435.
Myiagra, 79, 209,216, 425.
Myiarchus, 171, 172, 202.
Myiobius, 172.
Mynes, 431.
Myristicivora, 82, 214, 210.
mysolata (Nadagarodes), 356.
— (Psamatodes), 350.
mystacea (Macropteryx), 424.
— (Prinia), 421.
Myzomela, 79, 206, 210, 210, 426, 428.
Nadagara, 356.
Nadagarodes, 59, 355, 356.
naevina (Siculodes), 8.
uaevius (Coraciaa), 403, 408.
Nannopterum, 179.
uauus (Pyrocephalus), 172, 173, 202.
narcaeus (Charaxes), 277, 279.
narcaeus (Eulepis), 277, 281, pi. vii., fig. 9.
narcaeus (Murwareda), 280.
— (Nymphalis), 277, 279, 280.
Nasiterna. 212, 216.
nasutus (Lophoceros), 410.
Xauflerus, 4o7.
uebouxi (Sula), 178-9, 202.
nebulosa (tieospiza), 161.
Nectarinia. 415.
Nectariuiidae, 415.
Nectris, 190.
Nemoria, 26.
( 456 )
Neothyris, G.
nepenthes (Cbaraxes), 209.
— (Eulepis), 269.
— (Murwareda), 269.
Xesomimus, 14-2-7, 154, 200.
Xesopelia, 183-4, 203.
ne.sophilus (Dupetor), 215, 216.
niasicus (Cbara.xes), 225.
— (Eulepis), 225.
nicobarica (Caloenas). 83, 214, 216.
nigriceps (Myiarchus). 172.
nigricincta (.Sauris), 339.
nigricollis (Himautopus). 189.
— (Lagonosticta), 413.
nigripes (Diomedea), l'.l2.
nigripuncta (Anoplosceles), 330.
nigrirostris (Macropygia), 206.
nigi-istriata (Banisia). 315.
nigrita (Myzomela), 206, 210.
nigrobasalis (Eulepis), 266, 26 8.
nigrocellata (Craspedia), 332.
— (Ectropis), 54.
nigromentalis (Bhipidura), 206, 200, 216.
nigrotecta (Poephila), 420.
Nilaus, 418.
uilgirica (Alcis), ,53.
Ninox, 82, 2! 6.
nitens (Monarcha), 208.
— (Pbarambara), 317.
nitidula (Sauris), 339.
nitidum (Dicaeum), SO, 211, 216.
nitidus (Monarcha), 208.
nivea (Stesichora), 9.
niveosignata (Craspedosis), 47.
niveus (Eulepis), 280.
Noreia, 12, 13.
nortbcotti"(C'haraxes), pi. viii., fig. 5.
notata (Ptilotis), 216, 426.
Notorea.s, 342.
novaehollandiae (Trichoglossus), 428.
novaezealandiae (Dromiceius), 363, 366.
— (Limosa), 84, 216.
nubicus (Merops), 4u9.
nubilu.s (Papilio), 07.
nugax (Puffinus), 196, 197.
Numenius, 84, 189, 204, 215, 216.
nuna (Psalidoprymna), 75.
nunctata (Xadagarodes), ,356.
— (Psamatodes). 356.
nupta (Myiagra), 209, 216.
Xyctanass,-!, 181, 1k2, 203.
Xyctherodius, 18).
Xycticorax, 182, 39K.
Xyctidromus, 424.
Xympbalidae, 67, 430.
Nympbalis, 220, 273, 286.
obiensis (Cynthia), 67.
obliquata (Bithiodes), 354.
obliquilinea (Oreta), 3.
obliquilineata (Conodela), 307.
obnubilata (Bursada). 343.
obscura (Procellaria). 194.
— (Psalidopi-ocne), 422.
— (Zethenia), 66.
obscurata (Episothalma), 329, 330.
obscurus (Puffinus). 194-7, 205.
obsoleta (Agathia), 20.
— (Arycanda), 44.
obsoletus (Jyngipicus), 411.
obtusa (Oreta), 3.
occidentalis ( Apteryx), 383, 384, 386, 400, pi. xii.
oceanicus (Oceanites). 199.
Oceanites. 198, 199.
Uceanodroma, 198, 199, 205.
ocellata (Craspedia), 33.3.
ochracea (Symphleps), 318, 319.
ochreicostata (Lophobates), 54.
ochreofusa (Cra,spedia), 293.
ochropus (Helodromas), 404.
Ochthodromus, K3, 216.
Ocbyi-ia, 41, 299.
octogesa (Hylemera), .'104.
Odezia, 342.
Oedicnemus, 4i)3. 404.
oenanthe (Saxicola), 420.
Oeuochrominae, 12. 323.
Oenoapila. 27, .330, 331.
Oestrelata, 198.
olivace;i (Certhidea), 148-51, 201.
olivaoeata (Tephroclystia). 340.
olivaoeum (Chalcostigma), 73.
olivata (Petrodava), 61, 308.
Omiza, 6."i, 312.
omphale (Coscinocera), 70.
onerosa (Gerygone), 209, 216.
Onocrotalus, 179.
Onychoprion, 191.
opaca (Hypolais), 421.
opalinula (Isothauma), 6.
— (Rhod(intura), 289.
Opistheploce. 340.
opisthomelas (Puffinus), 194, 197.
ordinaria (Banisia), 315.
Oreospiza, 218.
Oreostruthus, 218.
Oreta, 2, 3.
orientalis (Batis), 419.
Oriolus, 412.
ornaius (Merops), 212, 21().
Orpheus, 14."i-l.
orru (Corvus), 2o6, 216.
Orthocabera, 301.
Ortho.sti.vinae, 14. 324.
oryzivora (Fringilla), 171.
oryzivorus (Dolichonyx), 171, 2il2,
Otis, 381.
Ourapteryginae, 43.
ovampensis (Accipiter), 404, 407.
oweni (Apteryx), 362, 306, 402, pi. xi.
( 457 )
Oxycophina, 200.
Oxyechus, 404.
oxyntis (Chaetolopha), 41.
Ozola, ]5, IG.
Pacbycephala, 7('i, 77, 20l!, 2il7, 21 G, 423.
pachyrhyncha (Geospiza), \:i'^, 155, 157.
Pagophila. I!l0.
Palaeornis, 4nt<.
palawanicus (Eulepis), 25G.
p.allens (Monobolodes), 11, 323,
palliatus (Haematopua), I8G.
pallida (Cactornis), 1G5.
— (Geospiza), 165, 171, 201.
— (Perixera), 336.
— (Symphleps), 318.
— (Traminda). 2'.iG.
pallidata (Chloromachia), :i29.
pallidicolor (Celerena), 326.
pallidior (Myzomela), 210, 21(1.
pallidipes (Zosterops), 80, 210, 211, 216,
pallidiplaga (Hyposidra), 357.
— (JIaidana), 351.
pallidistriata (Epiplema), 321.
pallidus (Bradyomis), 419.
— (Cactornis), 1,53, 1.54.
— (Camarhrynchus), 153, 165.
Panacra, 60.
Paphia, 224, 257.
paphianus (Charaxe.s), pi. viii., fig. 1.
Papilio. 67, lOG, 245, 250, 270,
Papilionidae, 67, 420,
Paradirades, 12.
paradisea (.Steganura), 413.
paradiseus (Troides), 420, 430.
paradoxus (Lanius), 417, 418.
parallacta (Semiothisa), IlKI.
Parametrodes, 354.
Parasynegia, 300, 342, 343,
parce (Acraea), 68.
Paridae, 415.
Parisoma, 419.
Parra, 405.
Parridae, 405.
partita (Uliocnemis), 28.
parumnotata (Parasynegia), 342.
Parus, 415.
parva (Tachornis), 411.
parvirostris (Artamus), 424,
parvula (Geospiza), IGI.
parvulus (Mimus), 140.
— (Xesomimus), 143, 147, 200.
— ((Jrpheus), 146,
Pasiphila, 30
paucisignata (Alcis), 348.
pauper (Camarhynchus), 160,
— (Xyctanassa), 182,
— (Xycticorax), 182,
paupera (Geospiza), IGO, 202,
pavonina (^Gyuautocera), 434.
payesi (Ardetta), 407,
peotoralis (Eclectus), 216.
— (Enneoctonus), 416, 418.
— (Graucalus), 419.
— (Lanius), 416.
— (Myzomela), 42G.
Pelecanns, 175, 176, 202,
pelios (Tardus), 410.
pendula (Dirades), 0.
peninsulae (Pacbycephala), 423.
Pentholaea, 420.
Peratophyga, 301.
perclara (Blepharoctenia), 49.
perfulvata (Hypochroma), 32G,
perfusca (Petrodava), 308.
Peridela, 306.
Perixera, :i2, 33, 33().
Perizoma, 299.
perlatum (Glaucidium), 408.
perliueata (Gelasma), 330,
permutataria (Laophila), 342,
■ — (Lomogiapha), 342.
personata (Gerygone), 425,
personatus (Nesomimus), 144, 147,
peruana (Spathura), 72.
peruviana (Jletallura), 73.
pervasata (Tigridoptera), 48.
pervolgata (Gonodela), 306.
petechia (Dendroica), 147, J4K.
Petrochelidon, 404, 422.
Petrodava, GO, 61, 31)8.
Petronia, 403, 414.
Phaeoprogne, 151,
phaeopus (Numenius), 84, 215,
phaeopygia (Oestrelata), 198, 205.
Phaethon, 87, 104, 180,203,
Phalacra, 4, 313,
Phalacrocorax, 170, 202,
Phalacrotliyris, 287.
Phalaenoides, 432.
Pharambara, 7, 280, 317.
Phasianidae, 405.
phoenicea (Campepiiaga), 419.
phoenicoptera (Pytelia), 413.
Phoenicopterus, 182, 203.
phoenicurus (Ruticilla), 420.
Phoenissa, 341 , 342.
Pholidauges, 412.
Phorodesma, 201.
Photoscotosia, 41.
pbrixus (Charaxes), 2.57.
— (Eulepis), 257-0, 2G0.
Physetostege, 13.
Picidae, 411.
picta (Ispidina), 409.
pictus (Conolophus), 102, 1,33,
Pieridae, liH, 283,
Piezorhynchus, 78, 424.
Pigiopsis, 300, 301.
Pingasa, 19,
( 458 )
Pintia, 438.
piperata (Banisia), 5.
piscator (Sula), 177.
piscatrix (Sula), 177, 202.
pisina (Xemoria), 26.
Pisoraca, 33, 336.
Pisorhina, 408
Pitta, 76, 80, 219.
Pitthea, 47.
Plagiosella, 200.
plagosus (Chrysococyx), 212, 216.
platura (Hedidypna), 415.
platycercus (Crateropus), 422.
Platy.spiz.a, 152.
Platystira, 419.
plautus (Charaxes), 232.
— (Eulepis), 227, 231, 232, 2.35, 241.
plenicornis (Pseudemodeaa), 314.
Ploceidae, 413.
Plocepasser, 413.
Plocucha, 335.
plumatus (Prionops), 418.
plumbea (Ardea), 181.
— (Myiagra), 79, 219, 31G, 425.
plumbeum (Parisoma), 419.
plumbeus (Butorides), 181, 203.
pluristriaria (Parasynegia), 343.
Pluvianus, 4U4.
Podargus, 216.
Podica, 396, 405.
Poecilalcis, 352.
Poecilodryas, 424.
Poecilonetta, 183, 203.
Poecilopternis, 174.
poensis (Huhua), 408.
Poephila, 426.
PogODorhynchus, 411.
Poiocephalus, 408.
poliocephalus (A.stuv), 213, 216.
— ■ (Malaconotus), 418.
poliolophus (Prionops), 404.
Polyborus, 174.
pomarina (Lestris), 192.
pomarinus (Stercorariiis), 192, 204.
pomatorhinus (Stercorariii.s), 192.
Porphyrio, 214, 216, 405.
Porzana, 184, 185.
posidonius (Eulepis), 275, 277, pi. vii., fig. 8.
— (Murwareda), 275.
postlineata (Leptomeris), li.35.
pracllavata (Hursadopsis), 344.
Prasinocyma, 291, 292.
Pratincola, 421.
Prinia, 421.
Prionops, 404, 418.
Problepsiodes, 336.
Problepsis, 33, 336, 337.
Procellaria, 194-9, 205.
Piocellariidae, 196.
procera (Gahiiia), .369.
productus (Camarhyncluis), 165, 166.
Progne, l.'.l, 1.52, 2111.
propinqua (Geospiza), 159, 201.
Piopithex, 41, 42.
Prorocorys, 39.
Proterozeuxis, 7, 8, 289, 290.
prosthemelas (Camarhynchus), 169.
— (Geo,'<piza), 169-70, 202.
proximata (Metallochlora), 26.
Psalidoprocne, 422.
Psalidoprymna, 74, 75.
Psamatode.-^. 35(i.
Pseudemiidesa, 314.
Pseudoterpninae, 17, 326.
Psilalcis, 55.
Psittaci, 408,
psittacula (Camarhyncbus), 152, 153, 167
— (Geospiza), 167, 169, 171, 201.
Pterocles, 406.
Pteroclidae, 406.
Ptilinopus, 82, 206, 213, 216, 219.
Ptilopachus, 403, 405.
Ptilopus, 206.
Ptilotis, 216, 426.
Ptistes, 428.
Ptochophyle, 33, 337.
Ptychopoda, 292, 295, 337, 338, 342.
pupUaria (Stesichora), 9.
Pullinus, 87, 89, 194, 197, 205.
pulchella (Nectarinia), 415.
— (Uliocnemis), 28.
piilchcr (Spreo), 412.
pidclirilineata (Xadagara), 356.
pumilio (Milionia), 70.
punctata (Agathia), 327.
punctatissima (Strix), 175, 202.
— (Synneurodes), 38.
punetatu.s (Dendromus), 411.
punctilinea (Physeto.stege), 13.
pura (Teldenia), 314.
purpurea (I'rugue), 152.
purpureicanda (Chalcostigma), 73.
purpureus (Limprocolius), 412.
purpurifera (Hypocliroma), 18.
pusilla (Alcyone), 427.
— (Eremomela), 421.
pusillus (Menii)s), 409.
pusio (Nasiterna), 212, 216.
Pycnonotidae, 422.
Pycnonctus, 422.
pygmaea ( Pisorliinu). 408.
pyraliata (('raspedia), 31.
Pyocephalus, 172, 173, 202.
Pyromelana, 413.
pynhus (Eulepis), 220, 221, 244.
— (Papilio), 250.
Pytelia, 404, 413.
(pwidricinctus (Pterocles), 406.
quadriplagiala (Bordeta), 442.
( 459 )
Querquedula, 183, 20:^
Racotis, 5.'), 5(5.
r.idicata (Bnrsada), 4tl.
radiolata (Tigridoptera), 48.
Rallidae, 381, 405.
ramiciilata (Tridesmodes), 20ri.
Ratitae, 301.
rectifascia (Monobolodes), 12, .S23.
rectiviata (Banisia), 5, 315.
recursaria (Amraica), 348.
reducta (Gynautocera), 442, 443.
regalis (Chry.socraspeda), 30.
reinwardti (Crateropus), 404.
Remodes, 35, 37.
renularia (Laophila), 342.
— (Lomographa), 342.
restvicta (Bociraza), 324.
reversa (Striglina), 318.
Rhamphomicion, 73, 74.
Rhea, .'.01, 381.
Rhinoprora, 39.
Rliipidura, 78, 79, 20C, 209, 210, 425.
Rhodoneura, 0, 289, 319.
rhodope (Gynautocera), 441.
Rhodophthitus, 304.
Rhodostethia, 190.
Rhyacophilus, 188.
ridgwayi (Certhidea), 149. 201.
riocouri (Nauclerus), 4i>7.
Rissa, 190.
rivolii (Ptilopus), 200.
roeberi (Charaxes), 245.
— (Eulepis), 245.
rosalia (Eumelea), 14, 15.
rosenbergi (Co.smethls), 345.
roseooincta (Eois), .32.
roseus (Rhodophthitus), 304.
rosseliaua (Gerygone), 79, 209, 210.
— (Xino.x), 82, 21(1.
— (Pachycephala), 70, 200, 207, 210.
— (Tanysiptera), 81, 210.
I'ostrata (Speotyto), X7, 105.
rostratum (Edoliosoma), 77, 210.
rostratus (Camarhynchus), 107.
rothi (Chlorodrepana), 22.
rothschildi (Charaxes), 207.
— (Eulepis), 207-9.
— (Murwareda), 207.
ruber (Phocnicopterus), 182, 203.
rubetra (Pratincola), 421.
rubineus (Pyrooephalus), 172.
rubricauda (Phaethon), 87, 104, 180.
rubrimacula (Thalassodes), 292.
rubriplaga (Remodes), 37.
rubristicta (Eucrostes), 23.
rubrocucullata (Myzomela), 428.
rufa (Cisticok), 421.
rufibrunnea (Ectropii), 350.
ruficauda (Bathilda), 427.
ruficeps (Chalcostigma), 73, 74,
ruficollis (Limonites), 215, 210.
rufigula (Petroohelidon), 404, 422.
rufifrous (Rhipidura), 42.5.
rufilimes (Alois), 51.
rufiplaga (Calicha), 348.
rufolateralis (Monarcha), 208.
rufopileata (Dendroica), 147.
rufula (Eois), 334.
— (Opistheploce), 340.
rufulata (Hypocometa), 339.
russata (Eriocnemis). 72.
rustica (Hirundo), 1.52, 201.
Ruticilla, 420.
rutilans (Lanius), 410.
sabinei (Xema), 190.
sacra (Demiegretta). 215, 210.
salomonis (Halcyon), 81.
— (Phalaenoides), 432.
salvadorii (CarpopUaga). 82, 213, 210.
salvini (Camarhynchus), 109.
— (Certhidea), 148, 149.
— (Geospiza), 109, 170, 202.
saraatha (Charaxes), 248, 251, 254.
— (Eulepis), 247, 251, 254, 258.
sancta (Halcyon), 81, 200, 212, 210.
sandakanus (Eulepis), 227, 243,!pl. vii.,figs. 4, 5.
sandwichensis (Aestrclata), l'J><.
sanguinata (Eugnesia), 4:i.
Sappho, 74.
sarpedon (Papilio), 279.
saturatus (Turdus), 419.
Saturniidae, 70, 431.
satyrina (Charaxes), 280.
Sauris, 3.39.
saurophaga (Halcyon), 212, 210.
saxatalis (Monticola), 420.
Saxicola, 420.
scandens (Cactornis), 152.
— (Geospiza), 101, 171,211.
Sohizorhis, 411.
schlegeli (Francolinua), 405.
schreibcr (Charaxes), 220, 222, 223, 225.
— (Eulepis), 220-20.
— (Xymphalis), 220, 224.
schreibers (Paphia), 224.
sclateri (Casuarius), 75.
Scodiona, .304.
Scolopax, 188.
Scordylia, 41.
Sootopterix, 347.
Scotopteryginae, 347.
Scotornis, 410.
scripta (Geophaps), 428.
selene (Chalco.sia), 441.
— (Gynautocera). 441.
— (Histia), 441.
Selidoseminae, 353.
semicaerulea (Halcyon). 409.
( 460 )
semicirculuta (Sysstema). 57.
semicolor (Tephrinopsis). 311.
semicrocea (Cra,spedosis), 47.
semifusca (Amraica). .548.
— (Taxeotis), 324.
semimarginata (Antliarmostes), 290.
seminigra (Xanthomima), 34G.
Semiothisa, 308, 309, 310.
Semiothisinae, ."JT, 30(5, 354.
semipalmata (Aegialitis), ISi!, 187, 203.
semipalmatus (Aegialeus), 18G.
— (CharadriusX I.'<r,.
semiprotrusa (Phalacra), 313.
semitorquatus (Tiirtur), 406.
senator (Lanius), 415. 418.
senegalensis (Batis). 41',l.
— (Centropus), 411.
— (Cinnyris), 415.
— (Hirundo), 422.
— (Irrisor), 410.
— (Pisorhina), 408.
— (Podica), 306, 405.
— (Turtur). 406.
— (Upupa), 410.
senegalus (Lobivanellus), 404.
— (Telephonus), 418.
separata (Azata), 59.
septemstriata (Fringillaria), 414.
septentrionalis (Geospiza), lii5, 2iil.
— (Metallura), 73.
Serena (Emlieriza), 413.
— (Vidua), 413.
sericeipennis (Ptychopoda), 338.
Sericornis, 425.
Serinus, 414.
Serraca. 56.
serraticornis (Isothauma), 288.
sesquilineata (Abraxas), :147.
setosa (Rhipidura), 206, 2(19, 425.
sharpei (Creciscus), 185, 20.3.
sibiUa (Craspedosis), 345.
Siculodes, 6, 8, 288. 289, 290.
similis ( C'bloroctenis\ 42.
simillima (Geoapiza), 161, 201.
simplex ( Epiplema), 322.
— (Hemipogon), 334.
— (Hemistola), 24.
— (Hyperythra), 60.
— (ffinospila). 330.
simpliciata ( Leucetaera), 31.
simulatrix (Alcis), 305.
Sittella, 426.
smaragdinieoUis (Metallura), 73.
smaragdinus (I'orpliyrio), 214, 216.
smaragdus (Comostolodes), 22.
smerdis (Eulepis), 235.
soUtaria (Tringa). 188.
solitarius (Helodromas), 188, 204.
solstitialis (Spathura), 72.
sordida (Diniga), 334.
sordida (Halcyon), 212.
— (Xyleutes), 444.
sordidata (Pisoraca), 336.
sordidus (Halcyon), 81.
.Spathura, 72.
spectabilis (Caprima), 434.
— (Holorista), 36.
Speotyto, 87, 105.
Spbeniscus, 199, 205.
spbenurus (Astur), 407.
Spbingidae, 69
Sphingomima, 312.
spilogaster (Eutolmai-'tus), 407.
spilonota (Porzana), 184, 185.
— (Zapnrnia), 185, 185.
spilonotus (CrecisciKs), 184, 185, 203.
spilorrhoa (Myristicivora), 82, 214, 216.
spissata (Epiplema), 322.
— (Serraca), 56.
spissi tarsata (Craspedia), 333.
splendida (Proterozeuxis), 8.
splendidus (Cinnyris), 415.
spodina (L.aopbila), 342.
— (Lomograpba), 342.
Sporaeginthus, 414.
Spree, 412.
squalida (Racotis), 56.
squamata (Hriocnemis), 72.
squamulata (Camptogramma), )!41.
Squatarola, 187, 204.
squatarola (Squatarola), l.'<7. 204.
— (Tringa), 1 87.
Stanley! (Chalcostigma), 73.
Stegania, 302, 342.
Steganura, 413.
Steiropbora, 36, 37.
stellae (Charmosyna), 218.
Stenorumia, 65.
Stercorarius, 192, 204.
Sterna, 190, 191, 204, 215, 216.
Sterrbinae, 30, 292. 331, 342.
Stesichora, 9.
stigma (Herpa), 440,
stolidus (Anous), 191, 19.', 204.
— (Megalopterus). 191,
straminea (N'adagarodes), 355,
strangei (Cisticola), 421,
strenna (Geospiza), 153, 157, 170, 2iil
Strepsilas, 187,
striata (Sittella), 426,
Striges, 41)8,
Striglina, 8, 9, 317, 318.
Strix. 175, 202,
stropbium (I'tilinopus), 82, 206, 213, 216.
Strutbio, 361,381.
snbalaris (Puffinus), 194. 195, 205.
subapicata (Pctrodava). 308.
subanrata (Ectropi«), 30ii.
— (Episothalma), 329.
subaurantiaca (Omiza), 65.
subfulcata (Monobolodes), 12.
subfasciata (Gasterocome), IVil.
— ( Heterostegane), 43.
subfuscata (Leucetaera), Mi.
subhyalina (Comostolodes), 22, 2:i.
snbis (Pi-ogue), 152.
sublactifera (Ptychopoda), 337.
subliturata (Anisogamia), 327.
sublustrhs (Gelasma), 24.
submargiaata (Traminda), 34.
submarmorata (Hypolamprus), (!.
subornata ( Hypochroma), 18.
subperlaria (Craspedia), 293.
subradiata (Tigridoptera), 48.
subrubellata (Ptochopoda), 338.
subscripta (Pharambara), 7.
subsciituliita (Ptychopoda), 2'J5.
subulifera (Tephrinopsis). 310.
subvenusta (Anisogamia), 327, 328.
subviridis (Phalacrothyris), 287.
pudestiensis (Eopsaltria), 216.
— (Geoffrey us), 81, 213, 21 G.
suffusa (Aphaatocephala), 4,;i.
Sula, 87, 104, 105, 177, 1711, 202.
sula (Sula), 1 71).
sumatrana (Episteme), 70.
— (Histia), 441, 442.
sumbaensis (Eulepis), 2G0, 2(il,
sumeirei (Testudo), 359, 360.
sundevalli (Butorides), 181.
superbus (Ptilinopus), 213, 216.
superciliosa (Anas), 215, 216.
superciliosus (Plocepasser), 413.
swaiusoni (Buteo), 174.
Sylvicola, 147.
Syma, 427.
Symmacra. 3.S8.
Sj-mphlcps, 318, 319.
Syudromodes, 27.
Synegia, 300.
Synneurodes, 36, 37, 38.
Syntaracta, 300.
syntomoides (Doclea), 438.
Sysstema, 57, 353.
Tachornis. 411.
tagulanum (Edoliosoma), 207, 21ii.
taitiensis (^rrodynamis), 212, 216.
taminai'ia (Laophila), 342.
— (Lomognipha), 342.
Tanaorhinus, 331.
tanneri (Troglodytes), 87, 105.
Tanysiptora, 76, 81, 216.
Taxeotis, 13, 324.
Teldeuia, 314.
Telephonus. 418.
Telespiza, l.'ij.
temporalis ( .Vegiulba). 427.
tenebrosus (Putfinus), 194.
tenera (Alois), 348.
( 461 )
tenera (Craspedia). 294.
tenuiata (Tephroclystia; 40.
tenuilinea (Terpna). 19.
tenuirostre (Edoliosoma), 207.
Tephrina, 61,309, 310.
Tephrinopsis, 310, 311, 356.
Tephroelystia, 40, 41, 297, 298, .3411,
Tephroclystiinae, 38, 297. 340.
tephropleura (Zosterops), 425.
Tephrosia, 304.
Terlna, 303.
Terpna, 19.
Terpsiphone, i\'.'.
tessellata (Acadra). 57.
Testudo. 359, 360.
tethys (Procellaria), 199, 205.
tetragouata (Banisia), 315.
Thalassodes, 27, 28, 198, 292.
thiastoralis (Pharambara), 7.
tliibetanus (Charaxes), 280.
Thinopteryx, 43.
Thrichopteryginae, 338.
thricophora ( Boarmia), 55.
Thyrididae, 4, 288, 314.
tibetanus (Murwareda), 280.
Tigridoptera. 48.
Timeliidae, 218, 421.
tincta (Camaroptera), 421.
— (Xcnostega), 302.
titan (Cephanodes), 69.
titania (Stesiohora), 9.
tithonus (Troides), 429.
torotoro (Syma), 427.
torquata (Halcyon), 409.
tortuosa (Omiza), 312.
Totaninae, 1«8.
Totanus, 188.
townsendi (Geospiza), 167, 201.
Traminda, 34, 296.
transsecta (Craspedia), 31.
Trichoglossus, 213, 216, 428.
Trichopteryginae, 35.
tricommata (Craspedia), 294.
Tridesmodes. 290.
trifascialis (Banisia), 4.
trifasciatus (Orpheus), 143.
— (Mimus), 143.
— (Nesomimus), 143-7, 154, 200.
trigonata (Microtome), 352.
trimcronalis (Addaea), 315.
Tringa, 187, 188, 204.
Tringoides, 84, 215, 216, 404.
Tripliosa, 42.
triplaga (Azata), 59.
tripunctata (Evarzia), 355.
tristicula (Pt( i ho^hyle), 33.
triton (Cacatua), 82, 213, 424.
tritrojiha ( Banisia), 4.
triumbnita (Cobanilla), 2.
trobriandi (Cacatua), 82, 213. 216.
■i2
r 4r,2 )
Trochilidae, 72, 74.
Troglodytes, 87, 105.
Troides, 67, 429.
troilus (PiipUio), lOG.
Trotocraspeda, 66.
Trygodes, 64.
tuberogalis (Siculodes), 8.
Turdus, 41',!.
turneri (Panacrd), 69.
turpipennis (Coptogouia), .%.
turpis (Eubyja), 49.
Turtur, 406.
Tyrannula, 172.
ugandae (Pisorhina), 408.
Uliocnemis, 28, 29.
umbrata (Acollesis), 290.
uiiderwoodi (Spathura), 72.
unicolor (ActenocliromaJ 17.
— (Gclasma), 24.
— (Hypolamprus), 6.
— (Syndromodes), 27.
unifascia (Bursada), 40.
uiiifilata (Gonodela), 307.
uuiformis (Gonodela), 355.
uiiilinea (Cobanilla), 2, 313.
unipuncta (Stesichora), 9.
— (Tanaorhinus), 331.
Upupa, 410.
uraeus (Eulepi^), 254, 256, 258.
Uraniidae, 9, 319.
TJrodynamis, 212, 216.
ustiplaga (Tephroclystia), 298.
vacillana (Gynautocera), 441.
— (Histia), 441.
vanwycki (Carpophaga), 213, 216.
variabilis ( Hyposidra), 357.
variegata ( Azata), 354.
— (Striglina), 318.
— (Sula), 178, 202.
vari^atus (Camarhyuehus), 166-7.
— (Dysporus), 178.
— (Geospiza). 167.
— (Numenius), 84, 215, 216.
vatama (Oreta), 3.
vegeta (Zosterops), 425.
velata (Helicopage), 330.
veausta (Noreia), 12.
— (Perixera), .32.
verenica (Oreta), 2.
Ternus (Eulepis), 244.
versicolor (Asota), 433.
— (Querquedula), 183, 203.
versteri (Poiocephalus), 408.
verticalia (Cossypha), 420.
— (Hypolamprus), 288.
vespertilio (Dinides), 320.
vestita (Diplurodes). 54.
victoriae (Psalidoprymna), 74, 75.
Vidua, 413.
— (Slotacilla), 415.
vieilloti (Melanobucco), 412.
viuacea (Xoreia). 13.
vinaceus (Turtur), 406.
Vinago, 406.
Vindusara, 358.
vioUicea (Musopliaga), 411.
— (Xyctanassa), 182, 203.
violaceus (Xycticorax), 182.
virago (Cyclopsitta), 219, pi. iv., figs. 3, 4.
virens (.Vndropadus), 422.
virescens (Gynautocera), 442, 443.
Tiridaurea (lodis), 25.
viridicoma (Hypochroma), 18.
viridis (Irrisor), 410.
— (Terpsiphone), 419.
vittata (Chogada), 349.
vivida (Syndromodes), 27.
vosmaeri (Testudo), 359.
vulcani (Chalcostigma), 73.
vulpina (Striglina), 9.
waalia (A'inago), 406.
waigeuensis (Troides), 429.
wardi (Eulepis), 221, 222,223.
websteri (Myiies), 431.
— (Sula). 87, 104, 177,202.
weismanni (Charaxcs), 269.
— (Eulepis), 209.
westernensis (Zosterops), 425, 426.
woodfordi (Cephanodes). 69.
— (Uliocnemis), 29.
Xanthomima, 48, 346.
xanthosoma (C'raspedosis), 346.
Xema, 190, 204.
Xenostega, 301, 302.
Xyleutes, 443, 444.
ypsilon (Banisia), 316.
Zaporuiu, 184, 185.
zebrina (Raeotis), 56.
Zenaida, 183.
Zenaidura, 87, 105.
Zethenia, 66.
zoeae (Carpophaga), 213, 216.
Zosterops, 76, 80, 210, 211, 216, 217, 425, 426.
Zygaenidae, 433.
END or VOL. VI.
rrint«d bj H&zcll, WalM^D, & ViDey, Ld., London and Aylcabno'*
\^^
fi^
'J
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
H Journal of Zooloo^.
EDITED BY
The Hon. WALTER EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and Dk. K. JORDAN.
Vol. VI., 1899.
No. 1.
Issued, April 15th, at the Zoolociical Museim, Tki.nc.
Pages 1—84.
PKINTKD KY HAZELL, WATSON, & VINEV, I,D., LONDON AND AVI.ESUUIJY.
1899.
Vol. VI.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,
EDITED BY
WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. I.
PAGE
I. NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF THE FAMILIES
DREPA NULIDA E, TUYRIDIDA E, UR. I NIIDA E,
EPIPLEMIDAE, AND GEOMETRIDAK FROIVI
THE OLD-WORLD REGIONS W. Warre,,, . 1
i. SOME NEW EASTERN LEPIDOPTERA . Wolter Rothschild . 67
:;. FURTHER NOTES ON HUMMING-BIRDS E>;isi iraH<-H . 72
4. NOTE ON C'.Lvrj/,'/r,v r.|,sT.I/^/rx ,sr'ZJ7'A7,'y . . Wnll^r R,Ali.<<chiU . 75
5. ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. JIEEK ON
ROSSEL ISLAND IN THE LOUISIADE ARCHI-
PELAGO . ■ Ernst Hartert . 76
As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to Sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the Anthribidae. The
Collection contains about 50,000 Specimens of Cara-
bitlae (more than 7,000 Carabus and Calosoma),
43,000 Lamellicornla (110 Plusiotis in 30 Species),
32,000 Cerambyciitae (exclusive of Africa), 70,000
Chrysomelidae, etc., etc., nearly 500,000 Specimens
in all,
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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
B Journal of Zoology.
EDITED BY
The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and De. K. JORDAN.
Vol. VI., 1899.
No. 2.
Issued, August 15th, at this Zoological Museum, Trino.
Pages 85—286. Plates I.— VI.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON, J: VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
1899.
Vol. VI,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
EDITED Br
WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT. and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. II.
PAGE
1. A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY Of THE
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON
THE WEBSTER-HARRIS EXPEDITION
(Plates V. and VI.) Walter Rothnckild
and Ernst Hartert S5
2. ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. MEEK ON
ST. AIGNAN ISLAND IN THE LOUISIADE
ARCHIPELAGO Ernst HaxleH . 206
3. DENDROLAGUS MAXIMUS (Plate I.) ... WaUer Rothschild . 217
4. ON SOME RARE BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA
AND THE SULA ISLANDS (Plates II. and III.) . Walter Rothschild . 218
5. ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENERA CYCLO-
PSITTA AND PTILINOPUS (Plate IV.) . Ernst Uartm-l . 219
G. A MONOGRAPH OF CHARAXES AND THE ALLIED
PRIONOFIEROUS GENERA (continued) . . Wallet- RothschiU,
a-nd K. Jordan . 221)
As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the Anthribidaem The
Collection contains about 43,000 Specimens of
Lamellicornia (110 Plusiotis in 30 Species), 32,000
Cerambyoidae (exclusive of African), 70,000
Chrysomelittae, etc., etc.
For Particulars apply to —
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ERNST HEYNE,
Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.
Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.
Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,
BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,
In their Xew Price List, No. XLII.. offer more
than 15,000 .Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA,
set or in Papers, from all p.'irts of the world, in
finest condition; 1,300 kinds of PRE PAKE D
LARVAE ; numerous LIVING PUPAK. etc. Se-
PAKATE Pbice Lists, X., XV., XVI. and XVII.. for
COLEOPTKRA (19,000 Species). List V., for
HYMENOPTERA (2,oOO Species), DIPTERA
(1,500), HEUIPTERA (1,400), OKTHOPIERA
(660), NEUROPTEKA (450).
Dhctnint for Cash Orilerx. Prices h>w.
EDWARD GERRARD & SONS,
Taxidermists & Osteologists,
61, College Place, Camden Town, London.
Beg fo ;innounce that they have FOR
SALE a large number of BIRD AND
MAMMAI SKINS, collected by Messrs.
Everett, Hose, & Meek in New Guinea,
Borneo, and other Islands.
Mammals, Birds, and Skeletons Mounted,
Sportsman's trophies set np.
Lists or Specimens sent on. approval on
application.
WiLHELM SCHLUETER,
HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.
Dealer in Objects of Natural History.
LARGEST STOCK OF
MAMMAIS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REPTILES
AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR
PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS
WORMS, ECHINODERMS. ZOOPHYTES, MICRO
SCOFICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c
Brazenor Bros.,
TAXIDERIVIISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
All Kinds of [NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS
Preserved and Counted.
OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.
LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS' SKINS.
Bi'itinh BirtlH a Spfrinlily.
Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds. Reptiles. &c. , in Stock.
UlS.lKTK'tLATBIt i^KILLS, Elc
CataUgues pmt frei^ on appiicatiiin.
39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.
WILLIAM WATKINS,
ENTOMOLOGIST,
Resj)ectfully announces that Jie is cmuitantly
reeeimng direct from his Correspondents all
over the world new and scarce Lepidoptera,
lists of which may be obtained on application.
COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH.
Residenxe and Studio;
VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.
R. TANCRE,
ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,
receives every year from his collectors Large
Collections of lEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, KuUIscha,Northeru
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate
Price.s. Price Lists post free to any address
on application.
R. TANCRE.
Annual Snbscription to " Xovilat«s Zooloyicae," £1 Is.
Price of Yearly Volume, when completed, £.1 10s. (Commission for JSookadlers on
completed volumes only.)
Communications, etc., may be addressed to
THE EDITORS OF " NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"
ZOOLOGICAk MUSEUM,
TRING.
IKINTKD BV HAZn.L, \Va
I-UNIXJN AND AYLEIiBURV.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,
H Journal of ZooIoq^^.
EDITED BY
The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and Dk. K. JORDAN.
Vol. VL, 1899.
No. 3.
ISSDED, DeCEMBEU OtH, AT THE Zoi>LOGIC.\L Ml'SELM, TrIXII.
Pages -ISl—iU. Plates VII.— XVI,
PRINTED BY HAZELI.. WAXtiON, & VINKV. I.D.. LONDON AND AVI.KSBUKV.
1899.
Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.
Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.
Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,
BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,
In their Xevt Pkick List, Xh. XLII.. offer more
than 15,000 Species of well-named LEIMDOPTERA,
set or in Papers, from all parts of the world, in
finest condition; 1,300 kinds of PREPARED
LARVAE : numerous LIVING PUPAE, etc. Se-
parate Price Lists. X„ XV., XVL and XVII., f,.r
COLEOFTERA (19,(hW Species). List V.. for
HYMEXOPTERA (2,.i00 Species). DIPTERA
(1,500). HEMIPTERA (1,400), ORTHOPTERA
(650). NEUROPTER.V (4,50).
tint fiw Ca-^?i Orihr.^. ]'i
Imr.
EDWARD GERRARD & SONS,
Taxidermists & Osteologists,
61, College Place, Camden Town, London.
Beg to announce tliat tliey )i;ive FOR
SALE H large numlwr of BIRD AND
MAMMAL SKINS, colkctefl by Messrs.
Everett, Hose, k Meek in Now Uuinoa,
Borneo, and other W.-ukIs.
Mammals. Birds, and Skeletons Mounted,
Sportsman's trophies set up.
Liils or Specimens sent mi apjn-oval on
application.
WiLHELM SCHLUETER,
HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.
Dealer in Objects of Natural History.
LARGEST STOCK OF
MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REPTILES,
AMPHIBIA. FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-
PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS,
WORMS, ZCHINODERMS. ZOOPHYTES, MICRO-
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS. PLANT-MODELS, &c
Catah>gntS post free on appUcatl.
Brazenor Bros.,
TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
All Kinds of flATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS
Preserved and l\^Qunted.
OSTEOLOGICAl Specimens Macerated & Articulated.
LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIROS' SKINS.
Xtrttinh Itlftts II Siifi-itilitff.
Mounted Skeletonsof Animals. Birds, Reptiles. &c., in Stock.
iMs.iitTit'i i..iTi:i> .<>Ki i.i.s. i:ii'.
39, LEW^ES ROAX>, BRIGHTON.
WILLIAM WATKINS,
ENTOMOLOGIST,
Iiei}>ei'tfidl'i announces t/int jie is coiistantli/
receiving direct from his CmTespondents a!l
over the tvorld new and scarce Lepidoptera,
lists of v)iich may be obtained on application.
COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH.
|;i>iiik.\i:k ani> STriim :
VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.
R. TANCRE,
ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,
leceives every j'ear from lii.s ooUictors Large
C'ollections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, KuUlsc-h.a.Nortbern
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate
Prices. Price Lists post, free to any address
nil aiiplication.
R. TANCRE.
Annual .Su/j.icriptioie to " Xoritnles Zouloijicae," £1 Is.
Price of y early Volume, vhen completed, £.1 lOs. (Commission fo
completed volnmes only. )
Jiooksellers on
Communications, etc, may be addressed to
THE EDITORS OF '•-NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE,"
ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM.
TRING.
n-.ISiei) BV HAZKM, W»T80K. AKD MSBV. U)., tOSDOX AND ATLCSBVHT.
.V
,^'
\^
NOYITATES Z00L061CAE,
H journal of Zoology,
EDITED I!V
The Hon. WALTER EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, ano Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. VI.
No. 4.
Issued at the Zoological Mlseim, Tnixa.
Title Page, Context.'*, anh Inde.\.
l'lUXTf:D BY HAZELL. WAT.-OX, J; VINEV. Ll>.. I.ON'HON' AND AYI.KSHUUY.
1899.
Vol. VI.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE
KDITED BY
WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. IV.
'I'lTJ.K PAGE TO VOL. VI.
CONTENTS OF VOL. VL
MST OK PLATES IN VOL. VL
INDKX TO VOL. Vr.
As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the AnthribMae. The
Collection contains about 43,000 Specimens of
Lamellicornia (110 Plusiotis in 30 Species), 32,000
CBrambycidae (exclusive of African), 70,000
Ghrysontelitlae, etc., etc.
For Particulars apply to —
Dr. K. JORDAN,
Zool. Museum, Tring, Herts.
Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.
Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.
Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,
BLASEAVITZ-DRESDEN,
In tlicir New I'kice List. No. Xl.U.olfoi muie
than 15,000 Species of well-named LEriDOl'TKHA.
set or in Papers, from .nil p.^Tts of tlu- world, in
finest condition; l.S(Ki kind* of I'KKPAIIKIJ
LARVAE ; numerous LIVIXH I'fl'Al';. cte. Se-
parate Price Lists, X.. XV.. XVL and XVIL. tor
I'OLEOPTERA (19,000 Species). List T.. for
HVMEXOPTERA (S.odO Species). 1>IPTKI:.\
(l.fiOO). ]IEMIPTERA (1.10(1. ORTHOl'TKnA
(r,.50). NEDKOPTEUA (4.-|i|
Dhf.inint for tuith Orth'7's. Pi'inn hnr.
EDWARD GERRARD & SONS,
Taxidermists & Osteologists,
61, College Place, Camden Town, London.
Beg to announce t!;at they luive FOE
SALK o V.nnc imnilH-r of BIRD AND
MAMMAL SKINS. ooUoete,! by JMes>r.<.
Everett, Hose, k Meek iu New Guinea,
Borneo, and othor Wands.
Mammals. Birds, and Slceletons Mounted,
Sportsman's trophies set up.
Listx or S/jeciiiiens sent oh apjn-oval on
(tjiphntlanl.
WiLHELM SCHLUETER,
HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.
Dealer in Objects of Natural History,
LARGEST STOCK OF
MAMMALS, BIRDS. BIRDS' EGGS, REPTILES,
AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS. METAMOR-
PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS.
WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES. MICRO-
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c
Catidofivts post f n't' on tipplicfit ion .
Brazenor Bros.,
TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.
ESTABLISHED 1863.
All Kinds of flATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS.
Preserved and IV|ounted.
OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.
LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS' SKINS.
HrUi**t> weirttN u Spet-iittiltf,
Mounted Skeletonsof Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c.,inStock.
■tISAKTKI L.lTlvIt !iKILL»>. Etc.
39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.
WILLIAM WATKINS,
ENTOMOLOGIST,
liapcitfully amwinices tlmt he is cousUtnlhi
receiciwj direct from liin dm'i'Sjxmflenls oil
over ike icorld 'Heir inn! scarci' Lepidopteia,
lists of v:hich iiiuij be ol/laineil on ujijiticdt'tun.
COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CA&H.
i;i;.~iiiE.NrE ANM STrril.i :
VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.
R. TANCRE,
ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,
receives every y( ar from his lollectoi'S Large
C:t)ne(tions of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA(Turke.stan, Kuld.scha.Northern
Thibet) and KA STERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate
Price.--, rrico Lists post fiee to any address
oTi aiil>lieation.
R. TANCRK.
Annxwl Suhncriptioii lo " Xorituks Zooloijicoe," £1 Is.
Price of Yearly Volume, vhen completed, £1 lOs. (Commission for ISooksdle-rs on
completed rnhimes onl//. i
Communications, etc., may be addressed to
THE EDITORS OF '■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"
ZOOLOQICAL MUSEUM,
TRINQ.
Pftl»TKD BV IIAKRLL, W.\T80N, AND VINKV, 101., LOXDOX .\SD ATIJaBUKY.
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